Distributed World

By Simone Malacrida

This book, the last of an energy trilogy, outlines a futuristic scenario of a social, energy and political model different from the current one. All aspects that contribute to determining the distributed model through the establishment of the two main pillars, the technological-energy pillar, given by digital energies, and the socio-economic pillar, called the "blue society," are carefully analyzed. A look far beyond the usually proposed predictions of a few decades is constantly present in the writing, and obvious connections are identified between a system of thought and the resulting shared rules that punctuate human life, completing the narrative of a new social structure for a finally sustainable future development.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Simone Malacrida
• Release date: Dec 26, 2022
• ISBN: 9798215944936

Simone Malacrida

Simone Malacrida (1977) Ha lavorato nel settore della ricerca (ottica e nanotecnologie) e, in seguito, in quello industriale-impiantistico, in particolare nel Power, nell'Oil&Gas e nelle infrastrutture. E' interessato a problematiche finanziarie ed energetiche. Ha pubblicato un primo ciclo di 21 libri principali (10 divulgativi e didattici e 11 romanzi) + 91 manuali didattici derivati. Un secondo ciclo, sempre di 21 libri, è in corso di elaborazione e sviluppo.

Book preview

DISTRIBUTED WORLD

This book, the last of an energy trilogy, outlines a futuristic scenario of a social, energy and political model different from the current one. All aspects that contribute to determining the distributed model through the establishment of the two main pillars, the technological-energy pillar, given by digital energies, and the socio-economic pillar, called the blue society, are carefully analyzed. A look far beyond the usually proposed predictions of a few decades is constantly present in the writing, and obvious connections are identified between a system of thought and the resulting shared rules that punctuate human life, completing the narrative of a new social structure for a finally sustainable future development.

Simone Malacrida (1977)

Engineer and writer, has worked on research, finance, energy policy and industrial plants.

Our dreams and desires change the world.

Karl Raimund Popper

If you travel, don't worry about the distance, but about the destination.

Chinese proverb

ANALYTICAL INDEX

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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

NOTE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

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I thought a lot before starting to conceive and write this book. As will already be clear from this introduction, the path has been anything but linear, with sudden accelerations and periods instead of total reflection, returning several times to concepts already addressed.

After all, there is a very profound similarity between life itself and its different expressions, be they writing, history, art, music or science. In fact, by analyzing both at sectoral level and a specific period of time, we can see this tortuosity, a sort of circularity which, however, leads us to different points of arrival compared to where we started.

Over time, various definitions have been given to what has just been described: dialectic, transformation, comparison, change, becoming, evolution. All in different areas, but with the same concept. And, in the same way, the ideas of being, immanence, leitmotiv, memory, return of the identical have been repeatedly contrasted.

This long journey concerning the book could only lead to a completely different result from that expected and, probably, from what the reader himself expects.

This is not a technical book on energy or energies or energy patterns, there are already many of them and anyone can satiate their curiosity. It is not a scientific book, with formulas and first principles. It is not a manual for specialists with industrial and technological indications. Nor is it an economic and geopolitical picture of energy issues or a philosophical and ethical vision of human society based on the different forms of energy.

So what is it? A mixture of all that has just been said without, however, taking a definite form is already a good indication. But that's not enough.

This book is primarily a social book, a kind of human account of the current and future society, taking into consideration various personal points of view (in the sense of objective points but considered subjectively) with some common concepts at the core. A symphony written with words and not with musical notes, read aloud and not sung, and as such based on very similar rules and mechanisms. Who has an ear trained, even a little, to the different and innumerable compositions of art music (I adhere to the definition given by maestro Maurizio Pollini [1] as opposed to the more often used expression of classical music), knows how to understand when there are anticipations, references, common themes, solos, chorals, choruses, digressions, fugues, counterpoints and so on. And the same goes for writing, as Thomas Mann already mentioned, in a much more eminent way than mine [2].

And for those wishing to further explore the reference to music, I strongly recommend listening to the works of Ludwig van Beethoven [3] to understand how there are continuous references and anticipations. The same was, at a much more infinitesimal level, for this energy trilogy which concludes with this paper.

Therefore this is a different book than usual, both from those in circulation and dealing with similar and contingent topics, and from those already written previously by myself.

