Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources

Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources combines fundamental concepts of renewable energy integration into power systems with real-world case studies to bridge the gap between theory and implementation. The book examines the challenges and solutions for renewable energy integration into the transmission and distribution grids, and also provides information on design, analysis and operation.

Starting with an introduction to renewable energy sources and bulk power systems, including policies and frameworks for grid upgradation, the book then provides forecasting, modeling and analysis techniques for renewable energy sources. Subsequent chapters discuss grid code requirements and compliance, before presenting a detailed break down of solar and wind integration into power systems. Other topics such as voltage control and optimization, power quality enhancement, and stability control are also considered.

Filled with case studies, applications and techniques, Power Systems Operation with 100% Renewable Energy Sources is a valuable read to researchers, students and engineers working towards more sustainable power systems.  

• Explains Volt/Var control and optimization for both transmission grid and distribution
• Discusses renewable energy integration into the weak grid system, along with its challenges, examples, and case studies
• Offers simulation examples of renewable energy integration studies that readers will perform using advanced simulation tools
• Presents recent trends like energy storage systems and demand responses for improving stability and reliability

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Oct 24, 2023
• ISBN: 9780443155796

Book preview

Chapter 1: Introduction to renewable energy sources and bulk power system

D. Lakshmia; C.N. Ravib; R. Zahirac; Sivaraman Palanisamyd; Sharmeela Chenniappane    a EEE, Academy of Maritime Education and Training (AMET) University, Chennai, India

b EEEE, Vidya Jyothi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India

c Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India

d Vysus Consulting India Pvt Ltd, Thane, India

e Centre for EV Technologies (CEVT), Department of EEE, Anna University, Chennai, India

Abstract

Operating a power system using only renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal power, means that the entire region's or nation's electrical requirements are met. In comparison to the conventional power generation systems that rely on fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, this represents a substantial shift. It necessitates thorough preparation and management of the energy mix to manage a power system that uses only renewable energy sources while ensuring a consistent and reliable supply of electricity. Energy storage devices, diverse technologies, and smart grid management are all employed. The intermittent nature of various renewable energy sources is one of the major difficulties in operating a power system with 100% renewable energy sources. For instance, weather changes have an impact on solar power generation, while wind power generation depends on wind speed. To store excess energy when renewable energy sources are generating more energy is required and release it when demand is high, energy storage technologies like batteries, pumped hydro storage, and thermal storage are essential.

Smart grid management is a vital component of operating a power entire system on renewable energy sources. To provide real-time monitoring and control of the electricity system, smart grids include cutting-edge communication and information technology. This supports managing energy storage systems, integrating renewable energy sources into the grid, and balancing the supply and demand of electricity.

Overall, managing a power system only for renewable energy is a difficult endeavor that calls for proper planning, management, and coordination of various stakeholders and technology. However, in terms of decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases, promoting energy independence, and enhancing the robustness and dependability of the power system, it offers substantial advantages.

Keywords

Energy storage system; Power systems; Renewable energy systems; Solar PV systems; Wind energy conversion systems

1.1: Introduction

A network of interconnected electrical generating, transmission, and distribution networks is known as the bulk power system (BPS), and it is designed to supply effective power to large areas or the entire nation. It is in charge of transporting high-voltage electricity from power plants to substations, which subsequently distribute the energy to neighborhood distribution systems for use by residences and commercial establishments [1].

BPS mainly consists of large alternators, transformers, high-voltage transmission lines, and substations which put together functions to maintain the balance between supply and demand. To ensure the system's stability and resilience, proper planning, coordination, and maintenance are required. Because it provides the energy needed to power residences, companies, and industries, the BPS is important for the proper functioning of current society. The system is essential for the smooth running of vital infrastructure, including communication networks, hospitals, and airports.

The BPS is extensively regulated by government firms because of its significance to ensure that it functions effectively and reliably (Fig. 1.1).

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.1 Bulk power generations.

An electric power system comprises the generation, transmission, and distribution systems. Conventional power plants like coal, oil, and gas are used to generate power and transmitted it to the load center [2]. Due to the faster depletion of the availability of fossil fuels and increased environmental pollution, Alternative resources or renewable energy sources (RES) are essential for energy requirements. The advantages of using RES for power generation are free from environmental pollution, zero running cost for fuel, lesser maintenance, etc. Over some time, operating a power system only through renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal power can be achieved and it can meet the region's or nation's electricity requirements.

