Matthew: A Commentary

By R. Alan Culpepper

In this new critical commentary for the New Testament Library series, R. Alan Culpepper sets the Gospel of Matthew in the context of the competing Jewish and early Christian voices of the first century, bringing greater clarity to Matthew's own proclamation of the gospel and inviting readers to give up perhaps long-held assumptions about the book.

In Culpepper’s treatment, Matthew emerges as a Gospel for a Jewish community, distinguishing itself from the Pharisees on one side and other early Christian traditions and leaders, especially Paul and his followers, on the other side. In this framework, Matthew calls his community to faithful observance of the law, a law-observant mission to both Jews and Gentiles, and repentance and the practice of forgiving in preparation for the coming judgment. Accordingly, Matthew takes readers back to an early period, before the separation of Jewish Christians from the synagogues. By taking seriously Matthew’s Jewishness, this volume also enables readers to hear the historical Jesus more clearly. Excursuses on Matthew’s social setting include Jesus as healer, Sabbath observance, Roman taxation, the Pharisees, the tithes, ancient weddings, and the Sanhedrin, as well as many shorter units on Second Temple Judaism, synagogues, and first-century Galilean society.

The New Testament Library series offers authoritative commentary on every book and major aspect of the New Testament, providing fresh translations based on the best available ancient manuscripts, critical portrayals of the historical world in which the books were created, careful attention to their literary design, and a theologically perceptive exposition of the biblical text. The contributors are scholars of international standing. The editorial board consists of C. Clifton Black, Princeton Theological Seminary; John T. Carroll, Union Presbyterian Seminary; and Susan E. Hylen, Candler School of Theology, Emory University.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Westminster John Knox Press
• Release date: Mar 1, 2022
• ISBN: 9781646982172

R. Alan Culpepper

R. Alan Culpepper is Dean Emeritus and Professor of New Testament Emeritus at the McAfee School of Theology, Mercer University, and Research Fellow at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. Previously he was Professor of Religion at Baylor University. He has published numerous articles and books, including Matthew in the New Testament Library, also published by Westminster John Knox Press.

Book preview

MATTHEW

THE NEW TESTAMENT LIBRARY

Editorial Advisory Board

C. CLIFTON BLACK

JOHN T. CARROLL

SUSAN E. HYLEN

R. Alan Culpepper

Matthew

A Commentary

© 2021 R. Alan Culpepper

First edition

Published by Westminster John Knox Press

Louisville, Kentucky

21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29  30—10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Westminster John Knox Press, 100 Witherspoon Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1396. Or contact us online at www.wjkbooks.com.

Scripture quotations from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible are copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. and are used by permission.

The Gospel of Matthew is translated by the author except for some quotations within the comments.

BWHEBL TrueType font Copyright ©1994–2015 BibleWorks, LLC. All rights reserved. This Biblical Hebrew font for a is used with permission and is from BibleWorks (www.bibleworks.com).

Book design by Jennifer K. Cox

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Culpepper, R. Alan, author.

Title: Matthew : a commentary / R. Alan Culpepper.

Other titles: New Testament library.

Description: First edition. | Louisville, Kentucky : Westminster John Knox Press, 2021. | Series: The New Testament library | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: In this new critical commentary for the New Testament Library series, R. Alan Culpepper sets the book of Matthew in the context of the competing Jewish and early Christian voices of the first century, bringing greater clarity to Matthew’s own proclamation of the gospel—Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021033994 (print) | LCCN 2021033995 (ebook) | ISBN 9780664230616 (hardback) | ISBN 9781646982172 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Matthew—Commentaries.

Classification: LCC BS2575.53 .C85 2021 (print) | LCC BS2575.53 (ebook) | DDC 226.2/07—dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033994

LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033995

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For

Joshua, Abigail, and Elise

CONTENTS

Preface

Abbreviations

Ancient Sources

Modern Sources

Bibliography

Introduction

Sharpening the Questions

Matthew’s Sources

The Gospel of Mark

The Sayings Tradition (Q)

Matthew’s Special Traditions (M)

Quotations of Scripture

Petrine Tradition

Matthew’s Place among the NT Voices

Paul

James

John

Matthew in the Second Century

The Didache

Ignatius

Papias and the Tradition of Matthean Authorship

The Text of Matthew

Themes and Theology

Christology

Scripture

Eschatology

Synthesis: Assembling the Facets

COMMENTARY

Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Sources

Index of Subjects and Authors

PREFACE

Mikhail Bakhtin (1984, 106) said, "A genre lives in the present, but always remembers its past, its beginning," and that is certainly true of this volume. It bears marks both overt and subtle of a lifetime of experiences, mentors, colleagues, students, and friends. A childhood routine of reading a few Bible verses before bedtime engrained key texts in my memory, and when I was six I asked my father to explain Jesus’ death to me! He had studied Greek with Hersey Davis, when Greek was required every semester in the BD curriculum, and he continued to read his Greek New Testament every day for the rest of his life.

