Cali, Expanded City-Region: A Metropolitan Territory

By Varios autores

The analytical approaches to studying the region are diverse and evolve as research products appear, as a result of modern systems for collecting, processing and integrating information from the various disciplines. Studies based on political and administrative boundaries, very common in the nineteenth century, move towards the positivist approaches of the twentieth century based on the distribution and organization of demographic and economic factors. Afterwards, the population and its social conditions in terms of infrastructure, economic level and social status are the main object of studies on the regions. The conceptualization of these approaches to study the region enters into crisis with the most recent trends of globalization on industrial and urban geographies (Veltz, 1996; 2008), more visible since the eighties in the last century. The city expands until it overflows into areas without political administrative jurisdiction, giving rise to an urban-rural territorial continuum due to population flows seeking residence, employment, or flows of goods and services. In addition, new territorial identities are built because of ethnic-racial and cultural diversity, and companies are offered new territories to relocate in the midst of this territorial continuum. The rural space is transformed into a new structure and dynamic of economic, social and urban occupation, without necessarily disappearing territories of peasant character in the margins of the region, though they are more articulated to the urban dynamics of the region.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Universidad del Valle
• Release date: May 9, 2023
• ISBN: 9789585144811

Varios autores

<p>Aleksandr Pávlovich Ivanov (1876-1940) fue asesor científico del Museo Ruso de San Petersburgo y profesor del Instituto Superior de Bellas Artes de la Universidad de esa misma ciudad. <em>El estereoscopio</em> (1909) es el único texto suyo que se conoce, pero es al mismo tiempo uno de los clásicos del género.</p> <p>Ignati Nikoláievich Potápenko (1856-1929) fue amigo de Chéjov y al parecer éste se inspiró en él y sus amores para el personaje de Trijorin de <em>La gaviota</em>. Fue un escritor muy prolífico, y ya muy famoso desde 1890, fecha de la publicación de su novela <em>El auténtico servicio</em>. <p>Aleksandr Aleksándrovich Bogdánov (1873-1928) fue médico y autor de dos novelas utópicas, <is>La estrella roja</is> (1910) y <is>El ingeniero Menni</is> (1912). Creía que por medio de sucesivas transfusiones de sangre el organismo podía rejuvenecerse gradualmente; tuvo ocasión de poner en práctica esta idea, con el visto bueno de Stalin, al frente del llamado Instituto de Supervivencia, fundado en Moscú en 1926.</p> <p>Vivian Azárievich Itin (1894-1938) fue, además de escritor, un decidido activista político de origen judío. Funcionario del gobierno revolucionario, fue finalmente fusilado por Stalin, acusado de espiar para los japoneses.</p> <p>Alekséi Matviéievich ( o Mijaíl Vasílievich) Vólkov (?-?): de él apenas se sabe que murió en el frente ruso, en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sus relatos se publicaron en revistas y recrean peripecias de ovnis y extraterrestres.</p>

Book preview

Galeano Loaiza, Juber

Cali, Expanded City - Region: A Metropolitan Territory/ Juber Galeano Loaiza, Fernando Urrea Giraldo, María Isabel Caicedo. -- Cali : Programa Editorial Universidad del Valle, 2020.

292 páginas ; 24 cm. -- (Colección Ciencias Sociales)

1. Cali (Valle del Cauca) - 2. Desarrollo urbano - 3. Condiciones sociodemográficas - 4. Desarrollo regional - 5. Mercado laboral - 6. Comportamiento electoral

711.4 cd 22 ed.

G152

         Universidad del Valle - Biblioteca Mario Carvajal

Universidad del Valle

Programa Editorial

Tittle: Cali, Expanded City-Region: A Metropolitan Territory

Editors: Juber Galeano Loaiza, Fernando Urrea-Giraldo, María Isabel Caicedo Hurtado

ISBN PDF: 978-958-5144-80-4

DOI: 10.25100/peu.556

Colection: Ciencias Sociales

First edition

© Universidad del Valle

Principal: Edgar Varela Barrios

Vice Chancellor for Research: Jaime R. Cantera Kintz

Head of the Programa Editorial: Omar J. Díaz Saldaña

© Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali

Principal: Fray Ernesto Londoño Orozco

Vice Chancellor for Research: José Fernando López Quintero

Head of the Editorial Bonaventuriana: Claudio Valencia Estrada

© Juber Galeano Loaiza, Fernando Urrea-Giraldo, María Isabel Caicedo Hurtado

Design and layout : Hugo H. Ordóñez Nievas

Cover design: Isabella Manjarrés Melo

Traductor: Andrés Valencia M.

