Medium-Voltage Direct Current Grid: Resilient Operation, Control and Protection

Medium Voltage Direct Current Grid is the first comprehensive reference to provide advanced methods and best practices with case studies to Medium Voltage Direct Current Grid (MVDC) for Resilience Operation, Protection and Control. It also provides technical details to tackle emerging challenges, and discuss knowledge and best practices about Modeling and Operation, Energy management of MVDC grid, MVDC Grid Protection, Power quality management of MVDC grid, Power quality analysis and control methods, AC/DC, DC/DC modular power converter, Renewable energy applications and Energy storage technologies.

In addition, includes support to end users to integrate their systems to smart grid.

• Covers advanced methods and global case studies for reference
• Provides technical details and best practices for the individual modeling and operation of MVDC systems
• Includes guidance to tackle emerging challenges and support users in integrating their systems to smart grids

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: May 3, 2019
• ISBN: 9780128145616

Book preview

Medium-Voltage Direct Current Grids

Resilient Operation, Control and Protection

First Edition

M.M. Eissa

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Contributors

Editors Biography

Preface

1: Medium-Voltage Direct Current Concept, Modeling, Operation, Control, Protection, and Management—An Extensive Article Review

Abstract

1 MVDC Review

2: Energy Management for Medium-Voltage Direct Current Networks

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Models of Different Components

3 Alternating Current-Direct Current Distribution Optimal Power Flow Formulation

4 Solution Methodologies

5 Conclusion

3: Operational Design and Control for Smart Medium-Voltage Direct Current Microgrids

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 DC Distribution and Microgrids

3 MVDC Technology Developments and Trends

4 Smart Design of MVDC Microgrids

5 Control System Design

6 Case Study With System Description

7 Protection of MVDC Microgrids

8 Challenges and Recommendations

9 Conclusions

4: Global Renewable Energy Grid Project—Integrating Renewables Via High-Voltage Direct Current and Centralized Storage

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Economics

3 Administration and Regulation

4 Technology

5 Conclusions

5: An Adaptive Learning Flexible Control Scheme for Wind Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

Abstract

Nomenclature

1 Introduction

2 Doubly-Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Turbines

3 The Optimal Control Problem

4 The Model-Free Optimal Control Formulation

5 The Riccati Solution

6 Implementation of Neural Networks

7 Digital Simulation Results

8 Conclusion and Future Work

A Appendix

6: Dynamic Modeling and Fault Analysis of Medium-Voltage Direct Current Microgrids

Abstract

Acknowledgment

1 Configuration of a Direct Current Microgrid

2 Modeling a Photovoltaic System

3 Modeling a Wind Energy System

4 Modeling Fuel Cells

5 Modeling a Direct Current Bus/Line

6 Load Modeling in Direct Current Microgrids

7 Modeling of Other Components in Direct Current Microgrids

8 Operation of Direct Current Microgrids Under Normal Conditions

9 Operation of Direct Current Microgrids Under Fault Conditions

7: A New Multilevel Inverter

Abstract

1 Introduction

2 Topology of Power Conversion Units

3 Advantages of the Proposed Multilevel Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter

4 MATLAB Simulation of Different Levels of Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

5 Impact of Multilevel Inverters on Renewable Energy Systems

6 Results and Discussion

7 Application of the Proposed Cascaded Multilevel Inverter in the Renewable Energy Sector

8 Hybrid Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Power Systems

9 Voltage Source Converter Controllers

10 Proposed Thirteen-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Inverter

11 Fuzzy Controller-Based Grid Integration of a Hybrid Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Power System

12 Summary

8: Energy Storage Technologies in MVDC Microgrids

Abstract

1 Classification of Energy Storage Technologies

2 Battery Energy Storage Systems

3 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Systems

4 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage

5 Other Energy Storage Technologies

6 Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies

Index

Copyright

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Notices

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-12-814560-9

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Contributors

M.M. Eissa     Department of Electrical Machine and Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt

Mohammed Safiuddin

Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo

STS International, Amherst, NY, United States

Adel Sharaf     SHARAF Energy Systems, Inc, Fredericton, NB, Canada

Hossam A. Gabbar     Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

A.Y. Abdelaziz     Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour     Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt

M. Venkatesh Kumar

IEEE YP – Madras Section

Department of EEE, AVIT, Chennai, India

Mohammed Abouheaf     School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Mohamed Ahmed

Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

Electrical Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Robert Finton     National Grid-USA, Buffalo, NY, United States

Wail Gueaieb     School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Frank Lewis     Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, United States

Ahmed M. Othman

Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada

Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt

M.Z. Shamseldein     Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Aboelsood Zidan     Electrical Engineering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

Editors Biography

Moustafa M. Eissa is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Helwan, Helwan University, Egypt. (On leave at Sultan Qaboos University, College of Engineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Oman). He is a senior member of the IEEE Power & Energy Society and recipient of Helwan University. He has previously held the position of IEEE Vice Chair. He has been an IEEE HSB Counselor; a Fellow at Calgary University, Canada, 2000; a senior visiting Professor at the University of Tennessee, United States, 2014; Professor fellowship- JSPS FY2017, Japan-Kyoto University; Granted Marie Sklodowska-Curie individual Fellowships European- Institutional Links Grants, Queen University-Ireland, Granted Newton-Mosharafa Fund, 2018, Queen University-Ireland and STDF-Egypt.

Professor Eissa has received eight awards including the State Award of Excellence in the field of Engineering Sciences from the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (Egypt), 2016/2017; the University Award of Excellence in the field of Engineering Sciences in 2016/2017; the IEEE PES Chapter Outstanding Engineer Award for outstanding contribution in electric power engineering education, research, and industry, 2017; State encouragement award for the advanced technology of science, 2002; Distinguished Researcher Award in October, 2005; Incentive Researcher Award in 2011; Incentive Researcher Award in 2012, awarded as part of the Program for Continuous Improvement and Qualifying for Accreditation by the Ministry of Higher Education, Egypt; the ETRERA 2020 Prize in the category of smart grids, in 2014 (European award).

He has performed research and consultation and has authored many articles in the IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery and the IEEE Transactions on Smart Grids as well in other IET, Elsevier, and ETEP journals. He has many large-scale grants in the fields of smart meter–based GIS, microgrids and hybrid RES, hybrid energy efficiency and optimization, WAM-based HVDC control/protection; energy policy making; and DSM- and EMS-based smart grids. He is currently working in innovative technology including i-management, e-energy, i-protection, etc.

Preface

M.M. Eissa, Faculty of Engineering at Helwan-Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt

The world is approaching a transition in terms of electrical transmission and distribution systems. The change being from a centralized energy production system to a system of decentralized, local, small- and large-scale renewable resources. This transition will of course lead to new, modern energy systems—the design and operation of which will be very complex. Future power infrastructures will need to facilitate such changes, incorporating bidirectional power transfer. The problems of power management, quality, operation, and protection are exacerbated by the great distances that exist within a network. Medium-voltage direct current can assist in solving these challenges. The HVDC line has considerably lower losses compared to HVAC over longer distances. The HVDC line offers better than HVAC that does not have reactive power compensation and also have no skin effects. With power electronics interfaces HVDC becomes an appropriate solution for grid interconnection and many other applications. However, renewable resources (PV and wind) are widely used in many applications. The layer that sits between HVDC and LVDC is MVDC—representing a very attractive proposition in terms of future network applications. The future integration of renewable resources on many different levels offers potential benefits regarding MVDC technology compared with conventional AC systems. Many future and current applications can be applied through MVDC. The benefits of MVDC include the installation of large- and small-scale wind and solar farms, the ability to manage DC loads, its close association with electrical vehicles, etc. The efficiency of MVDC is the main feature tending to minimize power conversion. The transition from today’s mostly hierarchical power grids to tomorrow´s smart grids poses several challenges. The future of MVDC needs to become a point of focus, with many issues requiring consideration. The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of the applications of direct current and an idea of current, state-of-the-art developments as well as those anticipated in the future. This book is intended to meet the future needs of researchers, practicing engineers, and students. Senior students and graduates in smart grid system will also find it useful. Topics covered include an introduction to MVDC components including their configuration, operation, control, protection, and management; a comparison of DC layouts versus AC conventional electrical networks; MVDC infrastructure and its application; power system protection under smart grid environments; application of the smart grid concept to distribution networks; integration of electric vehicles; energy storage systems; and the smart transmission grid. In addition, the problem of optimal power flow for an AC power system with MVDC networks is discussed; further detail about modeling DC microgrids and their components is provided; the operation and control of design innovation schemes for self-healing techniques and strategies for smart MVDC microgrids is discussed; and a centralized storage megaplant is proposed for balancing supply and demand across a network of mostly intermittent sources. Many case studies are given that offer concepts and ideas for the application of DC for distributed power generation and utilization. EST technology used with microgrids in general, and specifically with DC microgrids, is also explained. Recent scenarios for power generation using renewable energy resources in addition to state-of-the-art systems handling different topologies using various tools for renewable energy power generation are considered. The book also explains the control problems associated with doubly fed double-rotor large-scale induction generators driven by wind turbines that produce power in the range of 5–7 MW—a challenge due to the high nonlinear characteristics and stochastic variations in input-output conditions of wind turbines. An H-bridge multilevel inverter with fewer than usual power electronics switches has also been proposed.

