The Epistle to the Romans

By Richard N. Longenecker

 
This highly anticipated commentary on the Greek text of Romans by veteran New Testament scholar Richard Longenecker provides solid scholarship and innovative solutions to long-standing interpretive problems. Critical, exegetical, and constructive, yet pastoral in its application, Longenecker’s monumental work on Romans sets a course for the future that will promote a better understanding of this most famous of Paul’s letters and a more relevant contextualization of its message.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Eerdmans
• Release date: Jan 18, 2016
• ISBN: 9781467443135

Richard N. Longenecker

Richard N. Longenecker is Ramsey Armitage Professor of New Testament, Wycliffe College, University of Toronto. He receivec the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Wheaton College and Wheaton Graduate School of Theology, respectively, and the Ph.D. from New College, University of Edinburgh. His principal publications include Paul, Apostle of Liberty (1964), The Christology of Early Jewish Christianity (1970), The Ministry and Message of Paul (1971), Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period (1975), “The Acts of the Apostles” in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary (1981), and The New Testament Social Ethics for Today (1984).

Book preview

The New International Greek Testament Commentary

Editors

I. Howard Marshall and Donald A. Hagner

The Epistle to the

ROMANS

The Epistle to the

ROMANS

A Commentary on the Greek Text

Richard N. Longenecker

WILLIAM B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY

GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN

© 2016 Richard N. Longenecker

All rights reserved

Published 2016 by

Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

2140 Oak Industrial Drive N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Longenecker, Richard N.

The Epistle to the Romans: a commentary on the Greek text / Richard N. Longenecker.

pages cm. — (The New International Greek Testament commentary)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 978-0-8028-2448-6 (cloth: alk. paper); 978-1-4674-4533-7 (ePub); 978-1-4674-4486-6 (Kindle)

1. Bible. Romans — Commentaries. I. Title.

BS2665.53.L66 2015

227′.107 — dc23

2015030832

www.eerdmans.com

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Abbreviations

Bibliography of Selected Commentaries and Commentary Materials

Bibliography of Supplemental Monographs, Articles, and Other Materials

Introduction to the Commentary

1. Romans vis-à-vis Paul’s Other Letters

2. Major Critical Issues in the Study of Romans

3. Distinctive Exegetical Treatments of the Present Commentary

4. Prominent Thematic Features of the Present Commentary

5. The Greek Textual Tradition of Romans

Commentary Proper

The Opening Sections of the Letter

I. Salutation (1:1-7)

II. Thanksgiving (1:8-12)

The Body Sections of the Letter

A. Body Opening

III. A Brief Introduction to Paul’s Protreptic Message (1:13-15)

B. Body Middle

IV. Section I: Righteousness, Faithfulness, and Faith (1:16–4:25)

Part One of Section I (1:16–3:20)

1. Thesis Statement on Righteousness, Faithfulness, and Faith (1:16-17)

2. God’s Wrath against Human Rebellion, Idolatry, and Debauchery (1:18-32)

3. God’s Condemnation of All Who Sin Is Just and Impartial (2:1-16)

4. Denunciations of Jews and Jewish Failures (2:17-29)

5. The Situation of the Jews before God (3:1-20)

Part Two of Section I (3:21–4:25)

6. The Thesis Statement Developed, Supported, and Elucidated (3:21-31)

7. The Example of Abraham with Respect to Righteousness and Faith (4:1-24)

8. Concluding Early Christian Confessional Statement (4:25)

V. Section II: Peace, Reconciliation, and Life in Christ (5:1–8:39)

1. Transitional and Thesis Passage on Peace and Reconciliation (5:1-11)

2. The Universal and Foundational Redemptive Story: What Jesus Christ Effected vis-à-vis What Adam Brought About (5:12-21)

3. Three Important Questions, with an Interjected Illustration and Statement (6:1–7:13)

Question One: Should We Continue in Sin So That Grace May Increase? (6:1-14)

Question Two: Should We Sin Because We Are Not under the Law but under Grace? (6:15-23)

Interjected Illustration on the Extent of the Authority of the Mosaic Law and Statement regarding a Christian’s Freedom from the Law (7:1-6)

Question Three: Is the Law Sin? (7:7-13)

4. Soliloquy on the Tragic Plight of Those Who Attempt to Live Their Lives Apart from God, under Their Own Steam (7:14-25)

5. No Condemnation and New Life for People in Christ Jesus and Therefore in the Spirit (8:1-17)

6. Life in the Spirit, Both Personal and Universal and Both Present and Future: A Life of Suffering and Glory (8:18-30)

7. A Triumphal Affirmation of God’s Vindication, Care, and Eternal Love for People in Christ Jesus, with Early Christian Confessional Materials Incorporated (8:31-39)

VI. Section III: The Christian Gospel vis-à-vis God’s Promises to Israel (9:1–11:36)

1. Introduction: Paul’s Great Desire for his People, Israel’s Heritage, and Israel’s Messiah, with a Closing Amen (9:1-5)

2. Part I of Paul’s Exposition: God’s Promises Given to the Remnant of Israel, with OT Passages Cited in Support (9:6-29)

3. Part II of Paul’s Exposition: Israel’s Present Failure and the Gentiles Blessed, with OT Passages Cited in Support (9:30–10:21)

4. Part III of Paul’s Exposition: The Course of God’s Salvation History: A Remnant within Israel, a Remnant among the Gentiles, the Salvation of All Israel, and God’s Mercy on All People (11:1-32)

5. Doxology: A Hymn of Praise to God for His Wisdom and Knowledge, Incorporating Early Christian Confessional Materials (11:33-36)

VII. Section IV: Exhortations, Both General and Specific (12:1–15:13)

1. Opening Appeals and a Statement regarding Dedication, Commitment, and Discernment (12:1-2)

2. Appeal for Humility and Mutual Service among Believers in Jesus (12:3-8)

3. The Christian Love Ethic, Part I (12:9-21)

4. Exhortations regarding Christians and the State (13:1-7)

5. The Christian Love Ethic, Part II (13:8-14)

6. On Relations among the Christians at Rome (14:1–15:13)

C. Body Closing

VIII. Apostolic Parousia (15:14-32)

The Concluding Sections of the Letter

IX. Peace Blessing, Commendation of Phoebe, Requests for Greetings to Be Sent to Paul’s Past Associates, Friends, and Acquaintances in Rome and to Certain Christian Households and Congregations, and a Greeting of the Christians at Rome on Behalf of the Churches That Paul Founded and Continued to Supervise (15:33–16:16)

X. Personal Subscription, Appended Greetings, and Appended Doxology (16:17-27)

Index of Contemporary Authors

Index of Ancient Sources

Old Testament/Hebrew Bible

Septuagint

Apocrypha/Deuterocanonical

New Testament

Pseudepigrapha

Dead Sea Scrolls/Qumran

Rabbinic Sources

Targumim

Early Christian Writings

Later Christian Writings

Classical/Hellenistic Sources

Foreword

Although there have been many series of commentaries on the English text of the New Testament in recent years, very few attempts have been made to cater particularly to the needs of students of the Greek text. The present initiative to fill this gap by the publication of the New International Greek Testament Commentary is very largely due to the vision of W. Ward Gasque, who was one of the original editors of the series. At a time when the study of Greek is being curtailed in many schools of theology, we hope that the NIGTC will demonstrate the continuing value of studying the Greek New Testament and will be an impetus in the revival of such study.

The volumes of the NIGTC are for students who want something less technical than a full-scale critical commentary. At the same time, the commentaries are intended to interact with modern scholarship and to make their own scholarly contribution to the study of the New Testament. The wealth of detailed study of the New Testament in articles and monographs continues without interruption, and the series is meant to harvest the results of this research in an easily accessible form. The commentaries include, therefore, extensive bibliographies and attempt to treat all important problems of history, exegesis, and interpretation that arise from the New Testament text.

One of the gains of recent scholarship has been the recognition of the primarily theological character of the books of the New Testament. The volumes of the NIGTC attempt to provide a theological understanding of the text, based on historical-critical-linguistic exegesis. It is not their primary aim to apply and expound the text for modern readers, although it is hoped that the exegesis will give some indication of the way in which the text should be expounded.

Within the limits set by the use of the English language, the series aims to be international in character, though the contributors have been chosen not primarily in order to achieve a spread between different countries but above all because of their specialized qualifications for their particular tasks.

The supreme aim of this series is to serve those who are engaged in the ministry of the Word of God and thus to glorify God’s name. Our prayer is that it may be found helpful in this task.

