Bone, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

By Kenneth Kee

This book describes the Bone, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases
Bones are rigid organs that provide support and protection of the different organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.
Bone tissue is a form of dense connective tissue.
The bones that comprise the skeleton are all very much alive, growing and changing all the time like other parts of the body.
Almost every bone in the body is composed of the same materials:
The outer surface of bone is a thin, dense membrane that has nerves and blood vessels nourishing the bone.
The next layer is composed of compact bone.
It is the component a person sees when a person looks at a skeleton.
Inside the compact bone are many layers of cancellous bone, which appears a bit like a sponge.
Cancellous bone is not quite as solid as compact bone, but it is still very strong.
In many bones, the cancellous bone guards the innermost part of the bone, the bone marrow.
Bones have eleven main functions:

1. Mechanical Protection of internal organs such as the skull protecting the brain or the ribs guarding the heart and lungs.
2. Structure: The bones supply a frame to keep the body supported.
3. Movement using bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
4. Sound transduction in the mechanical action of hearing.
5. Blood production in the bone marrow
6. Metabolic - Mineral storage
7. Growth factor storage such as
a.Insulin-like growth factors
b.Transforming growth factor
c.Bone morphogenetic proteins
8. Fat storage: The yellow bone marrow functions as a storage reserve of fatty acids.
9. Acid-base balance
10. Detoxification: The bone tissues can also keep heavy metals and other foreign elements, eliminating them from the blood
11. Endocrine organ: The bone regulates phosphate metabolism by secreting fibroblast growth factor which works on kidneys to reduce phosphate re-absorption
Life and Death of a Bone Cell
My name is Bone Man the bone cell.

I was named Bone Man by my friends who feel that I am the main part of the bone.
Some of my friends called me Stone man because I hardly do anything just being stuck in the bone.
I started off as an osteoblast developing in the mesenchyme.
We osteocytes are the osteoblasts that have migrated into and become trapped and surrounded by bone matrix that they themselves produce.
We have many processes that reach out to meet osteoblasts and other brother bone cells for the purposes of communication.
Our functions include:
1. Formation of bone;
2. Matrix maintenance;
3. Calcium homeostasis.
The transformation from motile osteoblast to become us the mature bone cells takes about three days.
During this time we bone cells produce a volume of extracellular matrix three times its own cellular volume.
We osteocytes appear to be enriched in proteins that are resistant to hypoxia
This is due to our embedded location and restricted oxygen supply
Oxygen tension may regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts into us the osteocytes and any hypoxia occurring in us may play a role in disuse-mediated bone resorption.
We bone cells have a stellate shape
We have an average half life of 25 years (Full life of 50 years).
In a mature bone, our cells and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae and canaliculi, respectively.
Our cells contain a nucleus and a thin ring piece of cytoplasm.
Remodeling or our bone turnover is the process of resorption followed by replacement of our bone with little change in shape
It occurs throughout a person's life
We bone cells die as a result of aging degeneration or necrosis, apoptosis and osteoclastic engulfment
Our bone cells will die and new bone cells will take our place

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Bone
Chapter 2 Functions
Chapter

• Language: English
• Publisher: Kenneth Kee
• Release date: Feb 11, 2019
• ISBN: 9780463617021

Kenneth Kee

Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

Book preview

Bone,

Functions, Diseases,

A

Simple

Guide

To

The Condition,

Diagnosis,

Treatment

And

Related Conditions

By

Dr Kenneth Kee

M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

Copyright Kenneth Kee 2019 Smashwords Edition

Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

Dedication

This book is dedicated

To my wife Dorothy

And my children

Carolyn, Grace

And Kelvin

This book describes the Bone, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

(What You Need to Treat the Bone, Functions, Diseases)

This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Introduction

I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

Chapter 1

The Bone

What are Bones?

Bones are rigid organs that provide support and protection of the different organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.

Bone tissue is a form of dense connective tissue.

The bones that comprise the skeleton are all very much alive, growing and changing all the time like other parts of the body.

Almost every bone in the body is composed of the same materials:

The outer surface of bone is termed the periosteum

It is a thin, dense membrane that has nerves and blood vessels nourishing the bone.

The next layer is composed of compact bone.

This component is smooth and very hard.

It is the component a person sees when a person looks at a skeleton.

Inside the compact bone are many layers of cancellous bone, which appears a bit like a sponge.

Cancellous bone is not quite as solid as compact bone, but it is still very strong.

In many bones, the cancellous bone guards the innermost part of the bone, the bone marrow.

Bone marrow

Bone marrow can be present in almost any bone that holds cancellous tissue.

In newborns, all such bones are filled completely with red marrow, but as the child ages it is mostly substituted by yellow, or fatty marrow.

In adults, red marrow is mostly present in the marrow bones of the femur, the ribs, the vertebrae and pelvic bones.

Bone marrow is a type of like a thick jelly, and its job is to make blood cells.

At the center of bones is a spongier substance called marrow.

There are 2 forms of bone marrow, yellow and red.

Yellow bone marrow has mainly fat cells.

Red marrow is essential because this is where the body generates red and white blood cells.

When people are born, all of the bones have red marrow.

By the time the people are adults about 50% of the bones have red marrow.

Growth of Bones

When a person was a baby, a person had tiny hands, tiny feet, and everything that are tiny.

Gradually, as a person grew older, everything got a bit bigger, such as the bones.

The baby's body has about 300 bones at birth.

These ultimately grow together (fuse) to produce the 206 bones that adults have.

Some of a baby's bones are made completely of a special material termed cartilage.

Other bones in a baby are partially composed of cartilage.

The cartilage is soft and flexible.

During childhood, while a person is growing, the cartilage develops and is slowly replaced by bone, with help from calcium.

By the time a person is about 25, this procedure will be whole.

After this happens there can be no more growth as the bones are at their maximum size.

All of these bones are composed of a skeleton that is both very strong and very light.

Bones come in a range of shapes and have a complicated internal and external structure, are lightweight, are strong and hard and serve multiple functions.

One of the types of tissue that composes bone is the mineralized osseous tissue, also known as bone tissue that provides it rigidity and a coral-like 3-dimensional internal structure.

Mechanical properties

The primary tissue of bone osseous tissue is a comparatively hard and lightweight composite material.

It is mostly composed of a composite material integrating the mineral calcium phosphate in the chemical arrangement called calcium hydroxyl-apatite and collagen, an elastic protein which increases fracture resistance.

This is the bone osseous tissue