It necessitates thorough preparation and management of the energy mix to manage a power system that uses only renewable energy sources while ensuring a consistent and reliable supply of electricity. To achieve the power system operation with 100% of renewable energy resources, the power system shall have equipment like energy storage devices, FACTs (flexible AC transmission systems), intelligent electronic devices, advanced communication technologies, smart grid management, etc.

The intermittent nature of various renewable energy sources is one of the major problems in operating a power system with 100% renewable energy sources. The solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and wind energy conversion systems are the most reliable as compared to other RES and are connected to the power system in almost all voltage levels. The main disadvantage of using solar PV systems and wind energy conversion systems is their intermittent characteristics of them. For example, changes in solar irradiance or weather have an impact on the output power from the solar power plant and at the same time, changes in wind velocity will have an impact on the output power from the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) [3]. To reduce the variations in the output power from renewable energy sources, energy storage systems (ESSs) are generally used. ESS is used to store the energy when renewable energy sources are generating more energy as compared to the required load demand, during the off-peak hours, and the stored energy in the ESS is used to supply the load during peak hours or whenever the renewable energy output is less [4]. Some of the ESSs are battery storage, pumped hydro storage, and thermal storage.

Smart grid management is a vital component of operating a power entire system on renewable energy sources. To provide real-time monitoring and control of the electricity system, smart grids include cutting-edge communication and information technology. This supports managing energy storage systems, integrating renewable energy sources into the grid, and balancing the supply and demand of electricity.

Overall, managing a power system only for renewable energy is a difficult endeavor that calls for proper planning, management, and coordination of various stakeholders and technology. However, in terms of decreasing emissions of greenhouse gases, promoting energy independence, and enhancing the robustness and dependability of the power system, it offers substantial advantages.

Because of its ability to deliver clean and sustainable energy, power electronics (PE) devices and RES have been generating an abundance of demand [5]. However, integration of these devices with the existing grid has several challenges such as voltage and frequency variations, reactive power compensation, grid synchronization, power electronics control, and protection and safety. Overall, the integration of renewable energy sources with power electronics devices with the grid requires proper planning, design, and implementation to make the system function efficiently and effectively.

The connection and operation of power generation and distribution systems to the energy grid are regulated by a set of technical and operational rules called a grid code. To maintain the safe and reliable operation of the power system while utilizing RES, such as wind, solar, and biomass, compliance with the grid code is essential. Grid code for the integration of RES has some requirements such as connection requirements, power quality, grid support functions, operational requirements, communication, and data requirements. The secure and reliable operation of power systems with high levels of renewable energy penetration depends on adherence to the grid code. The chance of system instability or damage is reduced and the advantages of renewable energy can be fully realized by ensuring that renewable energy sources are connected and operated in compliance with the technical and operational standards specified in the grid code.

The ability of a system to maintain its desired state or direction despite changes or disturbances in the environment is referred to as stability control. Stability control is essential for maintaining the reliable and safe functioning of power systems. RES are variable and intermittent in nature, the integration of RES into the power grid may face many challenges to maintaining stability and reliability.

To address these challenges, stability improvement techniques have to be implemented. They are energy storage systems, power electronics devices, FACTS devices, and advanced control techniques. Overall, the integration of RES with the grid has various techniques and technologies to ensure the stability of the system.

Regulation of voltage levels and system stability is referred to as Volt/VAR (volt-Amps reactive) compensation, and Adjustment of the reactive power output of system components to compensate for the changes in the active power demand or generation. Integration of RES with the grid has a significant impact on the voltage profile of the power system. Many compensating devices such as capacitors, reactors, and static VAR compensators are available for voltage compensation. Overall, Volt VAR compensation with RES is an essential technique for maintaining the stability and dependability of power networks that depend substantially on renewable energy. Voltage VAR compensation may help in maintaining voltage levels within safe ranges, reducing equipment damage, and ensuring a steady supply of energy

1.1.1: Framework and policies for achieving 100% renewable in the bulk power system

A coherent framework and policies that support the transition to a clean energy system are needed to achieve 100% renewable energy in the bulk power system. Some of the essential components of the framework and policies are

(i)Renewable energy targets: Any framework for achieving 100% renewable energy in the bulk power system must include goals for renewable energy generation. These objectives should be time-bound, realistic, and ambitious to provide a clear path for the transition of the energy system.

