Philippians

By Joseph H. Hellerman, Andreas J. Kostenberger and Robert W. Yarbrough

La Mirada, California

• Language: English
• Publisher: BH Publishing Group
• Release date: Jul 15, 2015
• ISBN: 9781433686917

Joseph H. Hellerman

Dr. Joe Hellerman is Professor of New Testament Language and Literature at Talbot School of Theology. He also serves as a team pastor at Oceanside Christian Fellowship, El Segundo, CA, a church that has become a laboratory, of sorts, for Joe's vision for the church as a family. Joe's education includes an M.Div. and Th.M. from Talbot, and a Ph.D. in History of Christianity from UCLA.

Book preview

With this handbook, you will benefit from the expertise of one who is at the same time a Roman historian, a Greek scholar, and a pastor who regularly preaches the Word of God. The concise introductions, sentence-flow diagrams, insightful comments on the Greek text, and homiletical suggestions make this handbook an indispensible tool for working through the apostle Paul’s rich and profound letter to the Philippians. Keep your eyes out for the illuminating gems from the Roman context of the letter that Hellerman weaves into his presentation—a feature that gives this book added value.

Clinton E. Arnold, Talbot School of Theology

Hellerman has done the seemingly impossible—presented detailed exegetical and grammatical material in wonderfully readable prose. His concise and thorough explanation of the Greek text lays the ground for exploring Paul’s theology and instruction to the church. Hellerman’s well-informed understanding of the ancient world brings the Philippians’ context to life. Students, pastors, and professors will want this volume close at hand when preparing a sermon or lecture.

Lynn H. Cohick, Wheaton College

Thankfully, there is an explosion of interest today in doing Greek exegesis, but pastors and students need help, and there simply isn’t time to cover all that is needed in the classroom. Hellerman’s work on Philippians is a model for what is needed. He is conversant with the most recent work on Greek grammar; he demonstrates expertise in his exegesis of Philippians; his work is concise and accessible for the busy student and pastor. I recommend Hellerman’s commentary enthusiastically.

Thomas R. Schreiner, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

Clear, concise, accurate—these are the things I’m looking for in a commentary. Joe Hellerman’s exegetical handbook on Philippians is a model for all three qualities. The Greek text is expertly handled, with various interpretive options set forth and judiciously examined. Every passage is presented in a Greek syntactical display. Additional bibliography on key issues is provided for those wanting to go deeper. Finally, various homiletical outlines are suggested. Students of the Greek New Testament interested first and foremost in exegeting and preaching the text will find everything they want here, with little padding or fluff.

Mark L. Strauss, Bethel Seminary, San Diego

The Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament

Volumes Available

Forthcoming Volumes

Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament: Philippians

Copyright © 2015 Joseph H. Hellerman

Broadman & Holman Publishing Group

Nashville, Tennessee

All rights reserved

ISBN: 9781433676864

Dewey Decimal Classification:

Subject Heading: BIBLE. N.T. Philippians—STUDY\BIBLE—CRITICISM

The Greek text of Philippians is from The Greek New Testament, Fifth Revised Edition, edited by Barbara Aland, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce M. Metzger in cooperation with the Institute for New Testament Textual Research, Münster/Westphalia, © 2014 Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart. Used by permission.

Printed in the United States of America

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BethP

To all God’s shepherds who learned Greek in seminary, who made it a priority over the years to retain the language, and who continue to draw upon the riches of the Greek New Testament for ministry in the church today.

Publisher’s Preface

It is with great excitement that we publish this volume of the Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament series. When the founding editor, Dr. Murray J. Harris, came to us seeking a new publishing partner, we gratefully accepted the offer. With the help of the coeditor, Andreas J. Köstenberger, we spent several years working together to acquire all of the authors we needed to complete the series. By God’s grace we succeeded and contracted the last author in 2011. Originally working with another publishing house, Murray’s efforts spanned more than twenty years. As God would have it, shortly after the final author was contracted, Murray decided God wanted him to withdraw as coeditor of the series. God made clear to him that he must devote his full attention to taking care of his wife, who faces the daily challenges caused by multiple sclerosis.

