China’S Greatest Statesman: Zhou Enlai’S Revolution and the One He Left Behind in His Birthplace of Huai’An

By Roy K. McCall

Huaian born Zhou Enlai was contemporary Chinas greatest statesman, spymaster and negotiator - the one Henry Kissinger could not out-negotiate. The Peoples Republic of China would not exist today without Zhous skill as communicator and administrator. Yet Zhou had one fatal flaw which cost him his adopted children, his colleagues and the career of Xi Zhongxun - father of President Xi Jinping.

While Zhou left Huaian, another group came to his birthplace to serve through medicine, education and evangelism. Chinas revolutionaries gained power; the missionaries - influence. Influence transcended power, and contrasted power politics vs. quiet service.

This book can also be read backwards - through the index, which organizes over 100 footnotes and historical details. For example, President Xi Jinxings father, despite rescuing survivors of the Long March, was three decades later unfairly associated with the Gao Gang affair and denounced by the people he rescued. Another side story is the role of former missionary retreat, Kuling on Lu Shan. On Lu Shan George C. Marshall negotiated with Jiang Kaishek and Zhou Enlai. At a Lu Shan conference during the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong joked about being overweight and called his second son crazy.

• Language: English
• Publisher: iUniverse
• Release date: Oct 13, 2015
• ISBN: 9781491778005

Roy K. McCall

Roy K. McCall is the son and grandson of Presbyterian ministers and missionaries. Roy is a graduate of Davidson College and Harvard Business School. He has lived in Asia and the Middle East for three decades.

Book preview

China’s Greatest

Statesman

Zhou Enlai’s Revolution and the One He Left Behind in his Birthplace of Huai’an

ROY K. MCCALL

1653.png

CHINA’S GREATEST STATESMAN

ZHOU ENLAI’S REVOLUTION AND THE ONE HE LEFT BEHIND IN HIS BIRTHPLACE OF HUAI’AN

Copyright © 2015 Roy K. McCall.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

iUniverse

1663 Liberty Drive

Bloomington, IN 47403

www.iuniverse.com

1-800-Authors (1-800-288-4677)

Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

ISBN: 978-1-4917-7801-2 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4917-7800-5 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015915490

iUniverse rev. date: 10/12/2015

Contents

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Huai’an Location and Historical Significance

Missionaries Locate to Huai’an

Huai’an the Eye of China’s Storms in Modern History

China at war with Japan

China at War Internally: Nationalists vs. Communists

Peoples Republic of China Campaigns

• Zhen Fan 镇压反革命 (1950)

• Korean War 抗美援朝战争 (1950-53)

• Three-anti三反 1951

• Five-anti campaigns五反 1952

• Sufan movement 肅反 August 1955 to late 1956

• 1956: Hundred Flowers 百花运动

• 1957-1959:Anti-Rightist Movement 反右派运动

• 1958-61: Great Leap Forward (Great Famine) 大跃进

• 1966-1976: Cultural Revolution 文化大革命 or formally無產階級文化大革命; Down to the Countryside Movement 上山下乡运动

Three Self Patriotic Movement TSPM

Deng Returns to Power

Nationalism and Church License

Huai’an a Flourishing Home for TSPM

Appendix A

Appendix B

Appendix C

Introduction

Huai’an born Zhou Enlai was contemporary China’s greatest statesman. He was also its greatest spymaster and negotiator. Without Zhou Enlai there would have been no Peoples Republic of China. He was the foundation on which pragmatists such as Deng Xiaoping would build China.

In 1917 Zhou had already left Huai’an and was graduating from Tianjin’s Nankai middle school as co-valedictorian. Back in Huaian Dr. L. Nelson Bell replaced Dr. Sam Houston Miller who had committed suicide. Over the next century the Christian movement their colleagues seeded grew to 300,000 or 6% of Huaian’s population.

Huai’an’s Zhou Enlai was acutely vulnerable to one fatal flaw. He was the ultimate Mao loyalist who humbled himself and his children unto death. Zhou Enlai (whose name means grace comes) lost his adopted children - tortured to death by a jealous actress, Mao’s fourth wife.