And this diversity is immediately evident, in the setting and in what will be said. So diversity in form, in substance, in the way of communicating and tackling problems, overturning some general statements and some positions taken when it comes to energy and society.

This introduction is also completely anomalous, as it is not dry, as befits a technical paper or an essay, but rather it is an additional initial chapter and, in fact, it is quietly more extensive than some chapters of the book itself!

In the introduction, as in the rest of the book, arguments will be exposed at first glance not directly connected to what one might initially think when addressing the issue of the energy society.

Well aware of the dismay and initial surprise in front of this, my invitation is to let yourself be carried away by the succession of arguments without opposing some pre-established schemes from the superstructures we have in us, deriving from our training, from the education received, from our underlying history and culture.

After all, this book should also be read as a story and a journey; and therefore certain personal references (in this introduction and later) should not surprise, above all to frame the overall vision.

A sort of eclectic narration that reflects a well-defined landing point and point of arrival in the personal vision of the author and that, with the typical limitations of human nature, an attempt is made to transmit to others in the characteristic form that has distinguished the historicus man by his predecessors, i.e. through a written document.

Just to confirm what was stated in this first taste, for the first time I wrote this introduction before writing the actual book (in fact it is my habit to do the exact opposite, first write the book then do the introduction as a sort of synopsis and initial hat), with minimal revision after completion of the entire book.

However, the reader will have to be satisfied with savoring only this final version!

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Brief history of a journey

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Before proceeding, an excursus should be made to frame in which contexts and with which reasoning this book was born. This will certainly facilitate the reading and the general setting in the same way as an archaeological excavation helps to better understand the habits of a civilization, otherwise relegated to simple written testimonies.

First of all, I didn't study energy subjects. I hadn't chosen this path for studies and I didn't think it could become such an exciting topic for me to write books. Of course, my technical and scientific preparation had touched the fundamental principles of energy, such as thermodynamics and chemistry, but it was still a compendium of general training. Years later, I can say it was a good thing. Hardly anyone who is immersed in a system and knows every single detail can bring a vision from the outside and generate the necessary changes. Albert Einstein [4] remembered it and history is full of anecdotes and quotes about it, it would be enough to analyze who were the scientists who revolutionized physics at the beginning of the twentieth century. Not the emeritus and eminent professors, but their young students.

My first approach to the world of energy dates back to 2006, afour years after graduating in engineering. Because of my interests at the time, I tried three different ways to start framing the energy problem. So, I immediately tried a holistic and non-sectoral approach.

On the one hand, I was interested in technological and engineering aspects, typically related to numbers, tables, graphs and trends. On the other hand, I focused attention on the role of basic and applied research in support of individual energy technologies. Finally, I tried to understand the economic and financial ties underlying the different forms of energy. These three approaches were mixed month after month on the basis of the readings and the chosen bibliography.

This first phase kept me busy for almost two years, this is not the place to recall some fundamental writings, also because they can easily be found in the bibliography of From oil to the green economy.

But something was missing in this picture. The more I tried to delve into the energy issue, the more I felt the reference system slip away. I told myself that there were too many conflicting and antithetical opinions and, for this reason, I decided to take part in the first Energy Festival in 2008, held in the city of Lecce [5].

That was a milestone in the journey. Having the opportunity to participate live in debates and conferences with industry experts, all in a few days, allowed me both to expand certain visions and to become aware of the main problem. The data and numbers are, too often, cited only in part, to deny or confirm pre-established theses. In a nutshell, an ideological interpretation of the data takes place which, on the other hand, precisely because numbers should be aseptic.

This convinced me more and more to write a small memorandum for personal use in order to understand in which direction the energy world would go. Now it was time to produce something new, after having assimilated so much.

During the summer of 2008, a first draft of the structure took shape, but it took an external event to finally convince me to write. That event was the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 [6]. In the wake of some predictions made six months earlier, they began to ask me for opinions and articles on the matter. Combining two and a half years of studies on the world of energy and research and this drive to write, the structure of my first book arose.

And what at the beginning was supposed to be a memorandum made up of numbers alone, expanded, assuming the connotations of a real discourse on energy, tackled from all the points of view that at the time seemed important and fundamental to me. This is essentially the story of the aforementioned From oil to the green economy , the book that I thought was the only one I would write on energy and which, as many other writers have pointed out, traced a sort of necessity, as it was the book that I had not yet found on the market.