Over the course of many years, God has used Murray to teach his students how to properly exegete the Scriptures. He is an exceptional scholar and professor. But even more importantly, Murray is a man dedicated to serving Christ. His greatest joy is to respond in faithful obedience when his master calls. There can be no higher and more ennobling privilege than to have the Lord of the universe as one’s Owner and Master and to be his accredited representative on earth.¹ Murray has once again heeded the call of his master.

It is our privilege to dedicate the Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament series to Dr. Murray J. Harris. We pray that our readers will continue the work he started.

B&H Academic

General Introduction to the EGGNT Series

Studying the New Testament in the original Greek has become easier in recent years. Beginning students will work their way through an introductory grammar or other text, but then what? Grappling with difficult verb forms, rare vocabulary, and grammatical irregularities remains a formidable task for those who would advance beyond the initial stages of learning Greek to master the interpretive process. Intermediate grammars and grammatical analyses can help, but such tools, for all their value, still often operate at a distance from the Greek text itself, and analyses are often too brief to be genuinely helpful.

The Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament (EGGNT) aims to close the gap between the Greek text and the available tools. Each EGGNT volume aims to provide all the necessary information for understanding of the Greek text and, in addition, includes homiletical helps and suggestions for further study. The EGGNT is not a full-scale commentary. Nevertheless these guides will make interpreting a given New Testament book easier, in particular for those who are hard-pressed for time and yet want to preach or teach with accuracy and authority.

In terms of layout, each volume begins with a brief introduction to the particular book (including such matters as authorship, date, etc.), a basic outline, and a list of recommended commentaries. At the end of each volume, you will find a comprehensive exegetical outline of the book. The body of each volume is devoted to paragraph-by-paragraph exegesis of the text. The treatment of each paragraph includes:

1. The Greek text of the passage, phrase by phrase, from the fifth edition of the United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament (UBS⁵).

2. A structural analysis of the passage. Typically, verbal discussion of the structure of a given unit is followed by a diagram, whereby the verbal discussion serves to explain the diagram and the diagram serves to provide a visual aid illumining the structural discussion. While there is no one correct or standard way to diagram Greek sentences, the following format is typically followed in EGGNT volumes:

a. The original Greek word order is maintained.

b. When Greek words are omitted, this is indicated by an ellipsis (. . .).

c. The diagramming method, moving from left to right, is predicated upon the following. In clauses with a finite verb, the default order is typically verb-subject-object. In verbless clauses or clauses with nonfinite verb forms, the default order is typically subject-(verb)-object. Departures from these default orders are understood to be pragmatically motivated (e.g., contrast, emphasis, etc.).

d. Indents are used to indicate subordination (e.g., in the case of dependent clauses).

e. Retaining original word order, modifiers are centered above or below the word they modify (e.g., a prepositional phrase in relation to the verb).

f. Where a given sentence or clause spans multiple lines of text, drawn lines are used, such as where a relative pronoun introduces a relative clause (often shifting emphasis).

g. Underline is used to indicate imperatives; dotted underline is used to indicate repetition (the same word or cognate used multiple times in a given unit); the symbol ⁞ may be used where an article is separated from a noun or participle by interjected material (such as a prepositional phrase).

h. In shorter letters diagrams are normally provided for every unit; in longer letters and Revelation, ellipses may be used to show less detail in diagramming (keeping larger blocks together on the same line) in order to focus primarily on the larger structure of a given unit; in the Gospels and Acts, detailed diagrams will usually not be provided, though less detailed diagrams may be used to illustrate important or more complex structural aspects of a given passage.

3. A discussion of each phrase of the passage with discussion of relevant vocabulary, significant textual variants, and detailed grammatical analysis, ­including parsing. When more than one solution is given for a particular exegetical issue, the author’s own preference, reflected in the translation and expanded paraphrase, is indicated by an asterisk (*). When no preference is expressed, the options are judged to be evenly balanced, or it is assumed that the text is intentionally ambiguous. When a particular verb form may be parsed in more than one way, only the parsing appropriate in the specific context is supplied; but where there is difference of opinion among grammarians or commentators, both possibilities are given and the matter is discussed.