The Huai’an connection demonstrated a vulnerable patriotism; and helps explain the vigorous extremes driving President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign in present day China. The larger story of two movements tied to Huaian contrasts power vs. influence; ferocious politics vs. quiet service.

Acknowledgements

Thank you

Uncle Bob Montgomery who inspired this, and

my dear wife Ramona who encouraged me to keep going.

Huai’an Location and Historical Significance

Huai’an (淮安) means Huai (River) Peace. Huai’an is a prefecture-level city of about 5 million, in China’s central east coastal Jiangsu province, between industrial center Xuzhou and provincial capital Nanjing. Since 2001, Huai’an also gave its name to the north end of the city once called Huaiyin (淮阴) and formerly Qingjiangpu (清江浦). Huai’an lies on the Grand Canal between the Yellow, Huai and Yangtze rivers.

image001.jpg

Author’s mother, as a little girl traveling around Huai’an with her parents in the early 1920’s.

Credit: photo collection of James N. Montgomery

image002.jpg

Author’s mother with parents, who absorbed Chinese language and culture, yet maintained their genteel Southern dignity

image003.jpg

1923: Mom’s older sister Sophie (middle) married a pioneer missionary surgeon in Korea, Paul S. Crane, who also interpreted for both presidents Kennedy and Johnson in their talks with the Korean president; Mom’s younger sister Aurie (left) married a missionary doctor to the Congo and pilot, John K. Miller, who was also called by a neighbor to catch a black mamba and who donated several barrels of snakes to the Smithsonian. John Miller, keeping a rattlesnake bagged under his bed at Davidson College led to a rule prohibiting snakes in the dorm.

Historically, Huai’an was fought over as a strategically important north-south transport corridor surrounded by agricultural land. During the Spring and Autumn period (春秋時代; 771 - 476 BC), Huai’an was occupied by the Wu (吳; Shanghai & Suzhou today), Yue (越; Hangzhou & Shaoxing) and Chu¹ (楚; Xuzhou) states.

Huai’an attracted Chinese leaders, usually before or after spending their careers elsewhere - making Huai’an either a springboard or retirement home for great people. Han Dynasty (漢朝 206 BC – 220 AD) founder Liu Bang’s (劉邦) greatest general, Han Xin (韓信),² retired in Huai’in. Ming Dynasty founder Zhu Yuan Zhang (朱元璋; 1328-1398) family originated in Xuyi county just southwest of the Huai’an old walled city. Huai’an was also home was late Qing dynasty senior admiral Guan Tianpei (關天培; 1780–1841), who died in the First Opium War.³ In modern times, Huai’an was the birthplace of Zhou Enlai (周恩来) in a family that had migrated from Yue Kingdom’s Shaoxing as administrators.⁴

Huai’an, was part of the Jiangsu north, considered relatively poor compared to the affluent south where the provincial capital Nanjing was located. Huai’an was still on the periphery, more spare change than prized spoils. Ironically, if anything could illustrate how excellence could still emerge from Huai’an, it was Wu Cheng’en (吳承恩1500–1582), Ming Dynasty novelist and author of China’s classic, Journey to the West. Wu was not born in Huai’an but settled there. He repeatedly failed the imperial examinations to become an imperial official or mandarin. In middle age he finally gained entry into the imperial university in Nanjing. He was posted to Beijing, but disliked his work. He resigned and did what he really wanted - write stories and poems. He became one of China’s most accomplished writers yet remained poor and childless.⁵

Just when the Ming dynasty (明朝1368–1644) was fading, the Jesuit scholar and pioneer Mateo Ricci would have passed by Huai’an on the Grand Canal between Nanjing and Peking. Later in the early Qing Manchu dynasty (清朝1644-1911), Jesuit colleagues such as Father Sambriani trained locals in the Jiangnan Vicariate to serve Huai’an and other cities of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.

Huai’an lay south of Confucius (孔子551–479 BC) home city of Qufu (曲阜) and east of Loyang where the Han Dynasty adapted Confucian philosophy as its guiding light. Learning the Confucian classics was key testing into the educated bureaucracy and landholding gentry comprising the top 2% of the population. Those who preferred an alternative to Confucian social structure, and for those who longed for intuition driven individualism,