It took me almost a year to complete it and, as usual, the final result was very different from what was initially conceived. That memorandum I had in mind on energy numbers is essentially the first part of the book, while, chapter after chapter, I realized how vast the subject was and with myriad implications and how complex it was. I dedicated the end of the book and the introduction (which, as already mentioned, I wrote at the end) to complexity.

Then, by a sudden twist of fate, everything stopped for a year. Finding a publisher wasn't easy and I kept adjusting the various chapters, putting updated references to the economic crisis that afflicted the world in 2009-2010 and to some notable events, removing some tables and some graphs and giving the book the definitive title.

Before proceeding, a curiosity about the title. It is a transliteration of a famous book by Stephen Hawking [7], From the Big Bang to black holes which has greatly marked my existence, because, during the last year of high school, it was the book with which I started a path of personal study of astrophysics and relativity. Literally, it was the springboard towards understanding difficult and very technical subjects, but which the interest aroused by disclosure has allowed us to overcome. A further annotation: also the title of this paragraph is taken from the same book by Hawking, in fact in the original English edition the title was A Brief History of Time, (we can say, however, that the Italian translation is much better than the original !).

Until the beginning of 2011, this was therefore the picture, for me definitive, on the world of energy.

In the meantime other themes intersected, economic, financial and geopolitical issues, the fundamental theme of water and the generational issue of contemporary society and I had started stable writing collaborations with some Italian magazines in the sector, as well as self-producing e-books on previous topics.

With the advent of 2011, at least three new elements broke through the previous panorama. The Arab Spring, the Fukushima nuclear accident and the protest movements in the West following the European crisis. But, as happened years before, all these stimuli needed a personal casus belli to induce me to evolve and write something different and innovative.

The key event turned out to be a conference in Rome, held on 10 May 2011. Invited as a collaborator of the organizing magazine (Ambientarsi [8]), I made a superficial but very significant acquaintance with Claudia Bettiol [9]. Speaking of the energy problem, he introduced me to the revolutionary aspect, the social one, which until then had been latently present in me. In less than two weeks, I not only met his closest collaborators, but I myself began to take an active part in a common project.

The reading of Heart and environment gave way to a reshuffling of the concepts that I had previously learned until they resulted in a new vision, summarized in the subsequent book Renewable revolution . All this happened in a few months, so much so that at the end of summer 2011, the book was ready with a preface by Bettiol herself.

Having taken the decision to present it as an e-book, the chronology has shattered the logical order, since this book, consistent in facts, exposition and reasoning, saw the light a good six months before From oil to the green economy .

Reading Heart and environment introduced the dualism necessary to question certain previous visions, exposing a feature very often hidden in Western books: our total lack of knowledge of the Eastern world and of the underlying philosophy. We will have the opportunity to evaluate these topics later, but there is no shadow of a doubt that to us that world is other above all in the way of dealing with problems.

I only found a similar vision, in other fields, in Herman Hesse [10], not so much in Siddhartha or The steppe wolf , but in Narcissus and Goldmund . I propose this parallelism to interested readers, obviously in totally different spheres, to have a first attempt at describing the oriental way of thinking.

With Renewable Revolution a path was also outlined that was not initially foreseen. That of a trilogy dedicated to energy.

I must say that numbers have always fascinated me, especially three, seven and ten and it is worth pausing for a moment, just to understand what is hidden in the structures of these books. First of all, the concept of trilogy refers to other thoughts and works, such as Virgil [11], Dante Alighieri [12], Immanuel Kant [13], the dialectic of Georg Hegel [14] and, at least in my personal view, the films of Krzysztof Kieslowski [15].

In particular, the last two mentioned are particularly fitting, given that each book of this trilogy is complete in itself, but takes on a deeper meaning if framed in a global perspective and given that, especially in From oil to the green economy there is that alternation between thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis typical of Hegelian logic and which literally marks the rhythm of the book. Then the three are associated with some divine concepts ( Trinity, the triangle and so on).

For the seven, the game is soon revealed: in ancient times seven were the Sages, the known planets, the virtues, the heavens of the Ptolemaic system and, more recently, the novels contained in Marcel Proust's recherche [16] . It should therefore come as no surprise that both this book and Renewable Revolution consist of seven chapters.

