Macrophage, Functions, Diseases, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions

By Kenneth Kee

This book describes Macrophage, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

Macrophages (big eater) are cells formed by the transformations of monocytes in tissues.
The macrophages in humans are about 21 micrometers (0.00083in) in diameter.
Parts of a Macrophage:
1.Pathogens – engulfed germs
2.Phagosome – ingested pathogen in macrophage
3.Lysosomes - enzyme to digest pathogens
4.Waste material
5.Cytoplasm
6.Cell membrane
Macrophages are fighter cells specialized in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms.
Also, they can also exhibit antigens to T cells and start inflammation by releasing cytokines that trigger other cells.
Macrophages begin from blood monocytes that depart from the circulation to differentiate in different tissues.
This heterogeneity is indicated in their appearance, the type of pathogens they can identify, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines they form (i.e. IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha).
Also, macrophages form reactive oxygen species, such as nitric oxide, that can destroy phagocytes and bacteria.
Macrophages travel to and circulate within almost every tissue, searching for pathogens or removing dead cells.

Type of macrophage
1.Alveolar macrophage
Location - Lung alveoli
Function - Phagocytosis of small particle, dead cell or bacteria.
They also start and control immunity to respiratory pathogen
2.Kupffer cells
Location - Liver
Function - Start immune responsesand hepatic tissue remodeling
3. Microglia
Location - Central nervous system
Function - Removal of old or dead neuron and control of immunity in the brain
4. Splenic macrophages (marginal zone, metallophilic and red pulp macrophage)
Location - Spleen marginal zone, red and white pulp
Function - Removal of old red blood cell
Macrophages are able to identify bacteria and other microorganisms using a system of identification receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Life and Death of Macrophage:
My name is Macrophage the macrophage.
I was named Macrophage by my friends who feel there is no other name for me.
Some of them even wanted to call me Super Phage or Big Eater.
We are white blood cells within tissues produced by the division of monocytes.
Our cells are large about 21 micrometers in diameter.
We often have an elongated irregular shape that reflects our amoeboid wandering nature.
There may be many of us in one region but we are not contiguous.
We display our inclusions only as a result of substantial phagocytic activity.
The Monocytes and we are phagocytes acting in both:
1. Non-specific defenses (innate immunity)
2. Specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of humans.
Our role is to:
1. Phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells
2. Stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen.
We move by action of amoeboid movement.
When a white blood cell enters the damaged tissue through the endothelium of a blood vessel, it goes through a series of changes to become one of us macrophages
Unlike short-lived neutrophils that survive only a few days, we survive longer in the body up to a maximum of several months.
An important role of us macrophages is the removal of necrotic cellular debris by our fixed macrophage cells in the lungs, liver, spleen, bone
When I ingest a pathogen, the pathogen becomes trapped in a phagosome which then fuses with a lysosome.
Within the phagolysosome in my body, enzymes and toxic peroxides digest the pathogen.
We can digest more than 100 bacteria before we finally die due to our own digestive compounds, normally after a period of several months.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 Macrophage
Chapter 2 Functions
Chapte

• Language: English
• Publisher: Kenneth Kee
• Release date: Dec 21, 2018
• ISBN: 9780463391679

Kenneth Kee

Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

Book preview

Macrophage, Functions,

Diseases,

A

Simple

Guide

To

The Condition,

Diagnosis,

Treatment

And

Related Conditions

By

Dr Kenneth Kee

M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

Copyright Kenneth Kee 2018 Smashwords Edition

Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

Dedication

This book is dedicated

To my wife Dorothy

And my children

Carolyn, Grace

And Kelvin

This book describes Macrophage, Functions, Diseases, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

(What You Need to Treat Macrophage, Functions, Diseases)

This eBook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Introduction

I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

I then wrote an autobiolographical account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

This autobiolographical account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

Chapter 1

Macrophage

What is a Macrophage?

Macrophages (big eater) are cells formed by the transformations of monocytes in tissues.

The macrophages in humans are about 21 micrometers (0.00083in) in diameter.

Parts of a Macrophage:

1. Pathogens – engulfed germs

2. Phagosome – ingested pathogen in macrophage

3. Lysosomes - enzyme to digest pathogens

4. Waste material

5. Cytoplasm

6. Cell membrane

Macrophages are fighter cells specialized in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms.

Also, they can also exhibit antigens to T cells and start inflammation by releasing molecules (cytokines) that trigger other cells.

Macrophages begin from blood monocytes (a type of leukocyte) that depart from the circulation to differentiate in different tissues.

There is a considerable genetic difference among each macrophage population, which most