Other teachers followed. John Claypool modeled good hermeneutics as well as effective preaching. As an undergraduate at Baylor, I was intrigued to discover the chronology that connected the individual biblical stories. At the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, I acquired a love for the Greek NT and was introduced to the Gospel of John by William E. Hull; the Jewish, Hellenistic, and Roman world of the NT by Harold S. Songer; and textual criticism by Frank Stagg. At Duke, I was introduced to the Gospel of Matthew by W. D. Davies, in whose seminar on the Gospel of Matthew we worked through Matthew 1–2! D. Moody Smith became my mentor in the Gospel of John (and Mark). Orval Wintermute taught us Hebrew and Coptic; Roland Murphy, Aramaic; James Charlesworth, Syriac (and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha); and John Oates, Classics.

Many of the names that appear in the text and footnotes of this commentary carry with them friendships and enriching experiences. My education continued in my first faculty position, back at Southern Seminary, which had a NT department of seven that met weekly with PhD students in the NT Colloquium. David Garland, Roger Omanson, and I were assistant professors. Hull, Songer, Stagg, George Beasley-Murray, Peter Rhea Jones, and John Polhill were all colleagues for various periods between 1974 and 1991. In addition, Eduard Schweizer spent a semester with us as a visiting professor. Teaching and learning from PhD students brought its own rewards, and in later years I have learned from Mikeal Parsons and Edwin Broadhead in particular. During my first sabbatical (in Cambridge), Frank Kermode guided me into literary criticism and narrative theory, an exploration that continued for a decade with colleagues in the Literary Aspects of the Gospels and Acts SBL Group. Other groups and seminars had lasting influences also: the Johannine Seminar of the SNTS; the SBL John, Jesus, and History Group; and the Colloquium Ioanneum. The Christian Leaders Initiative sponsored by the American Jewish Committee and the Shalom Hartman Institute deepened my appreciation for Judaism and its long tradition of piety and learning, leading me to see that Matthew is a thoroughly Jewish Gospel. Serving on the Board of Directors for the Contexticon of New Testament Language for nearly three decades has made me aware of the inadequacy of common glosses and the importance of studying term usages in context. Invitations to write commentaries followed: Luke for the New Interpreter’s Bible (1995) and Mark for the Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary (2007). My earlier work in these Gospels set Matthew’s handling of the Gospel traditions in sharp relief.

Academic institutions and libraries also provide resources essential for writing a volume such as this. Mercer University and its Swilley Library provided an academic home for me for twenty years—with a special word of thanks to Beth Perry for her assistance. Candler School of Theology supported my work by extending to me access to the Pitts Theological Library and its online resources, including ATLA, the Loeb Classical Library, and the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. Appointment as a research fellow in the Department of Old and New Testament at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, offered further opportunities for international dialogue, travel, and study. My gratitude to each of these institutions and their faculty and staff is deep.

The editors of the New Testament Library series at Westminster John Knox Press set a distinctively high standard for scholarship. The selfless and collegial partnership of my editors, first Eugene Boring and then Clifton Black, provided patient encouragement, needed corrections and suggestions, and often clearer and more felicitous writing. Our friendship, strong from the beginning, has grown even stronger. Julie Mullins and Daniel Braden patiently allowed my work to progress, although it took longer than any of us expected; extended the original word limit for this volume; responded to my inquiries; then guided the manuscript through submission, editing, and production with all the attention to detail that such a volume requires. S. David Garber and Tina E. Noll, who are extraordinary editors, ensured accuracy and clarity. This team of editors has modeled collaborative scholarship at its best!

Ultimately, biblical scholarship is a calling and a vocation, and one that is nurtured across decades of study, teaching, and writing. It requires a lifestyle and therefore the long-term partnership of one’s spouse and family. Here too, I have been incredibly blessed. Our children joke about times when they knew my mind was elsewhere. This volume is dedicated to our grandchildren with the hope that they too will enjoy a rich and productive life of mind and spirit. My greatest joy is the five decades plus of life, love, travel, and family with Jacque, who has made every day rich and full—a debt, joy, and love before which words fail.

R. Alan Culpepper

Epiphany 2021

ABBREVIATIONS

Ancient Sources

Biblical

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