The content of this work corresponds to the author’s right of expression authors’ academic freedom and does not compromise the institutional thinking of the Universidad del Valle and the University of Universidad de San Buenaventura Cali, nor does it generate responsibility towards third parties.

The author is authors are responsible for respecting the copyright and the material contained herein in the publication, which is why the University cannot assume any responsibility in case of omissions or errors.

Cali, Colombia, September 2020

Diseño epub:

Hipertexto – Netizen Digital Solutions

INDEX

FOREWORD

Juber Galeano, Fernando Urrea-Giraldo

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Juber Galeano Loaiza, Fernando Urrea-Giraldo

The Region of Study: Municipalities of Northern Cauca and Southern Valle del Cauca

Characterization of the municipalities of Cali, Expanded City Region

Cities System-DNP

Rural Mission-DNP and Configuration of Rural-Urban Territories

Socio-geographic Space

Ethnic-Racial Diversity of the Population

Spatial Dynamics and Urban-Rural Evolution

Brief Historical Overview of the Constitution of the Region up to the Present Day

One Region from Southern Valle to Northern Cauca

Evolution of GDP and the Manufacturing Sector in the Region Studied

The Effect of Free-Trade Zones on Socio-Spatial Planning

A Synthesis of What the Expanded City-Region Means

Methodological Approach and Databases Employed

Organization of the Book

CHAPTER 2

TERRITORIAL OCCUPATION PATTERNS AND ORDERING MODELS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE REGION

Juber Galeano Loaiza, Cesar Augusto Londoño

Dynamics and Forces That Guide the Urban Sprawl: Territorial Expansion and Transformation

Explanation of the dynamics of the urban territorial sprawl of the region of study: the first period from the foundation and implementation of the populated centers to 1964

Explanation of the dynamics of the sprawl in the second period 1964-1993

Explanation of the dynamics of the stain in the third period 1993-2014

Evolution of the Spatial Pattern of the Sprawl of the Productive Network

Evolution of the Sprawl of the Residential Network in the Periphery of the Cities That Constitute the Region

Territorial Planning and the Construction of a Region

Conclusion

Public Policy Recommendations

Articulating housing plans to the regional urban reality

Mobility planning on a regional scale

Implementation of associative schemes between municipalities

CHAPTER 3

SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CALI, EXPANDED CITY REGION: MUNICIPALITIES OF NORTHERN CAUCA-SOUTHERN VALLE DEL CAUCA

Fernando Urrea-Giraldo, Rosa Emilia Bermúdez Rico, Andrés Felipe Candelo Álvarez

Population Dynamics

Sociodemographic Indicators: Inter-Census Period 1993-2005

Internal Migration according to the 2005 Census

Some Conceptual Aspects Regarding Migration

Lifetime or Permanent Migration

Recent Migration

Causes of Recent Migration

Living Conditions and Population Mobility: The Relationship between Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) by Ethnic-Racial Group and Migration

Conclusions

CHAPTER 4

PRODUCTION COMPONENT: ECONOMIC STRUCTURE

Elizabeth Aponte Jaramillo, Paula A Garizado Roman, Javier Andrés Castro Heredia

Some Features of the Department’s GDP

From the Department of Valle del Cauca

From the Department of Cauca

Economic Overview

Methodology

Stage 1: Definition of the methodology for the estimation of sectoral municipal GDP

Stage 2: Disaggregation of Economic Sectors

Stage 3: Selection of leading variables (proxy) and their sources of information

Stage 4: Sectoral Municipal GDP Estimation

Stage 5: Agglomeration Analysis

Sectoral Municipal GDP Estimation Results

Sectoral Municipal GDP

Agriculture and Livestock

Manufacturing Industry

Social Services

Economic Agglomeration Analysis

Business Analysis Cali City-Region

Spatial Analysis of Cali, Expanded City-Region

Manufacturing Industry with Agriculture and Livestock

Interconnection and Mobility

Conclusions

CHAPTER 5

COMMUTING AND IMBALANCES IN THE LABOR MARKET IN CALI, EXPANDED CITY REGION

Alexander Banguera Obregón, Jhon James Mora, Carlos Augusto Viáfara López

Interactions in the Labor Market in Cali, Expanded City Region

Labor Commuting

Labor-related Migrations

Labor Market

Youth Who Are Neither in Employment nor in Education (NEET)