4. Various translations of significant words or phrases.

5. A list of suggested topics for further study with bibliography for each topic. An asterisk (*) in one of the For Further Study bibliographies draws attention to a discussion of the particular topic that is recommended as a useful introduction to the issues involved.

6. Homiletical suggestions designed to help the preacher or teacher move from the Greek text to a sermon outline that reflects careful exegesis. The first suggestion for a particular paragraph of the text is always more exegetical than homiletical and consists of an outline of the entire paragraph. These detailed outlines of each paragraph build on the general outline proposed for the whole book and, if placed side by side, form a comprehensive exegetical outline of the book. All outlines are intended to serve as a basis for sermon preparation and should be adapted to the needs of a particular audience.²

The EGGNT volumes will serve a variety of readers. Those reading the Greek text for the first time may be content with the assistance with vocabulary, parsing, and translation. Readers with some experience in Greek may want to skip or skim these sections and focus attention on the discussions of grammar. More advanced students may choose to pursue the topics and references to technical works under For Further Study, while pastors may be more interested in the movement from grammatical analysis to sermon outline. Teachers may appreciate having a resource that frees them to focus on exegetical details and theological matters.

The editors are pleased to present you with the individual installments of the EGGNT. We are grateful for each of the contributors who has labored long and hard over each phrase in the Greek New Testament. Together we share the conviction that all Scripture is inspired by God and is profitable for teaching, for rebuking, for correcting, for training in righteousness (2 Tim 3:16 HCSB) and echo Paul’s words to Timothy: Be diligent to present yourself approved to God, a worker who doesn’t need to be ashamed, correctly teaching the word of truth (2 Tim 2:15 HCSB).

Thanks to David Croteau, who served as assistant editor for this volume.

Andreas J. Köstenberger

Robert W. Yarbrough

Abbreviations

For abbreviations used in discussion of text critical matters, the reader should refer to the abbreviations listed in the Introduction to the United Bible Societies’ Greek New Testament.

* indicates the reading of the original hand of a manuscript as opposed to subsequent correctors of the manuscript, or

indicates the writer’s own preference when more than one solution is given for a particular exegetical problem, or

in the For Further Study bibliographies, indicates a discussion of the particular topic that is recommended as a useful introduction to the issues involved

§, §§ section, sections

Books of the Old Testament

Books of the New Testament

Dead Sea Scrolls

General Abbreviations

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1. Murray J. Harris, Slave of Christ: A New Testament Metaphor for Total Devotion to Christ (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1999), 155.

2. As a Bible publisher, B&H Publishing follows the Colorado Springs Guidelines for Translation of Gender-Related Language in Scripture. As an academic book publisher, B&H Academic asks that authors conform their manuscripts (including EGGNT exegetical outlines in English) to the B&H Academic style guide, which affirms the use of singular he/his/him as generic examples encompassing both genders. However, in their discussion of the Greek text, EGGNT authors have the freedom to analyze the text and reach their own conclusions regarding whether specific Greek words are gender-specific or gender-inclusive.

PHILIPPIANS

Introduction

AUTHORSHIP AND LITERARY INTEGRITY

Nearly all scholars think Paul wrote Philippians (the so-called Christ hymn, 2:6–11, is the exception, for which see discussion of 2:5–11). More contentious is the issue of the letter’s integrity. Reumann is representative of many who find in Philippians several earlier documents, due to problematic transitions at several points in the text (Reumann 8–13). There is no evidence for multiple epistles in the textual tradition, however, nor are there known analogies from ancient letters. The argument from the apparently unmanageable ‘seams’ in the letter, moreover, cuts both ways, since a partition theory must now explain why a scribal redactor would retain the troublesome transitions (Fee 22). Why rearrange several letters into a single epistle without, for example, removing Τὸ λοιπόν, ἀδελφοί μου, χαίρετε ἐν κυρίῳ in 3:1? (Silva 143). For a helpful overview of the discussion, see D. E. Garland, The Composition and Literary Unity of Philippians: Some Neglected Factors, NovT 27 (1985) 141–73; see also A. Köstenberger, L. S. Kellum, and C. L. Quarles, The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown (Nashville: B&H Publishing, 2009), 561–63.