(ii)Regulatory framework: The transition to renewable energy is significantly assisted by the regulatory environment. Investment in renewable energy generation may be supported through rules and regulations that promote the use of renewable energy sources, such as grid-connected tariffs, net metering, and renewable portfolio standards.

(iii)Grid modernization: To facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources, the power infrastructure must be modernized. Renewable energy sources can be successfully incorporated into the power grid while preserving grid stability and reliability with the help of smart grids, energy storage systems, and flexible power systems.

(iv)Energy efficiency measures: Energy-saving initiatives can reduce global energy demand and boost the output of renewable energy sources. Demand response plans, appliance standards, and building rules are a few instances of policies and incentives that promote energy efficiency and can decrease the need for increased generation capacity.

(v)Research and development: Enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of the generation of clean energy can be achieved by investing in research and development. Policies that encourage research and development, including funding for academic institutions and industrial collaborations, can advance the development and application of renewable energy technology.

To conclude, a comprehensive framework and policies that support renewable energy deployment, grid modernization, energy efficiency, research and development, and regulatory support are necessary to achieve 100% renewable energy in the bulk power system. These frameworks and regulations should be developed to encourage investment in the production of renewable energy, lower energy consumption, and assist the integration of renewable energy sources into the power system while preserving the stability and dependability of the grid.

1.1.2: Forecasting of renewable energy sources

Forecasting refers to the process of making predictions or estimates about future conditions based on past and present available data. It uses statistical and analytical methods to identify the trends in previous data and then uses those insights to make predictions about the happening in the future.

Load forecasting in renewable energy is the process of predicting power generation to meet the demand for power from renewable energy sources. This prediction is important in maintaining the stability and dependability of the power system and also ensuring that renewable energy sources are used efficiently and properly.

Load forecasting includes analysis of historical data about electricity usage, weather patterns, and other factors like the impact of demand for electric supply such as industrial growth and increase in population.

By making use of advanced algorithms and statistical techniques, load forecasting can be done at different times of the day and in different weather conditions. Because many renewable energy sources, especially wind and solar electricity, are dependent on weather patterns and can sometimes not be available, load forecasting is essential for understanding the context of renewable energy sources. Electric utilities can more efficiently control their supply and make sure that renewable sources are being used as effectively as possible by precisely estimating the demand for electricity from renewable sources.

Overall, load forecasting is essential for the management and integration of renewable energy sources, guaranteeing that they can be used efficiently to satisfy the increasing demand for clean energy (Fig. 1.2).

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.2 Load forecasting using RES.

1.1.3: Modeling and analysis of renewable energy sources

The process of developing computer-based models to simulate and assess the performance of renewable energy systems is known as the modeling of renewable energy sources. By making use of these models, prediction of the renewable energy system behavior under different conditions and optimal design operation of the system's maximum efficiency and profitability can be done.

Based on application, modeling of renewable energy sources can be

(i)Design and optimization of renewable energy system

(ii)Energy production forecasting

(iii)Policy analysis

Overall, modeling renewable energy sources is essential for the development and implementation of renewable energy systems, assisting in ensuring the effectiveness, dependability, and efficiency of these systems.

Analyzing data and information about renewable energy systems are necessary steps in the analysis of renewable energy sources to acquire knowledge and make wise decisions. This may include analyzing the quality of renewable energy systems, evaluating if renewable energy projects are economically feasible, and determining the effects of renewable energy generation on the environment.

Analysis of renewable energy sources can be data collection and processing the same, performance assessment, economic analysis, and finally environmental impact assessment. For several reasons, it is essential to analyze renewable energy sources. First, it enables developers and operators to maximize the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of renewable energy systems. Second, it aids in determining potential risks or obstacles to the development of renewable energy projects, as well as assessing their economic viability. Finally, it can assist decision-makers in determining whether policies and incentives for renewable energy will impact energy output and the environment.