NEET Population Composition

NEET Population according to Ethnic-Racial Condition

Cali and Its Work Environment: The Effects of Labor Informality

Labor Informality in the Region

Spatial Analysis of Labor Informality

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

Policy Recommendations

CHAPTER 6

ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL-ELECTORAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE URBAN AGGLOMERATION OF SANTIAGO DE CALI

Juan Pablo Milanese

Basic Conceptual Remarks

Fragmentation as an Analytical Variable

Fragmentation into uninominal districts (mayors, governors, and presidents)

Fragmentation into Multi-member Districts (Councils, Assemblies, House, and Senate)

Nationalization Meant as Regionalization

Analysis of Regionalization Levels

Final Conclusions

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Juber Galeano Loaiza, Fernando Urrea-Giraldo

Main components of regional intervention

Regional Political Dimension

Short-term Policy Recommendations

REFERENCES

ANNEXES

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

NOTAS AL PIE

CHARTS INDEX

1-1. Industrial Added Value Variation Index, Cali-Yumbo vs. Cauca, 1995-2014

1-2. Variation index of total employed and temporary paid personnel, Cali-Yumbo vs. Whole Cauca, 1995-2014

2-1. Increase of the constructed sprawl 1964-2014

2-2. Rural environments: marginal variations of the urban sprawl produced in two periods of analysis

2-3. Rural environments: marginal variations of the urban sprawl produced in two periods of analysis

2-4. Expansion of the built sprawl in productive networks 1964 - 2014. New hectares developed per year

3-1. Global Fertility Rates, 1993-2000 Census

3-2. Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) by Ethnic-Racial Groups, 2005 Census 125 3-3. Relationship between UBN and percentage of lifetime immigrants in the 27 municipalities of the region

3-4. Relationship between UBN and percentage of recent immigrants in the 27 municipalities of the region

4-2. Methodological process for estimating sectoral municipal GDP

4-3. GDP distribution of the main economic sectors by municipalities Cali expanded city-region-2012 (excluding Cali)

4-4. Distance to Cali-Kilometers by car

4-5. Effect Size-Distance Cali - Other municipalities City Region

4-6. Percentage Distribution of the Population-GDP and Tax on Industry and Commerce among the municipalities of the City Region

4-7. Classification of companies Cali, City-Region 2012, according to size

5-1. Ratio of labor migrants to total migration by ethnic-racial condition

5-2. The weight of ethnic-racial groups in the migrant population based on labor causes

5-3. The participation rate in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region

5-4. Participation rate of ethnic-racial groups in the city of Cali and the conglomerate Southern Valle - Northern Cauca

5-5. The employment rate for the municipalities of Cali expanded city-region

5-6. Employment rate according to the ethnic-racial condition for the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-7. Unemployment rate for ethnic-racial groups in Cali, and Cali expanded city-region, Southern Valle - Northern Cauca

5-8. Unemployment rate for ethnic-racial groups in Cali, and Cali expanded city-region, Southern Valle - Northern Cauca

5-9. Distribution of the employment position for the municipalities of the subregion of Southern Valle

5-10. Distribution of the employment position for the municipalities of the subregion of Northern Cauca

5-11. Percentage of working people as workers or employees by the ethnic-racial group in Cali and Cali, expanded city-region

5-12. Percentage of working people as self-employed workers by the ethnic-racial group in Cali and Cali, expanded city-region

5-13. Percentage of patrons or employers by ethnic-racial group in Cali and in Cali, expanded city-region

5-14. Percentage of workers as domestic service workers by ethnic-racial group in Cali and in Cali, expanded city-region

5-15. Percentage of the NEET population in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle - Northern Cauca

5-16. NEET relative percentage gap between 1993 and 2005

5-17. Composition of the NEET population in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region of Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-18. Weight of the different ethnic-racial groups in the NEET population

5-19. Unemployed percentage of the NEET population

5-20. Informality Rates

5-21. Region’s Unemployment Rate

5-22. Employment and Informality Rates

5-23. Informality rate over time

5-24. Informality and Attraction Index

6-1. Estimated minimum cost for obtaining a seat (% of votes) according to district magnitude

6-2. Effective number of parties per mayor’s office (1997-2015)

6-3. Effective number of parties by governorships (1997-2015)

6-4. Effective number of parties per department

6-5. Effective number of parties per council (1997-2015)