DATE AND PROVENANCE

Tradition places the writing of Philippians during Paul’s Roman imprisonment (ca. AD 60–62), a view still defended by numbers of scholars across the theological spectrum (Bockmuehl 25–32; Fee 34–37; Fitzgerald, ABD 5:323; Köstenberger, et al., The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown, 563–66; O’Brien 19–26; Silva 5–7). A Roman provenance is not without problems, however, and a strong case has been made in recent years for Ephesus in the mid-50s (Hansen 19–25; Reumann 14; F. Thielman, Ephesus and the Literary Setting of Philippians, in New Testament Greek and Exegesis: Essays in Honor of Gerald Hawthorne, ed. Amy M. Donaldson and Timothy B. Sailors [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003], 205–23), and, to a lesser degree, for Caesarea ca. AD 59–60 (Hawthorne, DPL 711; H-M xxxix–l). The main objections to Rome are twofold. First, the distance between Rome and Philippi becomes problematic in light of the number of journeys between the cities that Philippians appears to assume. Second, the style and contents of the epistle seem to have more in common with Galatians and

1 Corinthians than with Ephesians and Colossians, letters written during the Roman imprisonment.

The decision is a difficult one. The data relating to the distance and journeys can reasonably be interpreted to support any of the three views (see on 2:25–30). The argument from Paul’s concerns in the letter carries a bit more weight but not enough to overturn evidence to the contrary for Rome as the origin of Philippians: (1) the reference to ὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ (the whole praetorian guard [1:13]); and (2) the greeting from οἱ ἐκ τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας (those of Caesar’s household [4:22]). Although both praetorians and Caesar’s civil servants were found elsewhere in the empire, 1:13 and 4:22 are more naturally taken to indicate a Roman provenance for Philippians. I assume that Paul wrote Philippians in Rome for the purposes of the volume.

OCCASION

The immediate occasion for Philippians was a gift Paul received from the church through their emissary Epaphroditus. Paul took the opportunity afforded by the gift (a) to express his gratitude (1:3; 4:10–20), (b) to challenge the Philippians to remain faithful to the gospel in the face of local opposition (1:27–30), and (c) to address issues of disunity (2:1–4; 4:2–3) and false teaching (3:2, 18–19) that Paul perceived as threats to the community.

Particularly illuminating for the interpretation of the letter is the location of the church in a highly Romanized sociopolitical environment. Philippi was an imperial colony, founded by Octavian and Antony in 42 BC, in the wake of the battle of Philippi, and, again, by Augustus, post-Actium, ca. 30 BC. Archaeological finds from the site reveal a socially stratified population obsessed with status markers such as Roman citizenship, public office, and prestigious titles (Hellerman, Reconstructing Honor, 64–109). Persons of every class competed with their peers for these coveted titles and offices, which the victors then displayed in résumé form on inscriptions erected throughout the colony (see on 2:5–11 and 3:1–11).

Paul strongly resisted the race of honors (Lat. cursus honorum) that marked social life in Philippi. The apostle recognized that a stridently Roman honor culture had the potential to seriously undermine the radically different relational ethos that Jesus intended for his community of followers. And so Paul confronts Roman social priorities throughout the letter, preeminently in the epistle’s magnificent centerpiece, Philippians 2:5–11. In his portrayal of the humiliation and exaltation of Christ, Paul turns Rome’s race of honors on its head, forcefully challenging anyone—then or now—who would utilize his power, authority, or social capital in the service of his own personal agenda.