I. HOWARD MARSHALL

DONALD A. HAGNER

Preface

Paul’s letter to believers in Jesus at Rome has always been highly regarded within the Christian church. It has been, in fact, the most highly acclaimed writing of the NT throughout the entire course of Christian history. It is so because it has been, in very large measure, the heartland of Christian thought, life, and proclamation.

The Vitality of Romans for Christian Piety and Practice

In 386 Augustine, having been unable to overcome his sexual addiction, was converted to Christ when he read Rom 13:13b-14: Not in orgies and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy. But clothe yourselves with the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not think about how to gratify the desires of your sinful nature. Later, in 400, in speaking of his conversion experience when reading this passage, he wrote: No further would I read, nor had I any need; for instantly, at the end of this sentence, a clear light flooded my heart and all the darkness of doubt vanished away.¹

In 1515 Martin Luther found Paul’s teaching on the righteousness of God and justification by faith in Rom 1:17 to be the catalyst for his spiritual rebirth, an open door into paradise, and a gateway to heaven, and so the beginning of his own religious revolution — which, of course, eventuated in the Protestant Reformation. In his earlier days as an Augustinian monk he pondered deeply, with both consternation and sorrow, the meaning of the phrase iustitia Dei (the justice of God) in his Latin Bible (though in Greek the phrase is δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ, which is better translated the righteousness of God). Later in 1545, recalling the resolution of his own spiritual struggles when he came to a proper understanding of this passage, Luther wrote (with the translation of the Latin iustitia Dei, the justice of God, in the text, and that of the Greek δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ, the righteousness of God, in brackets):

I greatly longed to understand Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, and nothing stood in the way but that one expression, the justice [‘righteousness’] of God, because I took it to mean that justice [‘righteousness’] whereby God is just [‘righteous’] and deals justly [‘righteously’] in punishing the unjust [‘unrighteous’]. My situation was that, although an impeccable monk, I stood before God as a sinner troubled in conscience, and I had no confidence that my merit would assuage him. Therefore I did not love a just [‘righteous’] and angry God, but rather hated and murmured against him. Yet I clung to the dear Paul and had a great yearning to know what he meant.

Night and day I pondered until I saw the connection between the justice [‘righteousness’] of God and the statement that the just [‘righteous’] will live by his faith. Then I grasped the truth that the justice [‘righteousness’] of God is that righteousness whereby, through grace and sheer mercy, he justifies us by faith. Thereupon I felt myself to be reborn and to have gone through open doors into paradise. The whole of Scripture took on a new meaning, and whereas before the justice [‘righteousness’] of God had filled me with hate, now it became to me inexpressibly sweet in greater love. This passage of Paul became to me a gateway to heaven.²

On May 24, 1738, John Wesley, having heard Luther’s Preface to the Epistle to the Romans read by someone at the Aldersgate Street Mission in London, wrote in his journal:

About a quarter before nine [that evening], while he [Martin Luther] was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, in Christ alone for my salvation: an assurance was given me that He had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death.³

And in 1918 Karl Barth, who was then a young Swiss pastor, related in the Preface to his Römerbrief his own reaction to Romans in the following words: The reader will detect for himself that it has been written with a joyful sense of discovery. The mighty voice of Paul was new to me; and if to me, no doubt to many others also — which is the response of many people today when first seriously reading Romans.⁴

The Centrality of Romans for Christian Theology

The letter to the Romans has also been central in the formulation and proclamation of Christian doctrine throughout the church’s history. In 1540 John Calvin wrote regarding Romans:

Among many other notable virtues the Epistle has one in particular, which is never sufficiently appreciated; it is this: If we have gained a true understanding of this Epistle, we have an open door to all the most profound treasures of Scripture.⁵

In 1886 Charles Bigg, then the Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Oxford University, asserted: The Pauline reactions describe the critical epochs of theology and the Church.⁶ And Adolf Harnack, in concluding his chapter on The Presuppositions of the History of Dogma, picked up on Bigg’s thesis and expanded it as follows:

One might write a history of dogma as a history of the Pauline reactions in the Church, and in doing so would touch on all the turning points of the history. Marcion after the Apostolic Fathers; Irenaeus, Clement and Origen after the Apologists; Augustine after the Fathers of the Greek Church; the great Reformers of the middle ages from Agobard to Wessel in the bosom of the mediaeval Church; Luther after the Scholastics; Jansenism after the council of Trent. Everywhere it has been Paul, in these men, who produced the Reformation. Paulinism has proved to be a ferment in the history of dogma, a basis it has never been. Just as it had that significance in Paul himself, with reference to Jewish Christianity, so it has continued to work through the history of the Church.⁷

It may, of course, be questioned whether Marcion in the mid-second century or Cornelius Jansen in the early seventeenth century were really turning points in the history of Christianity. Likewise, it may be debated whether Paul’s thought was only a ferment and never a basis for the church’s theology. Further, one might wonder why John Chrysostom and his colleagues in the late fourth and early fifth centuries receive no mention in Harnack’s listing. Nonetheless, it remains true to say that whenever and wherever there has been a serious study of Paul’s letters there has occurred in the church some type of renewal, reformation, or revolution.

All this is particularly true with regard to Paul’s letter to the Christians at Rome. In fact, as Joseph Fitzmyer has aptly noted, one can almost write the history of Christian theology by surveying the ways in which Romans has been interpreted.⁸

Challenges in the Study of Romans

Yet despite its status in the church and its importance for Christian thought, life, and proclamation, Romans is probably the most difficult of all the NT letters to analyze and interpret. It hardly can be called a simple writing.

In the winter of 394-395 Augustine began to write a commentary on Romans. But after commenting on the first seven verses of chapter one,⁹ he felt unable to proceed, saying that the project was just too large for him and that he would return to easier tasks.¹⁰ In the early sixteenth century Erasmus, introducing his Paraphrase of Romans, said of Romans: The difficulty of this letter equals and almost surpasses its utility! — citing both Origen and Jerome as early Church Fathers who had also found the letter exceedingly difficult to understand.¹¹ As Erasmus saw it, this difficulty can be attributed to three causes: (1) the style of speech or language used, for nowhere else is the order of speech more confused; nowhere is the speech more split by the transposition of words; nowhere is the speech more incomplete through absence of an apodosis, (2) the obscurity of things which are hard to put into words, or the content of the letter itself, for no other letter is handicapped by more frequent rough spots or is broken by deeper chasms, and (3) the frequent and sudden change of masks or stances on the part of the author, for he considers now the Jews, now the Gentiles, now both; sometimes he addresses believers, sometimes doubters; at one point he assumes the role of a weak man, at another of a strong; sometimes that of a godly man, sometimes of an ungodly man.¹²

Indeed, 2 Pet 3:16 bears eloquent testimony to the church’s mingled attitudes of (1) deep respect for Paul’s letters generally (and Romans in particular), yet also (2) real difficulties in trying to understand them, and (3) a realization of possibilities for serious misinterpretation, when it says of Paul’s letters that they contain some things that are hard to understand, which ignorant and unstable people distort, as they do the other Scriptures, to their own destruction. In fact, despite all its appearances of being straightforward and clear, no other NT writing presents greater difficulties with respect to style, stance, and audience (to recall Erasmus’s three categories of difficulty) than does Romans. Likewise, no other NT writing challenges the interpreter with as many problems of provenance, purpose, character, incorporation of tradition, rhetorical genre, modes of persuasion, epistolary type, style, structure, flow of argument, and exegesis as does Romans.

Nonetheless, despite all its difficulties and problems, no other letter in the NT is as important as Romans for (1) the thought, piety, and living of Christians, (2) the theology, health, and ministry of the Christian church, and (3) the reformation and renewal of the church’s doctrine and practice, which reforms and renewals must constantly be carried forward within the church of every time, place, and circumstance. It is, therefore, incumbent on all present-day commentators who work on this most important NT letter to attempt to spell out a proper interpretation of what is written, striving always (1) to build on the work of past commentators, but also to be informed by significant studies and insights of interpreters today, (2) to be critical, exegetical, and constructive in the analysis of what is written but also pastoral in its application, and (3) to set a course for the future that will promote a better understanding of this most famous of Paul’s letters and a more relevant contextualization of its message.

---

1. Augustine, Confessions 8.12.29; cf. 9.2.

2. M. Luther, Preface to Latin Writings, in Luther’s Works, 55 vols., general editors J. Pelikan (vols. 1-30) and H. T. Lehmann (vols. 31-55) (St. Louis: Concordia, 1972), 34.336-37; see also idem, Table Talk, ibid., 54.193, 309, 442.

