The Everything German Practice: Practical Techniques to Improve Your Speaking And Writing Skills
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About this ebook
- Grammar, syntax, and sentence structure
- Vocabulary-building methods
- Pronunciation and usage technique
- Comprehension in reading and speaking
Jeffery Donley
"Jeffery Donley is a teacher, preacher, and Biblical scholar, with a storyteller's gift who brings God's Word to life! Jeffery has been a minister and full-time college professor since 1982. He helps you to understand the meaning of the Bible, making it seem as if you were experiencing it firsthand."
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The Everything German Practice - Jeffery Donley
The Article
A solid foundation on which to expand and practice German is a thorough knowledge of the German article and rules for its use. You should always have a good German phrase book and a German-to-English and English-to-German dictionary to help you if you have forgotten something. Also, online dictionaries such as www.leo.org or www.foreignword.com provide you with fast and correct answers.
The Attributive Adjective
The definite article is an adjective that has to agree in number (singular or plural), gender, and case with the noun that it modifies. There are three German definite articles that have to concur in number, gender, and case with the nouns they modify. All people, animals, and non-animated objects take a masculine, feminine, or neuter article. In order to be proficient in German, you must learn the correct article with each noun.
Exercise 1
The following nouns have the wrong definite articles. Provide the correct article and write the translation on the second line.
Exercise 2
Match the following German words with their English equivalents.
Exercise 3
Whatever the original gender, nouns become neuter when the suffixes -chen and -lei or -lein are attached. Words of affection and words expressing petiteness originate from the -chen and -lein endings. Keep in mind that the vowels a, o, u, and au change to ä, ö, ü, and äu when -chen or -lein are attached.
Circle the correct definite article before each noun and translate the words on the line that follows.
Three Genders and Four Cases
German nouns are either masculine, feminine, or neuter, and the article changes (but not always) with the four cases. The three genders and four cases assign a distinct role for the nouns in a sentence. The change in role of a noun is indicated in the change of the article. Pronouns also change with the four cases.
Exercise 4
illustrationTRACK 1
Listen to the track on the accompanying CD and repeat each singular noun with its definite article. Then, listen to the track again and translate into English what you hear. On the second line, specify whether it is the nominative, genitive, dative, or accusative case.
The following examples are definite articles with nouns in the singular. The first answer has been provided for you.
Exercise 5
Please translate the following words into English.
Exercise 6
You have to attach an -s to the genitive singular for most masculine nouns such as des Haushalts and all neuter nouns such as des Kinderzimmers.
In addition, you have to insert an e before the -s for one-syllable genitive masculine nouns such as des Stuhles and neuter: des Buches.
The same rule applies to nouns ending in s or tz — do not forget the e.
Translate and fill in the blanks, using des and one of the following words:
Mannes, Kindes, Schatzes, Fußes.
Exercise 7
With plural nouns, the three genders are not important. Instead the articles are all the same for all three genders in the nominative and accusative case.
The article is die. Make sure that you add an n-ending for all plural nouns in the dative, but if they already end in an n, you do not need to add an additional n.
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the plural article and the translation.
Exercise 8
Translate the words on the short lines and then use the words in a sentence. Try to find the correct articles and be creative.
Arbeit ____________________________________________________________________
Beispiel ____________________________________________________________________
Rock ____________________________________________________________________
Buch ____________________________________________________________________
Gabel ____________________________________________________________________
Geld ____________________________________________________________________
Freund ____________________________________________________________________
Glas ____________________________________________________________________
Kaffee ____________________________________________________________________
Kekse ____________________________________________________________________
Cases in Action
The nominative case is the subject of a sentence, and the genitive case indicates possession. The dative case is the indirect object of a sentence. The accusative case is the direct object of a sentence. Note that the verb sein requires two nominatives! For example, in the sentence Der Schriftsteller ist auch der Filmproduzent, Der Schriftsteller is in the nominative case, as is der Filmproduzent. The sentence translates as The writer is also the producer.
You can only have two nominatives in a sentence if the verb is a form of to be.
With a different verb, you would find a nominative and an accusative or a dative case, as in: Der Schriftsteller mag den Filmproduzent. This sentence translates as The writer likes the producer.
Exercise 9
Fill in the blanks to the left of the nouns with the correct articles in the proper case and then translate the sentences in the blanks. Hints: Question 1 pertains to the direct object, questions 2 and 3 pertain to the indirect object, the noun in question 4 is in the genitive case, question 5 pertains to the predicate noun, and the noun in question 6 is the subject of the sentence.
Ich kaufte________________Hut.____________________________________________________
Er kauft________________Vater einen Hut.____________________________________________________
Die Frau gibt________________Sohn ein Stück Kuchen.____________________________________________________
Der Bruder________________Vaters ist gekommen.____________________________________________________
Herr Zimmermann ist________________ Lehrer.____________________________________________________
________________Vater wohnt in Berlin.____________________________________________________
A Unique Group of Modifiers
The next exercise follows the declension of the definite articles der, die, das. These words are called the der-words and include dies-, jen-, jed-, welch-, solch-, and manch-, the stems to which the respective endings are added. Take, for example, den Mann and jeden Mann. The endings for the articles are the same endings as the ones for the der-words.
Exercise 10
Match the six German der-words, dies-, jen-, jed-, welch-, solch-, and manch-, with their English equivalents. Choose one of the following: that,
many (a),
each,
which,
such (a),
and this.
Exercise 11
Choose the correct translation for each word.
Exercise 12
The following der-words are incorrectly declined. Correct them by declining them in the given case in the blanks to the left and then translate the words into English in the blanks to the right.
The answer to question 1 has been provided for you.
Exercise 13
Translate the following words into English.
Exercise 14
The plural der-word, dies-, endings are similar for all genders. Fill in the der-words, which are declined in the plural in the blanks to the left, and then translate them into English in the blanks to the right.
The first answer has been provided for you.
Exercise 15
Translate the following words into English.
Agreement with Nouns
Indefinite articles agree in number, gender, and case with the nouns they modify. The declension of the indefinite article (singular and plural) is similar to the der-words (dieser, and so on), except that you do not provide case endings to the masculine and neuter nominative singular and the neuter accusative singular.
Exercise 16
Fill in the blanks to the left with the correct word. Use either a form of ein + the appropriate ending or use a form of kein (no,
not a
) + the appropriate ending. Then translate into English in the blanks to the right.
The first answer has been provided for you.