The ten, in addition to being the composition of three and seven, certainly refers to the decalogues (of divine origin, but also secular like the aforementioned Kieslowski) and to the decimal metric system and the reader can find an explicit reference in the first book of this trilogy , with three chapters divided into three parts and the introduction which closes the circle of the decade.

Distributed world is therefore a book that is part of a much broader scope and which concludes the energy trilogy that began years ago.

From the historical, social, geopolitical, environmental and energy caesuras of recent years (we recall among them the global economic and financial crisis, the European crisis, the Arab spring, the protest movements in the Western world, the generational question, the Fukushima disasters and of the Deepwater Horizon platform , the increase in the price of raw materials, the shifting of the global geopolitical axis) the idea of the Renewable Revolution was born as a new and innovative response to the energy problem. To close the trilogy, a further leap of perspective and vision was needed.

This leap was given by three successive readings and by an epiphany I had in the summer of 2011 while I was in Sardinia on the very concept of the adjective distributed and on how it could be connected to energy and society.

The readings, from which I have drawn invaluable ideas and reflections, deal with energy, the economy and society from three complementary points. In the first place Blue economy by Gunter Pauli [17], closely followed by Sogni ed energie digitali by the aforementioned Bettiol (a fundamental book as it was read at the same time as the epiphany written a little above) and, finally, Third Industrial Revolution by Jeremy Rifkin [18].

With this baggage of new knowledge, it became natural to give form and, subsequently, substance to Distributed World .

Wanting to simplify to the extreme, the first book of the energy trilogy is a point of the situation up to before the epochal event, the great global crisis that erupted in 2008, and describes very well that world, those situations and those conclusions that arose then. The second book instead describes the revolution that is taking place in this period, that is today, in the current news and what are the mechanisms of change and the reasons for this change.

Distributed world is instead the narration of a possible future destination that already shows its characteristics and peculiarities today.

The short story of this journey to understand the origins of this book is coming to an end and it's time to start dancing.

Socialize energy

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The energy issue cannot be relegated only to a technical problem in which engineers, scientists and researchers, technicians in fact, have more rights than others just because they are considered experts.

This is a common mistake which is often perpetrated with enormous damage to the entire community. Before understanding why it is a mistake, let's look at a practical case, that of nuclear power.

When it comes to nuclear power plants, one of the major objections to scrutinizing opinions through referendums or polls is that the ignorant vulgar cannot be put on a par with super-specialized technicians who have spent years of study to acquire those skills.

This reasoning is dangerous for at least three different reasons. First of all, it undermines the fundamental principles of democracy and at least two hundred years of battles and claims (from the principle of one person, one vote to that of universal and inalienable rights), and also presupposes a caste and class-based society. In fact, if a non-nuclear engineer has no right to comment on the construction of a nuclear power plant, as incompetent, what right do non-economists have to question the financial manoeuvres? And the non-labour lawyers on the regulations that regulate the labor market? What about non-doctors on the ethical issues surrounding cloning and GMOs? What about the non-military on whether or not to take war action? It would mean returning to an idea of a society led by the best, but we know very well from historical analyzes that these companies did not work and were almost extinct.

The last reason why this argument is wrong concerns precisely the energy issue. It is wrong to think that the construction of a nuclear power plant is only a technical-engineering fact linked to the costs-benefits and efficiency of the same. Does a technician or a professor of nuclear plants have the skills to understand the trend of the real estate market within the radius of 50 Km the construction of the new plant? How will land and house prices change? How agricultural production will inevitably have to move elsewhere? How will this impact public opinion on local government systems (and therefore on municipal and regional elections)? The answer is no. And the reason is very simple: energy is a holistic, all-encompassing and all-encompassing issue, and therefore nobody has The Solution in their pocket and addressing the entire subject from a single point of view is wrong.

This means that all of us can and must have our say on the energy issue.

Energy is intrinsically linked to life. It applies to life on this planet (without the energy coming from the Sun, there would be no form of animal and vegetable life, the cycle of water and the seasons) and to the life of each of us.

Man, like any other living being, is an energy machine. Food serves exactly this, to fuel the energy cycle of our cells.

Furthermore, the energy we produce and consume serves only one thing: to satisfy our needs and our customs. Since the discovery of fire, energy has served to improve the quality of human life.

Talking about and being interested in energy is therefore a way of talking about and being interested in life itself.