3. J. Wesley, Journal and Diaries I (1735-38), in Works of John Wesley (Nashville: Abingdon, 1988), 18.249-50.

4. K. Barth, The Epistle to the Romans, 2.

5. J. Calvin, Theme of the Epistle of Paul to the Romans, trans. R. Mackenzie, in Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries, 12 vols., ed. D. W. Torrance and T. F. Torrance (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1960; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1961), 8.5.

6. C. Bigg, The Christian Platonists of Alexandria (Oxford: Clarendon, 1886; repr. 1913), 53.

7. A. Harnack, The History of Dogma, trans. N. Buchanan (Boston: Little, Brown, 1901), 136.

8. Fitzmyer, Romans, xiii.

9. See Augustine, Epistolae ad Romanos inchoata Expositio, PL 35.2087-2106.

10. See Augustine, Retractationes 1.25.

11. Erasmus, Opera 7.777.

12. Erasmus, Opera 7.777-78.

Abbreviations

General

Ep(p) Letter(s)

ET English Translation

fl. floruit (flourished)

FS Festschrift

LXX Septuagint

mg. margin

MS(S) manuscript(s)

MT Masoretic Text

n.d. no date

NT New Testament

OT Old Testament

par parallel passage

TR Textus Receptus

vid videtur (it seems or apparently; used to indicate that the reading is not certain, especially in a damaged manuscript)

Bible Translations: Contemporary English Versions

ASV American Standard Version

AV Authorized Version

BV The New Testament: Berkeley Version (Gerritt Verkuyl)

CEV Contemporary English Version

Goodspeed An American Translation (Edgar J. Goodspeed)

JB The Jerusalem Bible

KJV The Holy Bible. King James Version

Knox The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, Newly Translated from the Vulgate Latin (John Knox)

LB Living Bible

Moffatt The Holy Bible. A New Translation (James Moffatt)

NABRNT New American Bible, Revised New Testament

NASB New American Standard Bible

NEB New English Bible

NET New English Translation

NIV New International Version

NJB New Jerusalem Bible

NKJV New King James Version

NLT New Living Translation (revision of The Living Bible)

NRSV New Revised Standard Version

Phillips The New Testament in Modern English / Letters to Young Churches (J. B. Phillips)

REB Revised English Bible

RSV Revised Standard Version

TEV Today’s English Version / Good News for Modern Man

TNIV Today’s New International Version

Weymouth The New Testament in Modern Speech (Richard F. Weymouth)

Williams The New Testament: A Private Translation in the Language of the People (Charles B. Williams)

Texts

GNT², ³, ⁴ The Greek New Testament. 2nd rev. ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft / United Bible Societies; 3rd rev. ed.; 4th rev. ed. 1993.

NA²⁷ Novum Testamentum Graece post Eberhard Nestle et Erwin Nestle. 27th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1993.

Kittel Biblia Hebraica, ed. R. Kittel. Stuttgart: Privilegierte Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1929.

Rahlfs Septuaginta, 2 vols., ed. A. Rahlfs. Stuttgart: Privilegierte Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1935.

UBS⁴ The Greek New Testament, United Bible Societies, 4th ed.

W-H The New Testament in the Original Greek, with Introduction and Appendix, 2 vols., B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort. Cambridge-London, 1881; 2nd ed. 1896.

Pseudepigrapha

Apoc Ab Apocalypse of Abraham

Barn Barnabas

1 En 1 Enoch

Jub Jubilees

Let Aris Letter of Aristeas

Pss Sol Psalms of Solomon

2 Bar 2 Baruch

2 En 2 Enoch

Sib Or Sibylline Oracles

T Ab Testament of Abraham

T Benj Testament of Benjamin

T Dan Testament of Dan

T Gad Testament of Gad

T Jos Testament of Joseph

T Jud Testament of Judah

T Levi Testament of Levi

T Naph Testament of Naphtali

T Reub Testament of Reuben

Epigraphic and Papyrological Publications

POxy Oxyrhynchus Papyri, ed. B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt. London, 1898-.

SbGU Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten, ed. Friedrich Preisigke, et al. Wiesbaden, 1915-93.

Rabbinic Works

b. Babylonian Talmud

Baba Mes. Baba Meṣi ʿa

Baba Qam. Baba Qamma

Ber. Berakot

Git. Giṭṭin

y. Jerusalem Talmud

Ketub. Ketubbot

m. Mishnah

Mak. Makkot

Meg. Megillah

Mek. Mekilta

Midr. Midrash

Naz. Nazir

Ned. Nedarim

Pesiq. R. Pesiqta Rabbati

Qidd. Qiddušin

Shabb. Shabbat

Tanch. Tanḥuma

Ter. Terumot

Yebam. Yebamot

Grammatical, Syntactical, and Lexical Aids

ATRob A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research, A. T. Robertson. London: Hodder & Stoughton; New York: Doran, 2nd ed. revised and enlarged, 1915; repr. Nashville: Broadman, 1934.

BAG A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, W. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957.

BDB A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic, F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. Oxford: Clarendon, 1907; corrected 1952.

BDF A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature Literature, F. Blass, A. Debrunner, and R. W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961 (ET from 1913 German 4th. ed).

Burton Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek, E. D. Burton, 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1898.

D-M A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament, H. E. Dana and J. R. Mantey. Toronto: Macmillan, 1927.

EDNT Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. H. Balz, G. Schneider. ET: Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990-93.

LSJM A Greek-English Lexicon, H. G. Liddell and R. Scott; revised by H. S. Jones and R. McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.

M-G A Concordance of the Greek Testament, ed. W. F. Moulton and A. S. Geden. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1897; 4th ed. revised by H. K. Moulton, 1963.

M-M The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources, James Hope Moulton and George Milligan. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930.

Moule An Idiom-Book of New Testament Greek, C. F. D. Moule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 1959.

M-T A Grammar of New Testament Greek, J. H. Moulton and N. Turner. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark: Vol. 1, Prolegomena (3rd ed., 1908); Vol. 2, Accidence and Word-Formation with an Appendix on Semitisms in the New Testament, by J. H. Moulton and W. F. Howard (1919, 1929); Vol. 3, Syntax, by N. Turner (1963); Vol. 4, Style, by N. Turner (1976).

Porter Verbal Aspect in the Greek of the New Testament, with Reference to Tense and Mood, S. E. Porter. New York: Peter Lang, 1989.

Thrall Greek Particles in the New Testament. Linguistic and Exegetical Studies, M. E. Thrall. Leiden: Brill, 1962.

Reference Works

ANF The Ante-Nicene Fathers, ed. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson; American edition, 10 vols., ed. A. C. Coxe. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987.

APOT Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, ed. R. H. Charles (1913, repr. 1963).

CCLat Corpus christianorum, series latina

CIJ Corpus inscriptionum Judaicarum, 2 vols., ed. J. B. Frey (1936-52).

CSEL Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum, Vienna Academy (1866ff.).

GCS Die griechische christliche Schriftsteller der ersten Jahrhunderte

JE The Jewish Encyclopedia, 12 vols., ed. I. Singer. New York: Ktav, 1901-1906.

NPNF The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, ed. P. Schaff, 14 vols. Buffalo: Christian Literature, 1886-90.

NTA New Testament Apocrypha, 2 vols., ed. W. Schneemelcher, trans. R. McL. Wilson. London: Lutterworth, 1963, 1965.

OTP The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2 vols., ed. J. H. Charlesworth (1983, 1985).

PG Patrologia graeca, 162 vols., ed. Jacques-Paul Migne (1857-86).

PL Patrologia latina, 221 vols., ed. Jacques-Paul Migne (1844-66).

Statistik R. Morgenthaler, Statistik des neuetestamentlichen Wortschatzes. Zurich and Frankfurt-am-Main: Gotthelf Verlag, 1958.

Str-Bil Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, 5 vols, H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck. Munich: Beck, 1922-1961.

TDNT Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 9 vols., ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich, trans. G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964-74 (ET of TWNT).

TWNT Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament, 10 vols., ed. G. Kittel (vols. 1-4) and G. Friedrich (vols. 5-10). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1933-1978.