LINGUISTIC AND RHETORICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The Greek Verb. Verb tense has become a central topic of discussion and discovery among specialists in Greek grammar in recent decades. Perhaps most contentious is the debate about whether tense grammaticalizes time in the indicative. Fortunately, this is a moot point in Philippians since every imperfect and aorist indicative in the epistle pragmatically marks past time from the author’s perspective (the epistolary aorists in 2:25 [ἡγησάμην] and 2:28 [ἔπεμψα] mark past time from the perspective of readers). More pertinent in the present connection is the increased sensitivity among grammarians to the distinction between Aspect (tense ontology/semantics) and Aktionsart (tense phenomenology/pragmatics). Aspect is the unaffected significance of the tense. Aktionsart may be loosely defined as aspect constrained by lexical, grammatical, or other contextual features. An exegetical guidebook is concerned, of course, with the latter, i.e., the significance of a verb in a given context, in reference to which I will use the word "Aktionsart in the pages that follow. The distinction between semantics and pragmatics is crucial. Earlier generations of scholars confused the two and argued, among other things, for the now much-maligned once-and-for-all" aorist. Unfortunately, the categorical mistake of elevating phenomenology (Aktionsart) to ontology (Aspect) continues today in the treatment of the present tense. Virtually every present-tense verbal form in Philippians is viewed by at least one commentator as denoting continual or ongoing action. Reumann alone finds the notion in the majority of presents in the epistle. This, again, is erroneously to confuse a potential Aktionsart of the present with the Aspect of the tense itself. It may, indeed, be the case that more instances of the present signify continual action than, for example, an instantaneous Aktionsart, a futuristic Aktionsart, or any other of a number of possible contextual usages of the present (I continue to find these traditional categories useful as descriptive labels for talking about phenomena in the text). But the argument must be made on a case-by-case basis. Accordingly, I will claim that a present-tense verbal form signifies ongoing or continual action only when lexical, grammatical, or other contextual intrusions support such a notion—only, that is, in the case of a legitimate phenomenological usage (Wallace 716).

Rhetorical Analysis. In recent decades the analysis of Paul’s letters via ancient rhetorical categories (e.g., exordium, narratio, propositio, etc.) has become something of a cottage industry in New Testament scholarship (e.g., the commentaries of Ben Witherington III). The methodology has not gone unchallenged (see esp. Stanley E. Porter and Bryan R. Dyer, Oral Texts? A Reassessment of the Oral and Rhetorical Nature of Paul’s Letters in Light of Recent Studies, JETS 55 [2012]: 323–41; Fee 14–17; Hansen 13–14; Reumann 188; Reed, Discourse Analysis, 156–68). Few would doubt that Paul employs rhetorical devices at the level of clause, sentence, and paragraph (e.g., alliteration, chiasm). Paul’s epistles share certain structural features with other letters from the ancient world, as well. I have yet to be convinced, however, of the exegetical value of oral rhetorical practices for outlining the arguments of Paul’s letters. For Philippians, in particular, contradictory analyses raise serious questions about the value of the methodology, as Hansen (14) has made readily apparent in a revealing side-by-side comparison of three recent breakdowns of the letter using the categories of ancient rhetoric (D. Watson, Rhetorical Analysis of Philippians and Its Implications for the Unity Question, NovT 30 [1988]: 57–88; L. G. Bloomquist, The Function of Suffering in Philippians [Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993]; B. Witherington, Friendship and Finances in Philippi: The Letter of Paul to the

Philippians [Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994], 13). Reed compares seven rhetorical analyses of Philippians and finds them widely divergent, as well (Discourse Analysis, 165, cf. 442–54). Consequently, I do not employ ancient rhetorical categories in the analysis of Philippians in this volume.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction (1:1–11)

A. Greeting (1:1–2)

B. Thanksgiving and Prayer for Participation in the Gospel (1:3–11)

II. Paul’s Circumstances and the Gospel (1:12–26)

A. The Gospel Continues to Advance (1:12–18c)

B. Paul’s Future Expectations (1:18d–26)

III. Body of the Letter (1:27–4:9)

A. Summary Exhortation to Unity and Steadfastness (1:27–30)

B. Unity Among Believers (2:1–30)

1. Plea for Unity Through Humility (2:1–4)

2. Christ Our Example (2:5–11)

3. Humility Lived Out in Community with Others (2:12–18)

4. Paul Commends Timothy as an Example of Humility (2:19–24)

5. Paul Commends Epaphroditus as an Example of Humility (2:25–30)

C. Steadfastness Toward Opponents (3:1–4:1)

1. Resisting the Opponents’ Fleshly Confidence (3:1–16)

a. Paul’s Relationship with Judaism (3:1–11)

b. Pressing Toward the Goal (3:12–16)

