Life on Mars and Europa
By Anupam Rajak
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About this ebook
The first chapter describes Miller-Urey experiment, Oparin and Haldane Theory, Reddi experiment, fossils evidence of life, and RNA World hypothesis. The second chapter describes various biological macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The third chapter planets and their composition. The fourth chapter describes various missions conducting on Mars. The fifth chapter describes life on Europa.
Anupam Rajak
Anupam Rajak received his B.Sc in Botany from the Raghunathpur College, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University. He has published several articles in international journal. His email address is anupamrajak1234@gmail.com
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Life on Mars and Europa - Anupam Rajak
Contents
Preface..............................................................................................3
Chapter 1: Origin of Life............................................................4-14
1.1 Millèr-Urey Experiment
1.2 Who was Stanley Miller?
1.3 Harold Clayton Urey
1.4 Oparin and Haldane Theory
1.5 Coacervate
1.6 Primordial Soup
1.7 Reddi Experiment
1.8 Lazzaro Spallanzani
1.9 Discovery of Microorganisms
1.10 Fossil Evidence of Life
1.11 RNA World Hypothesis
1.12 What is Life?
Chapter 2: Biological Macromolecules................................15-35
2.1 Protein
2.2 Primary Structure of Proteins
2.3 Secondary Structure of Proteins
2.4 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
2.5 Carbohydrates
2.6 Fatty Acids
2.7 Nucleic Acids
2.8 Water
Chapter 3: Planets....................................................................36-43
6.1 Planets
Chapter 4: Life on Mars...........................................................44-60
8.2 Meteorite
8.3 Various Missions on Mars
Chapter 5: Life on Europa........................................................61-63
References
Preface
The first chapter describes Miller-Urey experiment, Oparin and Haldane Theory, Reddi experiment, fossils evidence of life, and RNA World hypothesis. The second chapter describes various biological macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The third chapter planets and their composition. The fourth chapter describes various missions conducting on Mars. The fifth chapter describes life on Europa.
Chapter 1
Origin Of Life
Introduction:
Scientists are searching the questions "How life originate on the Earth?’’. Earth arose more than 3.5 billion years ago. Life arise from non-living matter. Whe life evolved on our Earth, very little amount of oxygen are found in the atmosphere.
1.1 Miller-Urey Experiment:
Miller-Urey experiment was supported by Alexander Oparin and J.B.S Haldane’s (1952).
Requirment:
i. Water (H2O).
ii. Methane (CH4).
iii. Ammonia (NH3).
iv. Hydrogen (H2).
v. Two flasks.
Miller-Urey experiment was conducted by Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey. The experiment was conducted in 1953 at the University of Chicago.
All the chemicals (CH4, NH3, H2) were sealed inside glass tubes and flasks. Glass tubes and flasks are connected together in a loop. One flasks contains half filled water and another contains a pair of electrods. Then, the water was heated. Vapour released from water. The water vapour moves freely into the second flasks. Miller and Urey mixed the gasses and electrically sparked the mixture of gasses to produce lighting. Lighting was stimulated. The gasses were condensed into liquid.
Miller identified five types of amino acids like Glycine, α – Alanine, β – Alanine, Aspartic acid, and α – aminobutyric acid.
Result:
This theory proved that first life arise spontaneously from inorganic materials. All the inorganic molecules are combined to produce organic compounds.