The development and implementation of renewable energy systems depend heavily on the analysis of renewable energy sources, which helps to ensure that these systems are effective, dependable, and sustainable.

1.1.4: Power electronics interface for renewable energy integration into power systems

To integrate renewable energy sources like solar and wind power into the power system, power electronics interfaces are essential. The dynamic output of renewable energy sources is transformed through the usage of these interfaces into a format, that is, appropriate for the power grid, which operates at a constant frequency and voltage.

Power converters, control systems, and protective mechanisms are frequently found in power electronics interfaces. A power converter is used to convert a renewable energy source's DC output (such as that from a solar panel or wind turbine) into AC electricity that may be connected to the grid. Typically, power converters, control systems, and protective devices comprise power electronics interfaces. The power converter transforms the DC output of a renewable energy source (such as a solar panel or wind turbine) into AC electricity that may be synced with the grid. Renewable energy sources can be efficiently and adaptably incorporated into the power grid by using power electronics interfaces. They can be used to reduce the fluctuation of renewable energy sources, enabling their use in a manner that is more dependable and predictable. Additionally, they can be utilized to deliver ancillary services like voltage management and reactive power support, which are essential for preserving the stability and dependability of the grid.

In conclusion, power electronics interfaces are essential for incorporating renewable energy sources into the electrical grid. They ensure that the power grid is reliable and stable while enabling the utilization of renewable energy sources more flexibly and effectively.

1.1.5: Grid code requirements and compliance

A grid code is a technical standard that defines the standards that a facility connected to a public electric grid must follow to guarantee the efficient, secure, and safe operation of the electric system. To install and run electrical generators and other equipment connected to the grid, grid code requirements are one collection of technical rules and recommendations created by the grid operator or transmission system operator (TSO).

The grid code specifies the technical characteristics of the equipment, the procedures for connecting to the grid, and the requirements for maintaining stable and reliable operation of the electricity network. To ensure the safe, secure, and effective operation of the electricity system, grid code compliance is essential. Compliance with the grid code guarantees that the connected equipment complies with the required technical requirements and operates within the constraints of the network parameters. Also, compliance assures that the equipment won’t adversely affect the grid's stability, the quality of the power supply, or the safety of both people and equipment.

In many countries, compliance with grid code requirements is mandatory for all grid-connected activities. Penalties, restrictions on the generation of electricity, and sometimes even grid disconnection can follow violations of the grid code. Power generators and other equipment connected to the grid must therefore comprehend and operate by the grid code requirements to prevent any negative operational or financial effects (Fig. 1.3).

Fig. 1.3

Fig. 1.3 Bulk power management.

1.1.6: Solar PV integration into bulk power systems

Solar PV integration into bulk power networks infers the process of integration of PV systems with larger power grids. It is important for efficient and reliable operation of the grid by making use of renewable energy sources. Integrating solar PV into bulk power systems has the following important features. Here are some key aspects of solar PV integration into bulk power systems

(i)Grid compatibility and connections

The integration of the solar PV power plant with the transmission or distribution network is the first step in integrating solar PV into the power system. Voltage, frequency, and other electrical parameters must be compatible with the solar PV system's grid infrastructure.

(ii)Power dispatch and control

The PV system's output power is variable and mainly depends upon the irradiance level of the solar. So, to regulate the variation of solar PV power generation and ensure the stability and reliability of the grid, optimal energy dispatch and management strategies are essential.

(iii)Energy storage

Batteries and other energy storage technologies can assist in balancing the demand for the system with the output of the solar PV system. Energy storage devices can contribute to managing the demand for power during periods of peak demand by storing excess solar energy during the day.

(iv)Forecasting

Forecasting of PV systems is essential for effective and reliable integration with power systems. By forecasting, the power system can operate and plan better to make use of the other power sources, and grid stability is maintained.

(v)Ancillary services

PV system may provide ancillary services to the grid, like voltage regulation, reactive power support, frequency control, maintenance of power system reliability and stability

Finally, the integration of solar PV systems requires the installation of advanced monitoring and control systems that provide grid operators control over the flow of power from solar PV systems and ensure a steady and reliable supply of electricity. In general, integrating solar PV into bulk power networks is a complex process that requires proper planning, coordination, and investment in the grid and control systems. But still, it has a variety of benefits, such as greater production of renewable energy, decreased carbon emissions, and improved energy security and resilience.