And life cannot be deprived of a single aspect. Life is not just a technical (being born, growing, reproducing, dying) or economic (being born, consuming, working, dying) or political or environmental or sentimental issue. Life is all this and more, in a continuous and inseparable mix.

Therefore energy, precisely because it is so similar to life, is not to be faced with simplistic visions. Energy is complex, in the sense of complexity theory, as already explained both at the end of the first book of this trilogy and at the beginning of the second book. Energy involves every aspect of human life, including some fields that are not at first sight related, such as sociology, marketing and sales dynamics, art , creativity and the conception of new needs and products.

Energy therefore has a fundamentally social trait. And this is a social book, which looks at technology, the economy, politics, the environment and history as concomitant aspects of life declined as an energy society.

Here is the main reason for the title of this paragraph. We literally have to socialize energy, in the sense of discussing and addressing energy from a social point of view.

The social aspect becomes fundamental when an object or an idea comes into contact with each of us, with our daily experience.

On closer inspection, some forms of energy have already become social and are the ones we have been dealing with for the longest time. Think of oil or coal.

If we carried out tests related to analogies without giving the mind time to elaborate, the first images that each of us would focus on when speaking of oil would be (I quote only the most frequent ones and not in a logical order): petrol stations, costs of fuels, your own car, the oil price graph, tanker accidents, the figure of an Arab sheikh, oil rigs.

Almost all of these images concern the social sphere of oil, not the technology necessary for its extraction, refining, transport and distribution. Indeed, most people are totally ignorant of energy technologies related to oil, but there is no doubt that each of us talks about excise duties on fuel to make conversation even with unknown people, perhaps at the bar or on the train!

Oil has therefore penetrated people's daily lives through certain end uses and products, above all the automobile, and from that moment on it has taken on a social character, responding to the mobility needs of a globalized world, but also allowing its image to be glimpsed from environmental damage, wars fought in its name, and economic oligopolies.

Similarly, coal is for us an old and dirty energy source and this derives above all from indirect knowledge, since today hardly anyone has coal stoves in their homes anymore. But the past and the culture transmitted, from the stories of the miners (we only mention Germinal by Emile Zola [19] and the tragedy of Marcinelle [20]), to the atmospheric pollution of coal dust, up to diseases such as silicosis, characterized the social image of coal.

And a similar social campaign, but in other ways antithetical, was carried out in Italy years ago on natural gas saying methane gives you a hand and in fact today this energy source is considered the cleanest of the fossil energies, not so much for a scientific discourse, as for a widespread opinion among the public.

Fossil energies have therefore already been socialized precisely because of their long history in contact with human beings. Renewable energies, on the other hand, are still not very social, it is here that the field of socialization must make great strides.

In fact, if we talk about solar almost everyone comes to mind the solar panel, so it's about technology and not about sociality. When solar or other renewable technologies (therefore disregarding the energy vector) are associated with different concepts, then we will have made the renewable revolution, as I already mentioned in the second book of this trilogy.

The need to socialize renewable energies is even more pressing if we think of their soul. Unlike fossil sources, there are no concentrations and reserves located in any place, but are distributed almost uniformly. And this means that, in order to obtain global efficiency and effectiveness, it is necessary to relocate the installations. For now, the construction of wind or solar or hydroelectric plants has not allowed the majority of us to come into direct contact with these energy sources, but the approach is rapidly changing.

Only when renewable energies enter our homes will they socialize, because we will have direct contact with them. If we then consider that, due to their nature, it is impossible to hide them (a solar panel or a wind turbine can hardly be hidden in a boiler room located in the cellar, because they would not work!), then we understand that there are different parameters to take into consideration , beyond technology and performance.

A comparison should be made to fully understand the multiple consequences.

Anyone who has visited a medieval castle or a Renaissance palace has been able to notice how the most decorated and visible rooms were the ballrooms, bedrooms, bathrooms, dining rooms and reception rooms, but never the kitchens. The kitchens were relegated to the basements and the reason was simple: the servants lived in the kitchens and had to be isolated from the guests. Therefore, for centuries, the kitchen has been judged and conceived only for its functional aspects.