6-6. Effective number of parties per council (1997-2015)

6-7. Number of representatives per assembly

6-8. Effective number of parties assemblies per department

6-9. Effective number of parties in the Chamber (1994-2014)

6-10. Effective number of parties in the Senate (1994-2014)

6-11. Level of regionalization of the Presidential, Senatorial and House of Representatives elections (1998-2014)

6-12. Level of regionalization of the Government, Assembly, Mayoralty and Council (1997-2015)

6-13. Dispersion of regionalization levels (Councils, 1997-2015)

TABLES INDEX

1-1. Distribution of the population according to the ethnic-racial component, based on the 2005 Census

1-2. Evolution of the GDP share of Cali-Yumbo, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca, over the total departmental GDP and other regions of Valle and Cauca from 2011 to 2014

1-3. Per capita tax revenue by municipality, 2013

1-4. Free-Trade Zones located in the Northern Cauca-Southern Valle region

2-1. AMSO urban sprawl period 1964-2014

2-2. Built area on the hillside of Cali and Yumbo in the three periods of analysis

2-3. Evolution of the residential network sprawl in the periphery of the cities that constitute the region

2-4. Household units sold by type-percentage distribution

2-5. Housing units sold according to stratum, period 2011 - 2014 Produced from Camacol Cali database

2-6. Main Uses of the Territorial Occupation Model

2-7. Contrast between the proposed land use planning model and the housing solutions Period 2010-2014

3-1. The population of the municipalities of the northern region of Cauca-Southern Valle, 1964-2016

3-2. Inter-censal exponential population growth rates by municipalities

3-3. Municipalities typology according to demographic transition

3-4. Lifetime migrants as a percentage of resident population and net lifetime migration rates

3-5. Percentage of recent migrants as a percentage of the resident population and net rates of recent migration

3-6. Percentage distribution of the causes of recent immigration according to ethnic-racial groups in the region, 2005 Census

4-1. Population Data City-Region Municipalities

4-2. Total GDP 2012 municipalities city region

4-3. Total GDP 2012 City Region -- Ration Total Departments

4-4. Urban and Rural Total Population 2012 Municipalities City Region

4-5. Main Municipalities according to GDP 2012 City Region excluding Cali and Urban Population Percentage

4-6. Added value large branches of economic activity year 2012-Constant prices 2005, reported in thousands of millions of Colombian pesos

4-7. Main Variables (Proxy) and Sources of Information--Sectorial GDP 2012 Estimation

4-8. Participación por municipio en el PIB total Cali ciudad-región 2012 (Con Cali y Sin Cali)

4-9. Relative sectoral importance within and between the municipalities of Cali City - Region 2012

4-10. Centrality classification (population criterion and density effect)

4-11. Number of companies by size Cali city - region 2012

4-12. Companies in the Agriculture and Industry sector, according to size Cali City - Region 2012

4-13. Spatially correlated municipalities road articulation

5-1. Labor market indicators of the region under study

5-2. Spatial Indexes

5-3. Special estimation of informality (IR)

6-1. Magnitudes distritales en concejos municipales

PHOTO INDEX

Indigenous women in Toribio’s marketplace

Panoramic view of Toribio

Hill of the Three Crosses [Cerro de las tres cruces] and Normandía’s residential area

Panoramic view of Cali from San Antonio’s Neighborhood

Overview of Cali from San Antonio

2-1. Scale of occupancy of informal residential and formal upper strata dwellings on the hillside of Cali

2-2. Prototypes of social housing inside the sugar plantations in the metropolitan area of Cali

Indigenous weavers in the marketplace of Toribio

Operators of Tecnoquímicas in plant from Villa Rica

Coffee dryer in Toribío

Tecnoquímicas’ Plant at Villa Rica

Tecnoquímicas’ Workers at Villa Rica Plant

Lists of ballots registered for voting. Voting station for the 2018 Colombia Presidential elections at Enrique Olaya Herrera School, El Vallado neighborhood, Commune 15 in Cali

Tecnoquímicas’ Workers at Villa Rica Plant

Fish seller in a mobile market, El Vallado neighborhood, Commune 15 in Cali

MAPS INDEX

1-1. Location of Cali, Expanded City Region in Colombia

1-2. Location of Cali, Expanded City Region in southwestern Colombia

1-3. Delimitation of cities system and Rural Mission of the Northern Cauca–Southern Valle region