Series (Commentaries, Texts, and Studies)

AASF Annales Academiae scientarum Fennicae

AB Anchor Bible

ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary

ACNT Augsburg Commentary on the New Testament

ACCS Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture

AGAJU Arbeiten zür Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums

AnBib Analecta Biblica

ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt

ANTF Arbeiten zür neutestamentlichen Textforschung

ATANT Abhandlungen zür Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments

BASORSup Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research: Supplement Series

BBET Beiträge zur biblischen Exegese und Theologie

BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament

BEvT Beiträge zur evangelischen Theologie

BFCT Beiträge zur Förderung christlicher Theologie

BHT Beiträge zur historischen Theologie

BJS Brown Judaic Studies

BNTC Black’s New Testament Commentary

BST Bible Speaks Today

BTN Bibliotheca Theologica Norvegica

BZNW Beiheft zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

CB Clarendon Bible

CBBC Cokesbury Basic Bible Commentary

CBC Cambridge Bible Commentary

CBNT Coniectanea Biblica New Testament

CCSL Corpus christianorum, Series Latina

CGTSC Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges

CNT Commentaire du Nouveau Testament

CR Corpus reformatorum

CRJNT Compendia rerum Judaicarum ad novum Testamentum

CTS Cambridge Texts and Studies

DJD Discoveries in the Judean Desert

DSB Daily Study Bible

EBC Expositor’s Bible Commentary

EGT Expositor’s Greek Testament

EKKNT Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament

EPC Epworth Preacher’s Commentaries

EtBib Etudes bibliques

Exp Expositor

ExpB Expositor’s Bible

FBBS Facet Books, Biblical Series

FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments

GNC Good News Commentary

HBK Herders Bibelkommentar

Herm Hermeneia

HNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament

HNTC Harper’s New Testament Commentary

HTKNT Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament

IB Interpreter’s Bible

ICC International Critical Commentary

Interp Interpretation

IntCC Interpreter’s Concise Commentary

JBC Jerome Biblical Commentary

JSNT.SS Journal for the Study of the New Testament. Supplement Series

JSOT.SS Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. Supplement Series

KEKNT Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament

KNT Kommentar zum Neuen Testament

KPG Knox Preaching Guides

LBBC Layman’s Bible Book Commentary

LBC Layman’s Bible Commentary

LCC Library of Christian Classics

LCL Loeb Classical Library

LEC Library of Early Christianity

MCNT Meyer’s Commentary on the New Testament

MK Meyer Kommentar

MKEKNT Meyer kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament

MNTC Moffatt New Testament Commentary

MNTS McMaster New Testament Studies

MTS Marburger Theologische Studien

NAC New American Commentary

NCB New Century Bible

NDIEC New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, 5 vols.

NEchB Neue Echter Bibel

NIBC New International Biblical Commentary

NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament

NJBC New Jerome Biblical Commentary

NovTSup Novum Testamentum Supplement

NTAbh Neutestamentliche Abhandlungen

NTC New Testament Commentary

NTD Das Neue Testament Deutsch

NTM New Testament Message

NTRG New Testament Reading Guide

NTSR New Testament for Spiritual Reading

NTTS New Testament Tools and Studies

OBT Overtures to Biblical Theology

PC Pillar Commentary

PFES Publications of the Finnish Exegetical Society

PNTC Pelican New Testament Commentaries

RGRW Religions in the Graeco-Roman World

RNT Regensburger Neues Testament

SacPag Sacra Pagina

SB Sources bibliques

SBJ La sainte bible de Jérusalem

SBL.DS Society of Biblical Literature — Dissertation Series

SBL.SBS Society of Bible Literature — Sources for Biblical Study

SBLSemStud Society of Biblical Literature — Semeia Studies

SBLTT:ECLS Society of Biblical Literature — Texts and Translations: Early Christian Literature Series

SBL.WAW Society of Biblical Literature — Writings from the Ancient World

SBS Stuttgarter Bibelstudien

SBT Studies in Biblical Theology

SD Studies and Documents

SJLA Studies in Judaism in Late Antiquity

SNT Studien zum Neuen Testament

SNTS.MS Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas — Monograph Series

SchrifNT Schriften des Neuen Testaments

SGC Study Guide Commentaries

StudBL Studies in Biblical Literature

SUNT Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments

SVRH Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte

TB Theologische Bücherei

TBC Torch Bible Commentary

TH Théologie historique

THKNT Theologischer Handkommentar zum Neuen Testament

TNTC Tyndale New Testament Commentaries

TPINTC Trinity Press International New Testament Commentary

TU Texte und Untersuchungen

UMS.HS University of Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series

VS Verbum salutis

VTSup Vetus Testamentum Supplements

WBC Word Biblical Commentary

WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament

WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

Journals

ABR Australian Biblical Review

AJA American Journal of Archaeology (New York)

AJP American Journal of Philology (Baltimore)

ATR Anglican Theological Review (Evanston)

AusBR Australian Biblical Review (Melbourne)

AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies (Berrien Springs, MI)

BARev Biblical Archaeology Review

BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research (Winona Lake, IN)

BEvT Beiträge zür evangelischen Theologie

Bib Biblica (Rome)

BibR Biblical Research (Chicago)

BibT Bible Translator (London)

Bijdr Bijdragen (Amsterdam/Heverlee)

BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library (Manchester)

BLit Bibel und Liturgie (Klosterneuburg)

BSac Bibliotheca Sacra (Dallas)

BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin (St. Bonaventure, NY)

BTZ Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift

BZ Biblische Zeitschrift (Freiburg — Paderborn)

CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly (Washington)

Christus Christus (Paris)

CJT Canadian Journal of Theology (Toronto)

CP Classical Philology

CQR Church Quarterly Review (London)

CurTM Currents in Theology and Mission (Chicago)

EpR Epworth Review (London)

EtBib Études bibliques (Paris)

ETL Ephemerides theologicae lovanienses (Louvain-Leuven)

EvQ Evangelical Quarterly (Manchester — Aberdeen)

EvT Evangelische Theologie

ExpT Expository Times (Banstead)

Greg Gregorianum (Rome)

HBT Horizons in Biblical Theology

HeyJ Heythrop Journal (London)

HibJ Hibbert Journal (Liverpool)

HTR Harvard Theological Review (Cambridge)

HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual (Cincinnati)

IBS Irish Biblical Studies (Belfast)

IJST International Journal of Systematic Theology

Int Interpretation (Richmond)

ITQ Irish Theological Quarterly (Maynooth)

JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion (Chico)

JAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum (Münster)

JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven)

JBL Journal of Biblical Literature (Philadelphia-Missoula-Chico-Decatur)

JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

JJS Journal of Jewish Studies (London — Oxford)

JP Journal of Philology

JQR Jewish Quarterly Review (Philadelphia)

JR Journal of Religion (Chicago)

JRE Journal of Religious Ethics

JRH Journal of Religious History

JRS Journal of Roman Studies (London)

JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism (Leiden)

JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament (Sheffield)

JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament (Sheffield)

JTS Journal of Theological Studies (Oxford)

JTSA Journal of Theology for Southern Africa

Jud Judaica

LexTQ Lexington Theological Quarterly (Lexington)

LouvSt Louvain Studies (Louvain)

LumVie Lumière et Vie (Lyon)

MDB Le Monde de la Bible

MQR The Mennonite Quarterly Review

MTZ Münchener theologische Zeitschrift (Munich)

Neot Neotestamentica (Pretoria)

NKZ Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift

NovT Novum Testamentum (Leiden)

NRT Nouvelle Revue théologique (Tournai)

NTS New Testament Studies (Cambridge)

NTT Norsk Teologisk Tidsskrift

Numen Numen: International Review for the History of Religions (Leiden)

OrT Oral Tradition

PRS Perspectives in Religious Studies

PSBSup Princeton Seminary Bulletin Supplement

PTR Princeton Theological Review

RB Revue biblique (Paris — Jerusalem)

RBén Revue bénédictine (Maredsous)

RBR Ricerche bibliche e religiose (Milan)

ResQ Restoration Quarterly (Abilene)

RevApol Revue apologétique

RevExp Review and Expositor (Louisville)

RevistB Revista bíblica (Buenos Aires)

RHPR Revue d’histoire et de philosophie religieuses (Strasbourg)

RSPT Revue des sciences philosophiques et théologiques (Paris)

RSR Recherches des sciences religieuses (Strasbourg)

RTR Reformed Theological Review (Melbourne)

SEÅ Svensk exegetisk årsbok (Uppsala)

Semeia Semeia. An Experimental Journal for Biblical Criticism (Missoula-Chico-Decatur)