However, contemporary society has socialized the kitchen. In today's homes, the kitchen represents a fundamental part and there is no master or hostess who is not inclined to show their kitchen to guests. This is because, today, the kitchen embodies a certain vision of whoever owns it, it is personalized on everyone's tastes and is no longer hidden, but put on display. There are dozens and dozens of specialized kitchen furnishing magazines.

The cause and effect was disruptive. We no longer choose a kitchen for its functional and performance aspects, but for its design, colour, fashion, comfort and the presence of space. We therefore choose on the basis of sociological parameters that do not only have to do with technology and price. The kitchen must be pleasing, be beautiful and welcoming.

This had a huge consequence. New businesses and new sectors have opened up for businesses and craftsmen who have understood that social change that took place many years ago.

Renewable energies are about to experience the same transformation. Having to be exposed and in direct contact with us, they must necessarily please, be beautiful and attractive. This is just one of the possible businesses not yet explored by companies (which have not yet understood the leap from industrial to residential and domestic). With this transformation, energy will be socialized and will greatly change the social paradigm and everything we are going to say in this book. One of the peculiar aspects will be the union of art and energy technologies, with the birth of artistic movements such as that of Energitismo [21].

A striking example of this change can be borrowed from what happened to flat screen televisions, at least in the Italian case . In 2005, there were already predictions that indicated how, in four or five years, the world of televisions would have evolved in terms of end users (since in terms of research and technology the step had already been taken years earlier) from tube cathodic to flat screen (plasma or liquid crystal) ones. The companies in the sector took the forecasts made by national and supranational bodies as a reference and understood that they had to change their business within four years. In 2006, however, it happened that, thanks to an aggressive campaign by the end distributors, users were exposed to the idea of a new product, no longer the classic television, but the home theater and the opportunity for sale to the general public was the championships of the soccer world that year. Marketing and mass psychology led to an avalanche effect which, in fact, put the classic CRT televisions out of business because they were considered old and unattractive, despite the practically free prices. Homegrown factories, not having understood the change, have closed their doors and we mainly have Korean, Chinese and Japanese televisions at home. The statistics predicted from above have been surpassed by reality itself, as those data did not consider the social aspect.

Likewise, the socialization of renewable energy will change the tables and references taken as assumed by all international agencies.

Socializing energy is therefore not only a correct and complete way to understand the energy issue, but it is also the only way to explore new business models and guarantee an industrial and economic future for many companies today.

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To be clear

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Before delving into the intricacies of the book, we must define, for various reasons, a suitable language and terminology. Language is a fundamental prerequisite for the human species since it is thanks to it that the Homo sapiens species has evolved so much and is equipped with considerably superior means compared to any other species.

Language is also the basis of artificial creations such as the Morse alphabet or mathematical symbology, so much so that Friedrich Schleiermacher [22] recalled the only presupposition of hermeneutics is language and Hans Gadamer [23] reiterated the same concept by placing this quote at the beginning of a part of his main philosophical work Truth and Method .

Finally, language allows the creation of a story and a story, giving a marked impression to whoever owns it, instilling feelings, hopes, but also doubts and anxieties (an experiment of the effect of language on the reader is given in some final parts of James Joyce's Ulysses [24]).

For all these reasons, it is essential to define a precise terminology, also because, otherwise, there would be constant confusion and misunderstandings and the very essence of the concepts would be lost due to these drawbacks (" stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus " [25]). The world of energy, and of renewable energies in particular, is at high risk in this sense since different schools of thought flourish which use different terms to indicate the same thing or identical terms for disparate topics.

Let's start by saying that energy is not renewable or fossil, it is the energy sources that are. And that electricity and hydrogen are not so much energy sources as energy carriers.

Having said this, in the common vernacular, talking about renewable energy sources or renewable energies is substantially the same thing and, therefore, in order not to weigh down the diction we will more often say renewable energies, meaning however the terms just exposed as completely equivalent.

But renewable energies tout court will not make the revolution. As we shall see, it is unthinkable to replace gas or coal-fired plants with wind and solar farms to trigger radical social change. It takes a further step given by the contribution of digital technologies, ie by all those innovations introduced by information technology, electronics and telecommunications since the eighties of the twentieth century.

It will be the union of energy and information that will generate the flywheel of the revolution. This means that renewable energies with digital technology will make that leap. Instead of the phrase just written, we prefer to synthesize everything in digital energies. We will therefore talk about a digital car and not an electric car with digital technology, a digital