1.1.7: Wind integration into bulk power systems

To improve the usage of renewable energy and lower carbon emissions, wind energy integration into bulk power systems includes integrating wind turbines and wind farms into the existing power grid.

Even though there are some specific challenges, the process of integrating wind energy into the grid is similar to that of solar PV integration. To integrate wind energy into the bulk power system, wind farms, and wind turbines have to be connected to the grid via the power inverters to supply power at constant voltage and frequency. Furthermore, proper planning and coordination with the existing power grid infrastructure, including transmission lines, substations, and control systems, are necessary for the integration of wind energy.

Wind speed and direction, which are prone to sudden and unpredictable change, are necessary for the production of wind energy. The variable speed of wind is the major challenge in the integration of wind energy which is difficult to maintain the balance between the load demand and supply and also the grid stability. Wind energy systems must be designed with advanced control systems that can adapt power output in response to changes in wind speed and direction to solve this issue. Advanced control systems can also include real-time monitoring, forecasting, and grid management.

The location of wind farms poses another challenge for wind energy integration. Since wind farms are frequently found in isolated or offshore locations, power transmission, and distribution can be complex. It may be necessary to build new transmission lines to link wind farms to the grid to address this issue, or it may be necessary to put in place energy storage infrastructure to store extra energy when production exceeds demand.

In general, the integration of wind energy into bulk power networks is a complex process that calls for proper planning, coordination, and development in grid and control system infrastructure. Even though, it offers several benefits, including increased production of renewable energy, decreased carbon emissions, and enhanced energy security and resilience.

1.1.8: Volt/VAR control and optimization

Voltage and reactive power (VAR) control have been essential aspects of power system operation since the early days of electrical power generation and distribution.

In the early 20th century, the use of synchronous condensers was introduced as a means of controlling reactive power in power systems. Synchronous condensers are essentially electric generators that are operated without a prime mover to provide or absorb reactive power as needed to maintain the system's voltage stability.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the development of solid-state electronic devices such as thyristors and power electronics led to the introduction of more advanced voltage and VAR control systems. Capacitor banks and voltage regulators were widely deployed in power systems to help maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the use of FACTS devices such as static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) became more widespread. These devices provide dynamic and precise control of voltage and reactive power in power systems, enabling more efficient and reliable operation.

Today advances in computer technology and communication systems have enabled the development of advanced control and optimization algorithms for voltage and VAR control. These algorithms use real-time data from sensors and other sources to dynamically adjust voltage and reactive power levels to optimize power system performance.

Voltage and reactive power (VAR) control are essential for maintaining a stable and reliable power system. The voltage and reactive power levels in a power system are dynamic and vary based on various factors such as load demand, topology changes, and equipment failures.

Voltage control involves regulating the voltage levels within an acceptable range to ensure that electrical devices function optimally. The voltage level must be maintained within a certain range, typically ±5% of the nominal voltage level, to avoid damaging electrical devices and ensure reliable operation.

Reactive power (VAR) control is essential for maintaining power system stability and ensuring efficient power transfer. Reactive power is required by inductive loads such as motors, transformers, and reactors, and capacitive loads such as capacitors. If the reactive power demand is not met, it can lead to voltage instability, system losses, and reduced power transfer capability.

Voltage and VAR control and optimization involve adjusting the voltage and reactive power levels in real-time to ensure optimal power system operation. This can be achieved using a variety of techniques, including capacitor banks, voltage regulators, transformers with on-load tap changers, and FACTS devices.

Effective voltage and VAR control and optimization can help to improve power quality, reduce losses, increase power transfer capability, and enhance the overall reliability of the power system.

For these, the control system has two main components: a voltage control system and a VAR control system. The voltage control system receives feedback from a voltage sensor and a voltage command (Vr), which represents the desired voltage level. The voltage control system calculates the difference between the actual voltage and the desired voltage and generates a control signal to adjust the voltage.