1-4. Natural characterization of the Northern Cauca-Southern Valle region

1-5. Ethnic-Racial features of the population of Cali, Expanded City Region

1-6. Reorientation of the urban sprawl in the region of study

1-7. Economic dynamics of Northern Cauca and reorientation of the urban sprawl

2-1. Evolution of the Urban Sprawl in 1964, 1993, and 2014

2-2. Productive networks: Their evolution in its three periods. [A] 1964, [B] 1993, [C] 2014

2-3. Productive networks it their three periods

2-4. Productive networks and crowns

2-5. Occupation of the hillside on the Cali-Yumbo axis

2-6. Household networks embedded in sugar cane plantations

2-7. The contrast between dispersed household networks and productive networks

2-8. Housing Projects by Type in Crowns 1 and 2 of the Region of Study

2-9. Localization of housing projects in Jamundí

2-10. Highway System and Infrastructure

2-11. Territorial Occupation Model of the region of study based on municipal POTs

2-12. Contrasts between land classification of the region of study with dwellings and patterns

2-13. Life-Quality Index and Multidimensional Poverty Index

3-1. Characterization of municipalities by net lifetime migration rate

3-2. Migration to the region

3-3. Characterization of municipalities by recent net migration rate

4-1. Cali, Expanded City-Region

4-2. Expanded City-Region. Density km2

4-3. GDP municipal distribution. Main economic sectors Cali, expanded city-region 2012

4-4. Conditional Map—Industrial Municipalities vs Municipalities with High Agricultural Participation

4-5. Conditional Map—Industrial Municipalities vs Municipalities with High Social Services Participation

5-1. Workforce Net commuting in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region

5-2. The ratio of residents commuting to work outside their municipality of residence

5-3. Percentage of workforce commuting (arriving) in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region Northern Cauca-Southern Valle

5-4. The magnetism of Cali over the other municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region

5-5. The magnetism of Yumbo and Caloto over the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-6. Magnetic pull of the municipalities of Miranda, Puerto Tejada, and Santander de Quilichao over the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-7. Magnetic pull of the municipalities of Jamundí, Palmira, and Pradera over the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-8. Magnetic pull of the municipalities of Jamundí, Palmira, and Pradera over the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-9. Migratory growth for labor reasons in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region, Southern Valle and Northern Cauca

5-10. The NEET population in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region Southern Valle - Northern Cauca

5-11. Composition of the NEET population in the municipalities of Cali, expanded city-region from the south of Valle and north of Cauca

5-12. Informality Rate and Region’s ARI

6-1. Evolution of the effective number of parties per mayors’ offices (1997-2003)

6-2. Evolution of the effective number of parties per mayors’ offices (1997-2003)

6-3. Evolution of the number of council party members (1997-2003)

6-4. Evolution of the number of council party members (2007-2015)

Indigenous women in Toribio’s marketplace.

Photo Credit: Jaider Garro (2018).

FOREWORD

Juber Galeano

Fernando Urrea-Giraldo

The project Cali, Expanded City Region is an interdisciplinary and inter-institutional research project carried out by the Alliance of Universities for Urban Regional Development with Equity, constituted by the Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, the Universidad ICESI, the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana at Cali, the Universidad de San Buenaventura at Cali and the Universidad del Valle. The Ford Foundation encouraged the formation of this alliance among the universities of the region to provide scientific and technical support to social inclusion projects that generate equity.

The joint research effort between the universities that constitute the Alliance is a response to the initiative of the Ford Foundation within the framework of the Just Cities program. The project focuses on the study of a diverse and differentiated region, consisting of an agglomeration with an epicenter in Cali according to the NPD city system, three municipalities that serve as crown and a set of intermediate municipalities that constitute rural environments, in the jurisdiction of two departments, Southern Valle del Cauca, including the Pacific coast, and Northern Cauca.

Cali, Expanded City Region, as a topic of research, is built on the hypothesis of integrality of territorial planning, addressing regional relations and inter-dependencies as the linchpin of the different forces that guide urban-regional development. The development of this project made possible to deepen in research pieces already carried out or in process on the forms of appropriation and configuration of the urban territory of the city-region, its sociodemographic characteristics, its economic structure and labor market, as well as its political electoral dynamics. In addition, it made possible to update, renew and analyze the information available to the administrative entities on the core lines of the research that culminated in this book.

On the other hand, in line with the guidelines of the Ford Foundation’s strategy of Just Cities, in the search for more inclusive and equitable societies in ethnic-racial terms, this study emphasizes the populations of African descent, indigenous and white-mestizo sectors less socially integrated that inhabit this region.

