Ankle Disorders, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Improvised Treatments

By Kenneth Kee

This book describes Ankle Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Improvised Treatment

The ankle is the joint that attaches the bones in the lower leg to the foot bones.
It can be separated into two parts: the upper and lower ankle.
The upper ankle permits people to move the feet upwards, downwards, and a little to the side.
It is made up of three bones:
1. The tibia (shinbone): the main bone in the lower leg,
2. The fibula (calf bone): a second, thinner bone on the outer side of the lower leg, and
3. The talus (anklebone): the foot bone that connects to the shinbone and calf bone.
The lower ankle attaches the talus to the bones in the tarsus (the mid-foot and hind-foot) and the heel bone.
The lower ankle permits the foot to tilt to the side a bit and also turn inwards and outwards.
Turning the foot outwards is known as pronation, and turning it inwards is called supination.
It does not go as much as the upper ankle.
In healthy joints, the ends of bones are enclosed with a layer of cartilage.
If this cartilage is healthy, it is hard and very smooth but is also elastic.
It functions as a shock absorber and decreases friction.
Tendons, ligaments and the joint capsules keep the joint together and assist it to move.
Tendons join muscles to bones.
Ligaments attach bones to bones and help maintain the joint stable.
Ankle ligaments are tough, elastic bands of connective tissue that attach bones in the joint, holding them tightly together.
Since the ankle joint is made up of many bones, there are also a large number of ligaments to stabilize and strengthen it.
Three ligaments pass along the outside of the ankle, and one ligament (consisting of four bands of tissue) passes along the inside of the ankle.
The ankle joint has to bear a lot of weight and force.
When the person runs and jumps, for instance, the ankles have to carry forces equivalent to several times the body weight.
If the strain is too large, the ligaments might overstretch or tear (rupture).
One frequent damage happens when a foot lands in an awkward position and bends outwards.
This can damage the outer ankle ligaments.
Injuries to the ligament on the inner side of the ankle are less frequent.
Stretched and torn ankle ligaments are among the most frequent injuries.
Since the lower ankle is more stable than the upper ankle, ankle injuries such as strains, sprains and fractures nearly always only involve the upper ankle.
Sprained ankle:
There is injury to one of the ligaments in the ankle, normally from a mishap twist or turn of the foot.
Rehabilitation can stop pain and swelling from becoming a long-term disorder.
High ankle sprain:
The ligament binding the two bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula), called the syndesmotic ligament, is injured.
A high ankle sprain produces pain and swelling similar to a true ankle sprain, but can take longer to recover.
Ankle Fracture is a break in any of the 3 bones in the ankle.
Most often, the bones of the lower leg (tibia or fibula) is fractured.
Ankle arthritis:
While it is not frequent, osteoarthritis, the most frequent form of arthritis, can involve the ankle.
Rheumatoid arthritis:
This is an autoimmune form of arthritis in which the body attacks joint tissue, producing inflammation, pain, and swelling.
Any joint may be involved by rheumatoid arthritis, such as the ankle.
Gout:
A form of arthritis in which crystals periodically form in joints, producing severe pain and swelling
The ankle may sometimes be involved by gout.
Psoriatic arthritis:
This form of arthritis, which produces swelling and pain, is linked with the skin disorder psoriasis.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Ankle and Disorders
Chapter 2 Ankle sprains
Chapter 3 Ankle Dislocation
Chapter 4 Ankle Arthritis
Chapter 5 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

• Language: English
• Publisher: Kenneth Kee
• Release date: Aug 30, 2019
• ISBN: 9780463688977

Kenneth Kee

Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

Book preview

Ankle Disorders,

A

Simple

Guide

To

The Condition,

Diagnosis,

Treatment

And

Improvised Treatments

By

Dr Kenneth Kee

M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

Copyright Kenneth Kee 2019 Smashwords Edition

Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

Dedication

This book is dedicated

To my wife Dorothy

And my children

Carolyn, Grace

And Kelvin

This book describes Ankle Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Improvised Treatment which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

(What You Need to Treat Ankle Disorders and Use of Improvised Treatment)

This e-Book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Introduction

I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

I then wrote an autobiography account of my journey as a medical student to family doctor on my other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

This autobiography account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

Chapter 1

Ankle and Disorders

The ankle is the joint that attaches the bones in the lower leg to the foot bones.

It can be separated into two parts: the upper and lower ankle.

The upper ankle permits people to move the feet upwards, downwards, and a little to the side.

It is made up of three bones:

1. The tibia (shinbone): the main bone in the lower leg,

2. The fibula (calf bone): a second, thinner bone on the outer side of the lower leg, and

3. The talus (anklebone): the foot bone that connects to the shinbone and calf bone.

The lower ankle attaches the talus to the bones in the tarsus (the mid-foot and hind-foot) and the heel bone.

The lower ankle permits the foot to tilt to the side a bit and also turn inwards and outwards.

Turning the foot outwards is known as pronation, and turning it inwards is called supination.

It does not go as much as the upper ankle.

In healthy joints, the ends of bones are enclosed with a layer of cartilage.

If this cartilage is healthy, it is hard and very smooth but is also elastic.

It functions as a shock absorber and decreases friction.

Tendons, ligaments and the joint capsules keep the joint together and assist it to move.

Tendons join muscles to bones.

Ligaments attach bones to bones and help maintain the joint stable.

Ankle ligaments are tough, elastic bands of connective tissue that attach bones in the joint, holding them tightly together.

Since the ankle joint is made up of many bones, there are also a large number of ligaments to stabilize and strengthen it.

Three ligaments pass along the outside of the ankle, and one ligament (consisting of four bands of tissue) passes along the inside of the ankle.

The ankle joint has to bear a lot of weight and force.

When the person runs and jumps, for instance, the ankles have to carry forces equivalent to several times the body weight.

If the strain is too large, the ligaments might overstretch or tear (rupture).

One frequent damage happens when a foot lands in an awkward position and bends outwards.

This can damage the outer ankle ligaments.

Injuries to the ligament on the inner side of the ankle are less frequent.

Stretched and torn ankle ligaments are among the most frequent injuries.

Since the lower ankle is more stable than the upper ankle, ankle injuries such as strains, sprains and fractures nearly always only involve the upper ankle.

Ankle Conditions

Sprained ankle:

There is injury to one of the ligaments in the ankle, normally from a mishap twist or turn of the foot.

Rehabilitation can stop pain and swelling from becoming a long-term disorder.

High ankle sprain:

The ligament binding the two bones of the lower leg (tibia and fibula), called the syndesmotic ligament, is injured.

A high ankle sprain produces pain and swelling similar to a true ankle sprain, but can take longer to recover.

Ankle injuries: Grade I, II and III sprains

Ankle fracture:

Ankle