Self Driving Car: Exploring Computer Vision in Autonomous Vehicles

By Fouad Sabry

What is Self Driving Car

A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous car (AC), driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car or robo-car, is a car that is capable of operating with reduced or no human input. Self-driving cars are responsible for all driving activities, such as perceiving the environment, monitoring important systems, and controlling the vehicle, which includes navigating from origin to destination.

How you will benefit

(I) Insights, and validations about the following topics:

Chapter 1: Self-driving car

Chapter 2: Advanced driver-assistance system

Chapter 3: Vehicular automation

Chapter 4: Automatic parking

Chapter 5: Waymo

Chapter 6: Mobileye

Chapter 7: History of self-driving cars

Chapter 8: Tesla Autopilot

Chapter 9: Cruise (autonomous vehicle)

Chapter 10: Regulation of self-driving cars

(II) Answering the public top questions about self driving car.

(III) Real world examples for the usage of self driving car in many fields.

Who this book is for

Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Self Driving Car.

• Language: English
• Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
• Release date: May 6, 2024

Book preview

Chapter 1: Self-driving car

A self-driving car, also known as a driverless car, a robotic car, or an autonomous vehicle (AV), is a vehicle that drives itself without a human operator (robo-car), Autonomous vehicles use a wide range of sensors to gather information about their environment. These sensors may include thermographic cameras, radar, lidar, sonar, GPS, odometers, and inertial measurement units. The SAE levels may be broadly broken down as follows: Level 0 denotes a lack of automation; Level 1 denotes hands-on or shared control; Level 2 denotes hands-off; Level 3 denotes eyes-off; Level 4 denotes mind-off; and Level 5 denotes an optional steering wheel.

As of March 2022, cars that operate at Level 3 and higher continue to constitute a very insignificant percentage of the market. Waymo made history in Phoenix, Arizona, by becoming the first company to provide rides in driverless taxis to the general public in December of 2020. The service was provided by Waymo. In March of 2021, Honda was the first manufacturer to provide a legally approved Level 3 car. In December of 2021, Mercedes-Benz became the second manufacturer to receive legal approval for a Level 3 car that complied with legal requirements and became the second manufacturer to provide a legally approved Level 3 car. In February 2022, Cruise became the second company in the world to provide driverless taxi trips to the general public. This event took place in San Francisco, California, in the United States.

Automated driving systems (ADS) have been the subject of research and development efforts at least as far back as the 1920s; A chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board in the year 2020 declared that there will not be any self-driving vehicles (SAE level 3+) available for purchase by customers in the United States in the year 2020:

Consumers in the United States presently do not have access to any vehicles that are capable of driving themselves.

Period.

Every car that is offered for sale to customers in the United States still needs the driver to be vigilantly involved in the process of driving, despite the fact that modern driver assistance technologies are being used.

If you are in the business of selling automobiles, and one of them has an advanced driver aid system,, you’re not selling a self-driving car.

If you are behind the wheel of a vehicle that is equipped with an advanced driver aid system, you don’t own a self-driving car.

On March 5, 2021, Honda began leasing in Japan a limited edition of one hundred Legend Hybrid EX sedans equipped with the newly approved Level 3 automated driving equipment. This equipment had been granted the safety certification by the Japanese government to Honda's autonomous Traffic Jam Pilot driving technology, and it legally allows drivers to take their eyes off the road. The certification was issued on March 5, 2021.

There is a certain amount of incoherence in the language that is employed in the field of self-driving cars. Several groups have put forward proposals to develop a language that is both accurate and uniform.

This confusion was documented in 2014 in SAE J3016, which states that some vernacular usages associate autonomous specifically with full driving automation (Level 5), while other usages apply it to all levels of driving automation, and some state legislation has defined it to correspond approximately to any ADS [automated driving system] at or above Level 3 (or to any vehicle equipped with such an ADS). This document states that "some vernacular usages associate autonomous specifically with full driving automation (Level 5), while other usage

The majority of today's automobiles come standard with safety features like cruise control, lane departure warning systems, and emergency brakes. These characteristics on their own are only regarded to be driver assistance technologies since they still need to be controlled by a human driver, while fully automated cars drive themselves without any input from the driver.