2. Resisting the Opponents’ Fleshly Behavior (3:17–4:1)

D. Final Words of Exhortation (4:2–9)

1. Restoring a Broken Relationship (4:2–3)

2. The Joy and Peace of Knowing Christ (4:4–7)

3. The Common Good and the Apostle’s Example (4:8–9)

IV. Paul’s Circumstances and the Philippians’ Gift (4:10–20)

V. Closing Greeting and Benediction (4:21–23)

RECOMMENDED COMMENTARIES

Six commentaries on Philippians served as the primary resources for this volume of EGGNT. They are cited throughout by the author’s last name, except where noted:

Fee, Gordon D. Paul’s Letter to the Philippians. New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

Hansen, G. Walter. The Letter to the Philippians. Pillar New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.

Martin, Ralph P., and Gerald F. Hawthorne. Philippians. Revised ed. Word Biblical Commentary. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2004. [cited as H-M]

O’Brien, Peter T. The Epistle to the Philippians. New International Greek Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.

Reumann, John. Philippians. Anchor Bible. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.

Silva, Moisés. Philippians. 2nd ed. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2005.

Fee and Hansen treat the English text of Philippians, often discussing issues related to Greek syntax and lexicography in some detail in their footnotes. Martin and Hawthorne, Silva, and O’Brien are the standard commentaries in English on the Greek text of the letter. All are excellent works. Martin and Hawthorne are creative at times, Silva more theological (e.g., on 2:12–13; 3:9–11). O’Brien is the most thorough of the three. Reumann’s work is a dense and exhaustive compendium of just about everything that had been said to date (2008) on Philippians, accompanied by the author’s own interpretation of the text. The commentary (a) is lengthy, (b) is not user-friendly, and (c) assumes a three-document partition theory for Philippians that sometimes influences the exegesis. For these reasons Reumann will serve the scholar more readily than the pastor.

The following works are occasionally referenced in the discussion of significant issues of interpretation:

Commentaries

Bockmuehl, Markus. The Epistle to the Philippians. Black’s New Testament Commentary. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998.

Hendrickson, William. Philippians. 2nd ed. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1979.

Lightfoot, J. B. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians. London: Macmillan, 1913; reprint, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.

Osiek, Carolyn. Philippians and Philemon. Abingdon New Testament Commentaries. Nashville: Abingdon, 2000.

Witherington, Ben, III. Friendship and Finances in Philippi: The Letter of Paul to the Philippians. New Testament in Context. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994.

Other Works Cited

Campbell, Constantine. Paul and Union with Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012.

Guthrie, George H. Cohesion Shifts and Stitches in Philippians. In Discourse Analysis and Other Topics in Biblical Greek. Edited by Stanley E. Porter and D. A. Carson. JSNT Supplement Series 113. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995.

Hellerman, Joseph H. Reconstructing Honor in Roman Philippi: Carmen Christi as Cursus Pudorum. SNTSMS 136. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Lendon, Jon E. Empire of Honour: The Art of Government in the Roman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Oakes, Peter. Philippians: From People to Letter. SNTSMS 110. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Park, M. Sydney. Submission Within the Godhead and the Church in the Epistle to the Philippians. Library of New Testament Studies 361. Edited by Mark Goodacre. London: T&T Clark, 2007.

Peterlin, Davorlin. Paul’s Letter to the Philippians in the Light of Disunity in the Church. NovTSupp 79. Leiden: Brill, 1995.

Porter, Stanley E. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994.

Reed, Jeffrey T. A Discourse Analysis of Philippians: Method and Rhetoric in the Debate over Literary Integrity. JSNTSup 136. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

Runge, Steven E. Discourse Grammar of the Greek New Testament. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2010.

Sumney, Jerry L. Philippians: A Greek