The book is comprised of 8 chapters.

Chapter 1 considers the medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) concept as a collection platform acting as a layer of infrastructure sitting between transmission and distribution, providing integrated renewable generation (wind, photovoltaic, fuel cell, energy storage, etc.). The benefits of MVDC include the installation of large- and small-scale wind and solar farms, the ability to manage DC loads, its close association with electrical vehicles, etc. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the applications of direct current and an idea of current, state-of-the-art developments as well as those anticipated in the future.

Chapter 2 outlines the purpose of EMS to determine power generation/demand that minimizes specific objectives such as generation cost, power loss, or environmental effect. In this chapter, the optimal power flow (OPF) problem for an AC power system with an MVDC networks is discussed. The optimization problem is subject to power flow constraints, voltage magnitude limits, limitations of network power lines, and limitations imposed by the power ratings of AC–DC electronic converters.

Chapter 3 presents details about the operation and control of design innovation schemes for self-healing techniques and strategies for smart MVDC microgrids. Explanations are provided and some benefits in terms of implementation are given. The challenges and recommendations facing existing applications, in addition to future work, are discussed.

Chapter 4 considers energy economics along with sociopolitical obstacles and hierarchies. Technological suggestions are provided as to how a global grid might be implemented. High-voltage direct current transmission is recommended as the clear choice for the most efficient and reliable long-distance delivery of electrical power 24/7/52. Centralized storage megaplants are proposed for balancing supply and demand across a network of mostly intermittent sources.

Chapter 5 looks at the penetration of wind energy into traditional power grids. Wind energy has received considerable attention due to its increasing share in renewable power generation. The control problem of doubly fed double-rotor large-scale induction generators in the 5–7-MW power range, driven by wind turbines, is a challenge due to the high nonlinear characteristics and the stochastic variations in the input-output conditions of wind turbines. Modeling of, and control approaches to, wind turbines do not take into consideration the prevailing uncertainties in dynamics, which may lead to severe degradation in isolated and grid-connected modes of operation. These concerns are tackled using recent advances made in machine learning and optimal control theory.

Chapter 6 provides detailed modeling of DC microgrids and their components. The operation of DC microgrids is analyzed under normal and faulty conditions.

Chapter 7 considers a new topology of cascade H-bridge multilevel inverters with fewer power electronics switches. The proposed topology is simulated at different levels, namely, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. The simulation results analyze the order of total harmonic distortion and optimum levels for proposed inverters are chosen for a hybrid renewable energy system in stand-alone and grid-integration applications. A hybrid PV/FC system is designed with a proposed 13-level cascade H-bridge inverter, integrated into an AC distributed grid.

Chapter 8 describes ESTs used with microgrids in general, and specifically those used with DC microgrids. Merging energy storage technologies (ESTs) essentially occurs in in microgrids due to the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources, providing inherent variability and intermittency in terms of generated energy. Moreover, ESTs enable the extraction of the maximum