Dr Carolyn Lam: Welcome to Circulation on the Run, your weekly podcast summary and backstage pass to the journal and it's editors. I'm Dr Carolyn Lam, associate editor from the National Heart Center and Duke National University of Singapore. And I am so privileged to be joined by Senior Associate Editors whom I respect and admire so much. And they are Dr Biykem Bozkurt from Baylor College of Medicine and Dr Sana Al-Khatib from Duke University. And we have three woman discussing the Go Red for Women issue. Yes!                                 The current issue is the third Go Red for Women issue and boy, is it a bonanza issue. It tackles a wide spectrum of topics relating to cardiovascular disease in women, including prevention, risk stratification, myocardial infarction, pregnancy, heart failure, cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death, and in so many wonderful formats; from original papers to systematic reviews, state-of-the-art papers, in-depth reviews, a research letter, and even frame of reference papers.                                 So, let’s get digging into this issue, shall we? And Biykem, we could start with you because I'd like to start with three original papers that really set the scene. The first discussed temporal changes and the very contemporary data from 2001 to 2016, describing cardiovascular risk factors and their treatment. And then the second focuses on young females with acute myocardial infarction. And the third on older women. Could you take us through these papers Biykem? Dr Biykem Bozkurt:         Lets first start looking at the sex differences through the Anne Haines Survey which enrolled more than 35000 patients. And they examined the trend all the way back from 2000 to 2016. Now the good news is the improvement in hypertension diabetes hyperlipidemia in woman were similar to men. So that's the good news. But BMI increased more in women than in men and overall, the ability to control blood pressure and diabetes hyperlipidemia appear to be a little bit better for women than in men.                                 But the concerning trend becomes apparent when we look at another paper that examined the twenty-year trend in young adults. Now, the first message is, and this is important for both genders, the proportion of the hospitalizations that are attributable to young patients, and young patients are defined as ages between 35 and 54 in this study, and this study was from Erik, increased from 1995 to 2014. So young patients appear to be having more in life compared to before, compared to 1990s and the 2000s. And that was actually partly due to the increasing prevalence of comorbidities, such as hypertension diabetes among young patients.                                 Now, interestingly among young patients, young women presenting with [inaudible] had a lower likelihood of receiving guideline directed therapy which, of course, sound familiar to our audience because we have the disparities of lower treatments and lower access to care in women with MI presentation compared to men. And unfortunately, again this will sound like the former news, the pre-hospital mortality was quite high in young women and has declined less in young women, compared to men.                                 So, the Erik study highlights the disparity for young women compared to young men. And then we have to recognize that most young patients in my hospitalization attributed to young patients is increasing. So this is probably a population that we need to be aware of. Regarding the older patients, there is a publication from the Opach Study looking at the sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease in older women. And they looked at more than 5500 patients aged between 63 and all the way up until 97. And they looked at sedentary time and they looked at the duration of sedentary time all the way over eleven hours in some of the patients. And of course the higher the sedentary time was, the worse the cardiovascular di