SHAW Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaft Philosophisch-historische Klasse

SJT Scottish Journal of Theology (Edinburgh)

SR Studies in Religion

ST Studia theologica (Lund — Aarhus — Oslo)

STK Svensk teologisk Kvartalskrift

TB Tyndale Bulletin (Cambridge)

TBei Theologische Beiträge (Wuppertal)

TBlä Theologische Blätter

TEvan Theologia Evangelica (Pretoria)

TJT Toronto Journal of Theology (Toronto)

TLZ Theologische Literaturzeitung (Leipzig — Berlin)

TP Theologie und Philosophie

TPAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

TS Theological Studies

TSK Theologische Studien und Kritiken

TTijd Theologisch Tijdschrift

TTZ Trierer theologische Zeitschrift (Trier)

TV Theologia Viatorum

TZ Theologische Zeitschrift (Basel)

TZT Tübingen Zeitschrift für Theologie (Tübingen)

VC Vigiliae christianae (Amsterdam)

VD Verbum domini

VT Vetus Testamentum (Leiden)

WesTJ Wesleyan Theological Journal

WTJ Westminster Theological Journal (Philadelphia)

WW Word and World (St. Paul)

ZEE Zeitschrift für evangelische Ethik

ZKG Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte (Stuttgart)

ZKT Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie (Innsbruck)

ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft (Berlin)

ZST Zeitschrift für systematische Theologie

ZTK Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche (Tübingen)

ZWT Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie

Bibliography of Selected Commentaries and Commentary Materials

Note: References to the following commentaries and commentary materials will be by authors’ names and abbreviated titles.

I. The Patristic Period

Major Greek Fathers (listed chronologically)

Origen (c. 185-254). Commentarium in epistulam b. Pauli ad Romanos (Rufinus’s abridged Latin translation, PG 14.833-1291).

———. Commentarii in Epistulam ad Romanos, 5 vols., ed. T. Heither. Freiburg-im-Breisgau: Herder, 1990-95 (CER).

———. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, trans. T. P. Scheck. Washington: Catholic University Press of America, 2001.

———. The Writings of Origen, trans. F. Crombie, in Ante-Nicene Christian Library, vols. 10 and 23, ed. A. Roberts and J. Donaldson. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1869.

Diodore of Tarsus (died c. 390). Fragments of a Commentary on Romans, in Die Pauluskommentare aus der griechischen Kirche, ed. K. Staab. Münster: Aschendorff, 1933, 83-112.

John Chrysostom (c. 347-407). Homilia XXXII in Epistolam ad Romanos (PG 60.391-682).

———. The Homilies of St. John Chrysostom on the Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Romans, in NPNF, 11.329-564 (cf. also PG 64.1037-38; 51.155-208).

Theodore of Mopsuestia (c. 350-428). In epistolam Pauli ad Romanos commentarii fragmenta (PG 66.787-876).

———. Fragments of a Commentary on Romans, in Die Pauluskommentare aus der Griechischen Kirche, ed. K. Staab. Münster: Aschendorff, 1933, 113-72.

Cyril of Alexandria (died c. 444). Explanatio in Epistulam ad Romanos (PG 74.773-856).

Theodoret of Cyrrhus (393-466). Interpretatio in Epistulam ad Romanos (PG 82.43-226).

Gennadius of Constantinople (died c. 471). Epistulam ad Romanos (fragments), in Pauluskommentare aus der griechischen Kirche, ed. K. Staab. Münster: Aschendorff, 1933.

Major Latin Fathers (listed chronologically)

Tertullian (c. 145-220). Adversus Marcionem (PL 2.263-555).

———. Adversus Valentinianos (PL 2.558-662).

———. The Five Books against Marcion and Against the Valentinians, in ANF, 3.269-475, 503-20.

Ambrosiaster (wrote c. 366-384). Commentarium in epistulam beati Pauli ad Romanos (PL 17.47-197; CSEL 81.1).

Augustine (c. 354-430). Expositio quarundam propositionum ex epistola ad Romanos (PL 35.2063-88).

———. Epistolae ad Romanos inchoata expositio (PL 35.2087-2106).

———. Augustine on Romans: Propositions from the Epistle to the Romans. Unfinished Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, ed. and trans. P. A. Landes. SBLTT: ECLS 23.6; Chico: Scholars, 1982.

———. Retractationes (CSEL 84.183-85).

———. De diversis quaestionibus octoginta tribus (PL 40.11-101).

———. De diversis quaestionibus ad Simplicianum (PL 40.102-47).

Pelagius (c. 354-420). In Epistolam ad Romanos (PL 30.646-718).

———. Pelagius’s Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Translated with Introduction and Notes, by T. de Bruyn. Oxford: Clarendon, 1993.

II. The Reformation Period

Major Roman Catholic Commentators (listed chronologically)

Thomas Aquinas (1225-74). Expositio in omnes sancti Pauli epistolas. Epistola ad Romanos, in Opera omnia, 25 vols. Parma: Fiaccadori, 1852-73; repr. New York: Musurgia, 1948-50, 13.3-156.

Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536). The Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 42: Paraphrases on Romans and Galatians, trans. J. B. Payne, A. Rabil, Jr., and W. S. Smith, Jr.; ed. R. D. Sider. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984.

———. Annotations on Romans, ed. R. D. Sider et al. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

Major Protestant Commentators (listed chronologically)

Martin Luther (1483-1546). Luthers Werke, 61 vols. Weimar: Böhlaus, 1883-1983: vol. 56 (Glossae & Scholia), 1938; vol. 57 (Nachschriften), 1939.

———. Luther’s Works, 55 vols., general editors J. Pelikan (vols. 1-30) and H. T. Lehmann (vols. 31-55): vol. 25, Lectures on Romans: Glosses and Scholia, trans. W. G. Tillmanns and J. A. O. Preus, ed. H. C. Oswald. St. Louis: Concordia, 1972.

———. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. A New Translation, trans. and ed. J. T. Mueller. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1954.

———. Luther: Lectures on Romans, Newly Translated and Edited by W. Pauck. LCC 15; London: SCM; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961.

Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560). Melanchthons Werke in Auswahl, 7 vols., ed. R. Stupperich. Gütersloh: Mohn, 1951-75, 5.25-371.

———. Loci Communes Theologici, trans. J. A. O. Preuss. St. Louis: Concordia, 1992.

———. Commentary on Romans, trans. F. Kramer. St. Louis: Concordia, 1992.

Martin Bucer (1491-1551). In epistolam ad Romanos, in Metaphrases et enarrationes epistolarum d. Pauli apostoli. Strasbourg: Rihel, 1536; repr. Basel: Pernan, 1562, 1-507.

John Calvin (1509-64). Commentarii in omnes epistolas Pauli apostoli. Strasbourg: Rihel, 1539.

———. Commentarius in epistolam Pauli ad Romanos, ed. T. H. L. Parker. Leiden: Brill, 1981.

———. Commentary on the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans, trans. J. Owen. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1844; repr. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1947.

———. The Epistles of Paul the Apostle to the Romans and to the Thessalonians, trans. R. Mackenzie, in Calvin’s Commentaries, 12 vols., ed. D. W. Torrance and T. F. Torrance. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1960; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1961, 8.5-328.

———. Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries, trans. and ed. T. H. L. Parker. London: SCM; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971.

Bengel, Johann A. (1687-1752). Gnomon Novi Testament, 2 vols. Tübingen: Fues, 1742; ET: Gnomon of the New Testament, 2 vols., trans. C. T. Lewis and M. R. Vincent. Philadelphia: Perkinpine & Higgins, 1860, 1862; repr. as New Testament Word Studies, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1978.

Wesley, John (1703-91). Explanatory Notes upon the New Testament. London: Epworth, 1950 (repr. of 1754 edition).

III. The Modern Critical Period (listed alphabetically)

Achtemeier, Paul J. Romans. A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching. Interp; Atlanta: John Knox, 1985.

Althaus, Paul. Der Brief an der Römer übersetzt und erklärt. NTD; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978.

Barclay, William. The Letter to the Romans. Daily Study Bible; Edinburgh: St. Andrews, 1955; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975, repr. 1978.

Barrett, C. Kingsley. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. BNTC / HNTC; London: Black; New York: Harper & Row, 1957; 2nd ed. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1991.

Barth, Karl. The Epistle to the Romans, trans. E. C. Hoskyns. London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1933; original German publication: Der Römerbrief. Zollikon-Zurich: Evangelischer Verlag, 1919; ET from Sixth Edition. Munich: Kaiser, 1929; rev. ed. by H. Schmitt, Zurich: Theologischer Verlag, 1985.