The interdisciplinary reflection makes the book Cali, Expanded City Region: A Metropolitan Territory, a tool for debate and deliberation for local actors on the main challenges of the city of Cali and its regional hinterland. It aims to contribute with strategic input to the design and definition of the public policy of the city-region.

The project Cali City Region Extended is a positive example of the possibilities of inter-institutional integration of researchers and their research groups. The culmination of this first meeting phase between public and private universities, opens a way to build a common inter-university purpose that aims to equip citizens and public policy makers with the technical elements demanded by the public sector to promote an inclusive and equitable urban-rural development.

The research presented in this book was made possible by the financial support of the Ford Foundation in its interest of consolidating a civil society with greater influence in public development and by the commitment of the Principals/Presidents: Luis H. Pérez, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente; Francisco Piedrahita Plata, Universidad ICESI; Jorge Humberto Pelente, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente; Jorge Humberto Pelayo, Universidad ICESI; Jorge Humberto Peláez Piedrahita, S.J., Pontificia Universidad Javeriana at Cali; Ernesto Orozco Londoño, O. F. M. Universidad de San Buenaventura at Cali; and Edgar Varela Barrios, Universidad del Valle.

This book has been published both in English and Spanish. The first in digital format, freely available in PDF, the second in print and in digital format. In both cases, the Editorial Programs of Universidad del Valle and Universidad San Buenaventura have been responsible for its edition, printing, and diffusion.

The editors responsible for the book were scholars Juber Galeano Loaiza of Universidad de San Buenaventura at Cali, Fernando Urrea-Giraldo and María Isabel Caicedo Hurtado of Universidad del Valle. Professor Urrea-Giraldo coordinated the team of researchers from the four universities, which began work in the second semester of 2015. The researchers who have participated in this book are featured in the different chapters with their respective professions and academic ties.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research team of the Alliance of Universities for regional urban development with equity, thanks the different entities and officials that represent them, for their support in making available statistical and documentary information required to carry out the data cadastre used in this research; and special thanks, for its ongoing collaboration, to the following institutions:

•Mayor’s Office of Jambaló.

•Mayor’s Office of Toribío.

•Association of Indigenous Councils of Northern Cauca - ACIN ¹.

•Association of Community Councils of Northern Cauca - ACON.

•Association of Municipalities of Northern Cauca - AMUNORCA.

•Mario Carvajal Library of the Universidad del Valle.

•Colombian Chamber of Construction. Camacol.

•Chamber of Commerce of Cali.

•Chamber of Commerce of Cauca.

•Carvajal Pulp and Paper.

•Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cauca - CRC.

•Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Valley - CVC.

•National Administrative Department of Statistics - DANE.

•Administrative Planning Department- Government of Valle del Cauca.

•National Planning Department - DPN.

•National Tax and Customs Directorate of Colombia - DIAN.

•Ministry of National Education of Colombia.

•Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies.

•Ministry of Labor - FILCO (Source of labor information of Colombia).

•Global Project - Jambaló Reservation.

•Nasa Project - Tacueyo Reservation, Toribio Reservation, San Francisco Reservation.

•National Registry of Civil Status.

•Planning Secretariat of Cauca.

•Health Secretariat of Cauca.

•Departmental Health Secretariat - Government of Valle del Cauca.

•Geographic Information System for Planning and Land-Use Planning SIG-TO.

•Business Information and Reporting System (SIREM).

•Socioeconomic Information System of Cauca - TÁNGARA.

•Beneficiary Selection System for Social Programs (SISBEN III).

•Unique System of Information of Domiciliary Public Services (SUI)-Public Services Superintendency.

•Smurfit Kappa Colombia.

•National Health Superintendence.

•Colombian Societies Superintendence.

•Colombian Finance Superintendence.

The Alliance of Universities for regional urban development with equity is especially grateful to the Ford Foundation for being the philanthropic organization that provided the necessary complementary resources to the counterpart provided by the four universities. Without them, this research would hardly have been possible.

The team of professors-researches led by the editors of this book, Professors Juber Galeano and Fernando Urrea-Giraldo, thank the four universities for having allotted the time given to us by each university participating in this research activity. This support was extended to the resources provided by each university in terms of local infrastructure, equipment, software and other supplements.

Panoramic view of Toribio.

Photo Credit: Jaider Garro (2018).

Hill of the