According to Fortune, the names of certain technologies found in more recent vehicles, such as AutonoDrive, PilotAssist, Full-Self Driving, or DrivePilot, have the potential to confuse the driver, leading them to believe that they are not required to provide any input when, in reality, they must continue to be involved in the task of driving.

For this reason, some organizations such as the AAA try to provide standardized naming conventions for features such as ALKS, which aim to have the capacity to manage the driving task, but which are not yet approved to be automated vehicles in any countries. These features include automated lane keeping systems, adaptive cruise control, and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). The Association of British Insurers believes that the use of the word autonomous in advertising for modern cars is risky because it leads drivers to believe that the terms autonomous and autopilot mean that a vehicle can drive itself when in reality, they still rely on the driver to ensure that the vehicle is operated safely. The technology necessary to operate a motor vehicle is still in the testing phase.

Some auto manufacturers market or advertise their cars as self-driving, even if the vehicles are not equipped to handle all aspects of driving. Tesla has stressed that their product should not be regarded to be a completely autonomous driving system, despite the fact that it is named Full Self-Driving.

Self-ruling or autonomous refers to the same thing.

The implementation of communication networks not only in the near region (with the purpose of avoiding collisions) but also farther afield is one solution (for congestion management). The autonomy of each vehicle is reduced as a result of the presence of such external factors in the decision-making process; nonetheless, human involvement is not required.

As of 2017, the majority of commercial efforts focused on autonomous cars that did not connect with either other vehicles or a management system that surrounded them. Within the context of Autonomous Emergency Braking, EuroNCAP defines autonomous as the system operates independently of the driver to prevent or minimize the accident. This definition suggests that the autonomous system is not the same thing as the driver.

A motor vehicle that is intended and built to travel on its own for limited amounts of time without continuous driver monitoring but in regard to which driver assistance is still anticipated or necessary is referred to as a automated vehicle.; The term totally automated vehicle refers to a motor vehicle that has been engineered and built to operate without the need for human intervention at any point throughout the journey; Some businesses may utilize a remote driver to operate a vehicle so that it can be driven without an actual person occupying the driver's seat.

In accordance with SAE Document J3016, Some driving automation systems may in fact be autonomous if they are able to carry out all of their functions in an unaided and self-sufficient manner; however, if they require communication and/or cooperation with third parties in order to function, then they should be categorized as cooperative rather than autonomous.

According to PC Magazine's definition, a computer-controlled automobile that drives itself is referred to as a self-driving car.

J3016, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems was published by the standardization body SAE International in 2014 as a classification system that has six levels, ranging from fully manual to fully automated systems; the details are revised periodically. J3016 also includes definitions for terms related to on-road motor vehicle automated driving systems.

driving mode is defined as a type of driving scenario with characteristic dynamic driving task requirements in the SAE's definitions of automation levels. Some examples of driving modes include expressway merging, high speed cruising, low speed traffic jam, and closed-campus operations, among others.

Level 0: The automated system issues warnings and may momentarily intervene but has no sustained vehicle control.

Level 1 (hands on): The driver and the automated system share control of the vehicle. Examples are systems where the driver controls steering and the automated system controls engine power to maintain a set speed (Cruise control) or engine and brake power to maintain and vary speed (Adaptive cruise control or ACC); and Parking Assistance, where steering is automated while speed is under manual control. The driver must be ready to retake full control at any time. Lane Keeping Assistance (LKA) Type II is a further example of Level 1 self-driving. Automatic emergency braking which alerts the driver to a crash and permits full braking capacity is also a Level 1 feature, according to Autopilot Review magazine.

Level 2 (hands off): The automated system takes full control of the vehicle: accelerating, braking, and steering. The driver must monitor the driving and be prepared to intervene immediately at any time if the automated system fails to respond