Best, Ernest. The Letter of Paul to the Romans. CBC; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.

Billerbeck, Paul. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch, 6 vols. Munich: Beck, 1926-63, vol. 3 (4th ed. 1965), 1-320.

Black, Matthew. Romans. NCB; London: Oliphants; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973; 2nd ed. 1989.

Bray, Gerald, ed. Romans, in Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, general editor T. C. Oden, vol. VI. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998.

Brown, Raymond E. Letter to the Romans, in his An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday, 1997, 559-84.

Bruce, Frederick F. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans: An Introduction and Commentary. TNTC; London: Tyndale; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963; 2nd ed., 1969; repr. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.

Brunner, Emil. The Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, trans. H. A. Kennedy. London: Lutterworth; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959; ET from Der Römerbrief übersetzt und erklärt. Stuttgart: Oncken, 1938; repr. 1956.

Byrne, Brendan. Romans. SacPag; Collegeville: Liturgical, 1996.

Craig, Gerald R. The Epistle to the Romans (Exposition), in The Interpreter’s Bible, 12 vols, ed. G. A. Buttrick et al. New York: Abingdon, 1954, 9.379-668.

Cranfield, Charles E. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. ICC; 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1975, 1979.

Denney, James. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. EGT; London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1900, 2.555-725; repr. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970, 1983.

Dodd, Charles Harold. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. MNTC; London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1932; rev. ed. London: Collins, 1959.

Dunn, James D. G. Romans. WBC; 2 vols. Dallas: Word, 1988-89.

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. Romans: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB; New York: Doubleday, 1993.

Gaugler, Ernst. Der Brief an die Römer, 2 vols. Zurich: Zwingli, 1945; repr. 1958.

Gifford, Edward H. The Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans, with Notes and Introduction. London: Murray, 1881; repr. 1886.

Godet, Frédéric. Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, 2 vols., trans. A. Cusin. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1880-81; New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1883; repr. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977; ET from Commentaire sur l’épître aux Romains, 2 vols. Paris: Sandoz & Rischbacher; Geneva: Desrogis, 1879; repr. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1879-81.

Gore, Charles. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: A Practical Exposition, 2 vols. London: Murray; New York: Scribners, 1899-1900; repr. 1907.

Haldane, Robert. Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans, 3 vols. Edinburgh: Whyte, 1839; repr. New York: Carter, 1853; repr. in one volume as Commentary on Romans, Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1988.

Hamilton, Floyd E. The Epistle to the Romans: An Exegetical and Devotional Commentary. Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1958.

Harrison, Everett F., and Donald A. Hagner. Romans, in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, rev. ed., 13 vols., ed. T. Longman and D. E. Garland. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008, 11.19-237.

Harrisville, Roy A. Romans. ACNT; Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1980.

Hendriksen, William. Exposition of Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, 2 vols. NTC; Grand Rapids: Baker; Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1980-81.

Hodge, Charles. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Philadelphia: Grigg & Elliot, 1835; 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Claxton, 1864; repr. New York: Armstrong, 1896; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980.

Huby, Joseph. Saint Paul. Épître aux Romains. Traduction et commentaire. VS; Paris: Beauchesne, 4th ed. 1940; new ed., rev. S. Lyonnet, 1957.

Hunter, Archibald M. The Epistle to the Romans: Introduction and Commentary. TBC; London: SCM, 1955; repr. with subtitle The Law of Love, 1968, 1977.

Jewett, Robert. Romans: A Commentary. Hermeneia; Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007.

Johnson, Luke Timothy. Reading Romans: A Literary and Theological Commentary. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2001.

Käsemann, Ernst. Commentary on Romans, trans. G. W. Bromiley. London: SCM; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980; ET from An die Römer. HNT; Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1973; 4th ed 1980.

Kertelge, Karl. The Epistle to the Romans, trans. F. McDonagh. NTSR; London: Sheed & Ward; New York: Herder & Herder, 1972; ET from Der Brief an die Römer. Düsseldorf: Patmos, 1971.

Knox, John. The Epistle to the Romans (Introduction and Exegesis), in The Interpreter’s Bible, 12 vols., ed. G. A. Buttrick et al. New York: Abingdon, 1954, 9.353-668.

Kühl, Ernst. Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer. Leipzig: Quell & Meyer, 1913.

Kuss, Otto. Der Römerbrief übersetzt und erklärt, 3 vols. (on chs. 1-11). Regensburg: Pustet, 1957, 1959, 1978.

Lagrange, Marie-Joseph. Saint Paul. Épître aux Romains. EtBib; Paris: Gabalda, 1916; 4th ed. (with addenda) 1931; repr. 1950.

Leenhardt, Franz J. The Epistle of Saint Paul to the Romans: A Commentary, trans. H. Knight. London: Lutterworth; Cleveland: World, 1961; ET from L’Épître de saint Paul aux Romains. CNT; Neuchatel-Paris: Delachaux et Niestlé, 1957; 2nd ed. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1981.

Lenski, Richard C. H. The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. Columbus: Lutheran Book Concern, 1936; repr. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1961.

Liddon, Henry P. Explanatory Analysis of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. London: Longmans, Green, 1893; repr. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1961.

Lietzmann, Hans. Die Briefe des Apostels Paulus an die Römer. HNT 8; Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1906; 2nd ed. 1928; 3rd ed. 1933; 5th ed. 1971.

Lightfoot, Joseph B. Notes on Epistles of St. Paul from Unpublished Commentaries. London: Macmillan, 1895, 237-305 (on chs. 1-7); repr. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1957.

Lohse, Eduard. Der Brief an die Römer. KEKNT; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003.

Lyonnet, Stanislaus. Les Épîtres de Saint Paul aux Galates, aux Romains. SBJ; Paris: Cerf, 1953; 2nd ed. 1959, 45-136.

Manson, Thomas W. Romans, in Peake’s Commentary on the Bible, 2nd ed., ed. M. Black and H. H. Rowley. London: Nelson, 1962, 940-53.

Matera, Frank J. Romans, Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2010.

Metzger, Bruce M. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. New York: United Bible Societies, 1971; 1975 (corrected edition); 2nd rev. ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994.

Meyer, Heinrich A. W. Critical and Exegetical Handbook to the Epistle to the Romans, 2 vols. MCNT; New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1884; rev. ed. by W. P. Dickson and T. Dwight, 1889; ET from Der Brief an die Römer. MKEKNT; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1836; 5th ed. 1872.

Michel, Otto. Der Brief an die Römer. MKEKNT; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1955; 14th ed. 1978.

Moo, Douglas J. The Epistle to the Romans. NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.

Morris, Leon. The Epistle to the Romans. PC; Leicester: Inter-Varsity; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.

Murray, John. The Epistle to the Romans: The English Text with Introduction, Exposition, and Notes, 2 vols. NICNT; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959, 1965.

Nygren, Anders. Commentary on Romans, trans. C. C. Rasmussen. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1949, 1972; London: SCM, 1952; ET from Der Römerbrief. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1951, which was translated from Pauli Brev till Romarna. Stockholm: Svenska Kyrkans Diakonistyrelses Bokförlag, 1944.

O’Neill, John C. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. PNTC; Harmondsworth-Baltimore: Penguin, 1975.

Robertson, Archibald T. The Epistle to the Romans, in Word Pictures in the New Testament, 4 vols. New York: Smith, 1931, 4.320-430.

Robinson, John A. T. Wrestling with Romans. London: SCM; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979.

Sanday, William, and Arthur C. Headlam. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. ICC; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark; New York: Scribner, 1895, 2nd ed. 1896, 5th ed. 1902; repr. 1922, 1958, 1962.

Schelkle, Karl Hermann. Paulus Lehrer der Väter. Die altkirchliche Auslegung von Römer 1-11. Düsseldorf: Patmos, 1956.

———. The Epistle to the Romans: Theological Meditations. New York: Herder and Herder, 1964; ET of Meditationen über den Römerbrief. Einsiedeln: Benziger Verlag.

Schlatter, Adolf. Romans: The Righteousness of God, trans. S. S. Schatzmann. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1995; ET from Gottes Gerechtigkeit. Ein Kommentar zum Römerbrief. Stuttgart: Calwer, 1935, 3rd ed. 1959, 4th ed. 1965; 6th ed. (with preface by P. Stuhlmacher), 1991.