Similarly, the VAR control system receives feedback from a VAR sensor and a VAR command (VARr), which represent the desired level of reactive power. The VAR control system calculates the difference between the actual VAR and the desired VAR and generates a control signal to adjust the VAR.

The power system receives the control signals from both the voltage and VAR control systems and adjusts the system accordingly to maintain the desired voltage and VAR levels. The voltage and VAR control systems continuously monitor the power system and make adjustments as needed to maintain stable and reliable operation. In this book, Chapter 9 further elaborates on the Volt/Var control and optimization

1.1.9: Reactive power management

Reactive power management has been an important aspect of power system operation since the early days of electrical power generation and distribution. In the early 20th century, when electric power was first introduced on a large scale, the problem of managing reactive power was identified as a significant challenge. Reactive power is required to operate inductive loads such as motors and transformers, and capacitive loads such as capacitors [2]. In the absence of reactive power, the voltage in the system can become unstable, leading to equipment failure and reduced power transfer capability.

One of the earliest solutions for reactive power management was the use of synchronous condensers. A synchronous condenser is essentially an electric generator that is operated without a prime mover to provide or absorb reactive power as needed to maintain the system's voltage stability. Synchronous condensers were first introduced in the 1920s and continue to be used today in some power systems.

Capacitor banks and voltage regulators were widely deployed in power systems to help maintain voltage levels within acceptable limits.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the use of FACTS devices such as SVCs and STATCOMs became more widespread. These devices provide dynamic and precise control of reactive power in power systems, enabling more efficient and reliable operation.

Reactive power management is an essential aspect of power system operation. Reactive power is required to operate inductive loads such as motors and transformers, and capacitive loads such as capacitors. In the absence of reactive power, the voltage in the system can become unstable, leading to equipment failure and reduced power transfer capability.

Here are some of the key reasons why reactive power management is necessary

1.Voltage stability: Reactive power management helps maintain voltage stability in the power system. Fluctuations in voltage can cause equipment to malfunction or fail, which can be costly and even dangerous in some cases.

2.Power factor correction: Reactive power management can help correct the power factor in the power system. Power factor is the ratio of real power (measured in watts) to apparent power (measured in volt-amperes), and a low power factor can lead to increased energy consumption and higher costs.

3.Energy efficiency: Reactive power management can improve the energy efficiency of the power system by reducing losses associated with reactive power flow.

4.Increased power transfer capability: Reactive power management can help increase the power transfer capability of the power system, allowing more power to be transmitted over existing transmission lines.

5.Integration of renewable energy sources: Reactive power management is especially important for integrating renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, which often require specialized control strategies to maintain system stability.

Overall, reactive power management is critical for ensuring the reliable and efficient operation of the power system, and for supporting the integration of new technologies and renewable energy sources (Fig. 1.4)

1.Measurements: The first component of a reactive power management system is the measurement of voltage, current, and power factor in the power system. This data are gathered using sensors and monitoring equipment located at various points in the power system.

2.Control system: The measurement data are fed into a control system, which uses a control algorithm to determine the appropriate level of reactive power needed to maintain voltage stability and power factor correction in the system. The control algorithm may use real-time data from sensors, historical data, and weather forecasts for renewable energy sources.

3.Reactive power compensation: Once the appropriate level of reactive power is determined, the system needs to provide the necessary reactive power. This can be done using a variety of reactive power compensation devices, including capacitor banks, synchronous condensers, and FACTS devices such as SVCs and STATCOMs.

4.Load control: The reactive power compensation devices are controlled and regulated by the control algorithm to ensure that the desired level of reactive power is maintained. Load control devices such as tap changers on transformers and voltage regulators on generators can also be used to control the reactive power flow.

5.Performance analysis: The final component of a reactive power management system is performance analysis. The system's performance is evaluated and optimized over time, and adjustments may be made to the control algorithm, reactive power compensation devices, or load control devices to improve system performance.

Fig. 1.4

Fig. 1.4 Block diagram of reactive power management.

Overall, the reactive power management system ensures the reliable and efficient operation of the power system by regulating the flow of reactive power and maintaining voltage stability and power factor correction. In this book, Chapter 10 explains in detail reactive power management for the better operation of the power