Schlier, Heinrich. Der Römerbrief. Kommentar. HTKNT; Freiburg/Basel/Vienna: Herder, 1977.

Schmidt, Hans W. Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer. THKNT; Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1963, 3rd ed. 1972.

Schmithals, Walter. Der Römerbrief. Ein Kommentar. Gütersloh: Mohn, 1988.

Schreiner, Thomas R. Romans. BECNT; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.

Shedd, William G. T. A Critical and Doctrinal Commentary upon the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans. New York: Scribner’s, 1879; repr. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1967.

Stuhlmacher, Peter. Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, trans. S. J. Hafemann. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994; ET from Der Brief an die Römer übersetzt und erklart. NTD; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989.

Talbert, Charles H. Romans. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2002.

Taylor, Vincent. The Epistle to the Romans. EPC; London: Epworth, 1955, 2nd ed. 1962.

Weiss, Bernhard. Der Brief an die Römer. MK; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1881, 4th ed. 1891.

Wilckens, Ulrich. Der Brief an die Römer, 3 vols. EKKNT; Zurich: Benziger; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1978, 1980, 1982.

Witherington, Ben, III, with Darlene Hyatt. Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004.

Wright, N. Thomas. The Messiah and the People of God: A Study in Pauline Theology with Particular Reference to the Argument of the Epistle to the Romans. D.Phil. Dissertation, University of Oxford, 1980.

Zahn, Theodor. Der Brief des Paulus an die Römer ausgelegt. KNT; Leipzig: Deichert, 1910, 2nd ed. 1925.

Zeller, Dieter. Der Brief an die Römer. Übersetzt und erklärt. RNT; Regensburg: Pustet, 1985.

Ziesler, John A. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. TPINTC; London: SCM; Philadelphia: Trinity, 1989.

Bibliography of Supplemental Monographs, Articles, and Other Materials

Note: References to the following monographs, articles, and other materials will be by authors’ names and abbreviated titles.

Abbot, Ezra. On the Construction of Romans ix.5, JBL 1 (1881) 87-154.

———. Recent Discussions of Romans ix.5, JBL 2 (1883) 90-112.

Abegg, Martin G. Paul, ‘Works of the Law’ and MMT, BARev 20 (1994) 52-55, 81.

Achtemeier, Paul J.  ‘Some Things in Them Hard to Understand’: Reflections on an Approach to Paul, Int 38 (1984) 254-67.

———. Romans 3:1-8: Structure and Argument, in Christ and His Communities: Essays in Honor of Reginald H. Fuller, ed. A. J. Hultgren and B. Hall. Cincinnati: Forward Movement Publications, 1990, 77-87.

———. Apropos the Faith of/in Christ: A Response to Hays and Dunn, in Pauline Theology. Vol. 4: Looking Back, Pressing On, ed. E. E. Johnson and D. M. Hay. Atlanta: Scholars, 1997, 82-92.

Aland, Kurt. Das Verhältnis von Kirche und Staat in der Frühzeit, ANRW 11.23.1 (1979) 60-246.

———. Neutestamentliche Entwürfe. Munich: Kaiser, 1979.

Aland, Kurt, and Barbara Aland. The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism, trans. E. F. Rhodes. Leiden: Brill; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1987; 2nd rev. ed. 1989.

Albl, Martin C. And Scripture Cannot Be Broken: The Form and Function of the Early Testimonia Collections. NovTSup 96; Leiden: Brill, 1999.

Aletti, Jean-Noël. L’Argumentation paulinienne en Rm 9, Bib 68 (1987) 41-56.

———. Rm 1,18–3,20. Incohérence ou cohérence de l’argumentation paulinienne? Bib 69 (1988) 47-62.

Allen, Leslie C. The Old Testament Background of (ΠΡΟ)ὉΡΙΖΕΙΝ in the New Testament, NTS 17 (1970) 104-8.

Allison, Dale C., Jr. The Pauline Epistles and the Synoptic Gospels: The Pattern of the Parallels, NTS 28 (1982) 1-32.

———. Jesus and the Covenant: A Response to E. P. Sanders, in The Historical Jesus: A Sheffield Reader, ed. C. A. Evans and S. E. Porter. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1995, 61-82.

Arzt, Peter. The ‘Epistolary Introductory Thanksgiving’ in the Papyri and in Paul, NovT 36 (1994) 29-46.

Aune, David E. The New Testament in Its Literary Environment. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1987, 158-225.

———, ed. Greco-Roman Literature and the New Testament: Selected Forms and Genres. SBL.SBS 21; Atlanta: Scholars, 1988.

———. "Romans as a Logos Protreptikos in the Context of Ancient Religious and Philosophical Propaganda," in Paulus als Missionar und Theologe und das antike Judentum, ed. M. Hengel and U. Heckel. WUNT 58; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1991, 91-124; abbreviated version: "Romans as a Logos Protrepikos," in Donfried, ed., Romans Debate (1991), 278-96.

———. The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003.

Aus, Roger D. Paul’s Travel Plans to Spain and the ‘Full Number of the Gentiles’ of Rom 11:25, NovT 21 (1979) 232-62.

Avigad, Nahman. Jewish Ritual Baths, in Discovering Jerusalem. Israel: Shikmona Publishing Company & Israel Exploration Society, 1983, esp. 139-43.

Bacon, Benjamin W. The Doxology at the End of Romans, JBL 18 (1899) 167-76.

Bahr, Gordon J. The Subscriptions in the Pauline Letters, JBL 87 (1968) 27-41.

Baillie, John. Our Knowledge of God. New York: Scribner’s, 1939; repr. 1959.

Baker, Murray. Paul and the Salvation of Israel: Paul’s Ministry, the Motif of Jealousy, and Israel’s Yes, CBQ 67 (2005) 469-84.

Balz, Horst R. Heilsvertrauen und Welterfahrung. Strukturen der Paulinischen Eschatologie nach Römer 8.18-39. BEvT 59; Munich: Kaiser, 1971.

Barclay, William. Great Themes of the New Testament III: Romans 5:12-21, ExpT 70 (1958-59) 132-35, 172-75.

Barr, James. The Semantics of Biblical Language. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.

Barrett, C. Kingsley. From First Adam to Last: A Study in Pauline Theology. London: Black; New York: Scribner’s, 1962.

———. The New Testament Doctrine of Church and State, in his New Testament Essays. London: SPCK, 1972, 1-19.

Bartchy, S. Scott. Slavery (Greco-Roman), ABD 6 (1992) 68-78.

Barth, Karl. Christ and Adam: Man and Humanity in Romans 5, trans. T. A. Smail. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1956; New York: Harper, 1957.

Barth, Markus. Speaking of Sin: Some Interpretative Notes on Romans 1.18–3.20, SJT 8 (1955) 288-96.

———. Was Christ’s Death a Sacrifice? Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1961.

———. The Faith of the Messiah, HeyJ 10 (1969) 363-70.

———. Justification: Pauline Texts Interpreted in the Light of the Old and New Testaments, trans. A. M. Woodruff. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971.

———. Theologie — ein Gebet (Röm 11,33-36), TZ 41 (1985) 330-48.

Bartlett, David L. A Biblical Perspective on Homosexuality, Foundations 20 (1977) 133-47.

Bartsch, Hans. The Concept of Faith in Romans, BibR 13 (1968) 41-53.

Bassler, Jouette M. Divine Impartiality: Paul and a Theological Axiom. SBL.DS 59; Chico: Scholars, 1982.

———. Divine Impartiality in Paul’s Letter to the Romans, NovT 26 (1984) 43-58.

Batey, Richard.  ‘So All Israel Will Be Saved’: An Interpretation of Romans 11:25-32, Int 20 (1966) 218-28.

Baxter, A. G., and J. A. Ziesler, Paul and Arboriculture: Romans 11.17-24, JSNT 24 (1985) 25-32.

Beasley-Murray, Paul. Romans 1:3f: An Early Confession of Faith in the Lordship of Jesus, TB 31 (1980) 147-54.

Behm, Johannes. διαθήκη, TDNT 2.106-34.

Beker, J. Christiaan. Paul the Apostle: The Triumph of God in Life and Thought. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980.

———. The Jewish Character of the Argument in 1:16–4:25, in his Paul the Apostle, 78-83 and 94-104.

———. The Meaning of ‘Body,’  in his Paul the Apostle, 287-89.

———. The Faithfulness of God and the Priority of Israel in Paul’s Letter to the Romans, HTR 79 (1986) 10-16; repr. in Christians among Jews and Gentiles, ed. G. W. E. Nickelsburg and G. W. MacRae. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986, 10-16; also repr. in Donfried, ed., Romans Debate 1991, 327-32.

———. Vision of Hope for a Suffering World: Romans 8:17-30, PSBSup 3 (1994) 26-32.

Bell, Richard H. No One Seeks for God: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Romans 1:18–3:20. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998.

———. Provoked to Jealousy: The Origin and Purpose of the Jealousy Motif in Romans 9–11. WUNT 63; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1994.

Berger, Klaus. Abraham in den paulinischen Hauptbriefen, MTZ 17 (1966) 47-89.

———.  ‘Gnade’ im frühen Christentum, NTT 27 (1973) 1-25.

———. Apostelbrief und apostolische Rede. Zum Formular frühchristlicher Briefe, ZNW 65 (1974) 190-231.

———. Formgeschichte des Neuen Testament. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer, 1984.

———. Hellenistische Gattungen im Neuen Testament, ANRW 2.25.2 (1984) 1031-1432, 1831-85.

Berkley, Timothy W. From a Broken Covenant to Circumcision of the Heart: Pauline Intertextual Exegesis in Romans 2:17-29. SBL.DS 175; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000.

Betz, Hans Dieter. Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Church in Galatia. Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979.

———. Das Problem der Grundlagen der paulinischen Ethik (Röm 12.1-2), ZTK 85 (1988) 199-218.

———. The Foundation of Christian Ethics according to Romans 12:1-2, in Witness and Existence: Essays in Honor of Schubert M. Ogden, ed. P. E. Devenish and G. L. Goodwin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989, 55-72.

Betz, Otto. "The Qumran Halakhah Text Miqsat Maʿase Ha-Torah (4QMMT) and Sadducean, Essene, and Early Pharisaic Tradition," in The Aramaic Bible: Targums in Their Historical Context, ed. D. R. G. Beattie and M. J. McNamara. Sheffield: JSOT, 1994.

Biedermann, Hermenegild M. Die Erlösung der Schöpfung beim Apostel Paulus. Ein Beitrag zur Klärung der religionsgeschichtlichen Stellung der paulinischen Erlösungslehre. Würzburg: St. Rita, 1940.

Bjerkelung, Carl J. PARAKALŌ. Form, Function and Sinn der parakolō-Sätze in den paulinischen Briefen. Oslo: Universitetsworlaget, 1967.

Black, Matthew. The Pauline Doctrine of the Second Adam, SJT 7 (1954) 170-79.

Blackman, Cyril. Romans 3.26b: A Question of Translation, JBL 87 (1968) 203-4.

Blank, Josef. Warum sagt Paulus: ‘Aus den Werken des Gesetzes wird niemand Gerecht’? EKKNT Vorarbeiten 1 (1969) 79-107.

———. Kirche und Staat im Urchristentum, Kirche und Staat auf Distanz, ed. G. Denzler. Munich: Kösel, 1977, 9-28.

Bläser, P. Peter. Das Gesetz bei Paulus. Münster: Aschendorfische Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1941.

Bloesch, Donald G.  ‘All Israel Will Be Saved’: Supersessionism and the Biblical Witness, Int 43 (1989) 130-42.

Boer, Martinus C. de. Galatians: A Commentary. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2011.

Boers, Hendrikus. Theology Out of the Ghetto: A New Testament Exegetical Study Concerning Exclusiveness. Leiden: Brill, 1970, esp. 82-104.

———. The Justification of the Gentiles: Paul’s Letters to the Galatians and Romans. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1994.

Boismard, M.-É. Constitué fils de Dieu (Rom 1.4), RB 60 (1953) 5-17.

Borg, Marcus J. A New Context for Romans xiii, NTS 19 (1972-73) 205-18.

Bornkamm, Günther. Faith and Reason in Paul’s Epistles, NTS 4 (1958) 93-100.

———. Gesetz und Natur. Röm. 2,14-16, in Studien zu Antike und Urchristentum. BEvT 28; Munich: Kaiser, 1959, 93-118.

———. The Revelation of God’s Wrath: Romans 1–3, in his Early Christian Experience, trans. P. L. Hammer. London: SCM, 1969, 47-70.

———. The Praise of God: Romans 11.33-36, in his Early Christian Experience, trans. P. L. Hammer. London: SCM, 1969, 105-11.

———. Theologie als Teufelskunst. Römer 3,1-9, in Geschichte und Glaube II: Gesammelte Aufsätze, vol. 4. BEvT 53; Munich: Kaiser, 1971, 140-48.

———. Christology and Justification (on Romans 1:3f. and 1:16f.), Appendix III in his Paul, trans. D. M. G. Stalker. New York: Harper & Row, 1971, 248-49.

Bousset, Wilhelm. Kyrios Christos. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1913.

Bowers, Paul. Fulfilling the Gospel: The Scope of the Pauline Mission, JETS 30 (1987) 185-98.

Brauch, Manfred T. Perspectives on ‘God’s Righteousness’ in Recent German Discussion, in E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977, Appendix, 523-42.

Brockmeyer, Norbert. Antike Sklaverei. Ertrage der Forschung 116; Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1979.

Brown, Michael Joseph. Paul’s Use of ΔΟΥΛΟΣ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΥ ἸΗΣΟΥ in Romans 1:1, JBL 120 (2001) 723-37.

Brown, Raymond E. "The Semitic Background of the New Testament Mysterion," Bib 39 (1958) 426-48 and 40 (1959) 70-87.

———. The Semitic Background of the Term Mystery in the New Testament. FBBS 21; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968.

———. Not Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity, but Types of Jewish/Gentile Christianity, CBQ 45 (1983) 74-79.

———. The Beginnings of Christianity at Rome and The Roman Church near the End of the First Christian Generation (A.D. 58 — Paul to the Romans), in R. E. Brown and J. P. Meier, Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity. New York: Paulist, 1983, 92-127.

———. Further Reflections on the Origins of the Church of Rome, in The Conversation Continues: Studies in Paul and John in Honor of J. L. Martyn, ed. R. T. Fortna and B. R. Gaventa. Nashville: Abingdon, 1990, 98-115.

Brownlee, William H. The Placarded Revelation of Habakkuk, JBL 82 (1963) 319-25.

Bruce, Frederick F. Paul and the Historical Jesus, BJRL 56 (1974) 317-35.

———. Paul and ‘The Powers That Be,’  BJRL 66 (1983-84) 78-96.

Bryan, Christopher. A Preface to Romans: Notes on the Epistle in Its Literary and Cultural Setting. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Büchsel, Friedrich. ἀλλάσσω … καταλλάσσω, καταλλαγή, TDNT 1.251-59.

———, and Johannes Herrmann. ἵλεως, ἱλάσκομαι, ἱλασμός, ἱλαστήριον, TDNT 3.300-23.

Bultmann, Rudolf. Der Stil der paulinischen Predigt und die kynisch-stoische Diatribe. FRLANT 13; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1910; repr. 1984.

———. Das Problem der Ethik bei Paulus, ZNW 23 (1924) 123-40.

———. Neueste Paulusforschung, Theologische Rundschau 8 (1936) 1-22.

———. Anknüpfung und Widerspruch. Zur Frage nach der Anknüpfung der neutestamentlichen Verkündigung an die natürliche Theologie der Stoa, die hellenistischen Mysterienreligionen und die Gnosis, TZ 2 (1946) 401-18.

———. Glossen im Römerbrief, TLZ 72 (1947) 197-202.

———. Theology of the New Testament, 2 vols., trans. K. Grobel. New York: Scribners, 1951, 1955.

———. The Kerygma of the Earliest Church, in his Theology of the New Testament, esp. 1.46.

———. Christ the End of the Law, in his Essays Philosophical and Theological, trans. J. C. G. Greig. London: SCM, 1955, 36-66.

———. ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣΥΝΗ ΘΕΟΥ, JBL 83 (1964) 12-16.

———. The Old and the New Man in the Letters of Paul, trans. K. R. Crim. Richmond: John Knox, 1967 (ET of 1964 German edition).

———. Adam and Christ according to Romans 5, in Current Issues in New Testament Interpretation (FS A. O. Piper), ed. W. Klassen and G. F. Snyder. London: SCM, 1962, 143-65.

———. ἀφίημι, ἄφεσις, παρίημι, πάρεσις, TDNT 1.509-12.

———, ἐλπίς, ἐλπίζω, TDNT 2.517-23, 529-35.

———. δόξα, TDNT