The Bell Curve Plus: Intelligence & Communism

By Shawn Fan

Note: Some sample pages are blocked by Amazon. They are loaded on: https://mewe.com/p/thebellcurveplus ( censored.docx ).

Intelligence is associated with everything created by human beings. 

We are in an unrestricted war now with the pandemic as the first wave. This war is caused by the difference of intelligence between Caucasi

• Language: English
• Publisher: Palmetto Publishing
• Release date: Jan 28, 2021
• ISBN: 9781649903013

Shawn Fan

Shawn Fan was born in China. He was an excellent student in China. He finished university in China and worked there for years. Shawn is very familiar with China and Chinese culture. During the democratic movement in 1989 in China, Shawn supported the students and went to Tiananmen square for demonstration. When the movement was suppressed, Shawn felt China was hopeless if the CCP was in power. So he determined to go to the US to study. Shawn finished degrees in the US and got a job later. He has worked in several big international companies for more than 20 years. Shawn knows the West culture well too. Understanding both the West and East cultures deeply, Shawn thinks the East culture is a 'tumor' for civilization. He started to write The Bell Curve Plus in 2017. Shawn believed the CCP would be a threat to the world, so in 2019, he wrote to the government of 50 world leading countries asking them to be united to defeat China kidnapped by the CCP. But only President Trump fought the Trade War against China. Then soon, the CCP spread the Coronavirus from Wuhan. The Bell Curve Plus was published in the end of 2020. Shawn hopes the book can help the world civilization and expects all the democratic countries in the world be united and defeat China. Detailed personal information will be written after the CCP is eradicated.

Book preview

PREFACE

This book is about fighting against Communist China.

This ongoing pandemic of coronavirus (or COVID-19) is actually a strategy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to sabotage the West led by the USA. It is more appropriate to call it the Chinese Virus or, accurately, the CCP Virus. It is the CCP’s conspiracy of struggling for hegemony. This is the war of civilizations—East against the West. Westerners and people all over the world who favor the West’s culture need to wake up and fight against Communist China, or the CCP.

I need to remind readers that the CCP won’t let any book against it exist in China, and many books overseas are banned there. Furthermore, most writers in China help the CCP to write fake stories to praise its leadership. It is hard to collect the truth about the CCP. Thus, there are only a few reference books in this book. I had to search for information online. Secondly, the CCP has done too many vicious and shameless things to the Chinese people and the world. One book can only cover a small part of them.

Due to the big size of the Chinese population and China’s influence in the world, eradicating communism from China is a big task. I urge all the Western countries and their partners to be united. Thus, I wrote a letter to the presidents or prime ministers of all of the Western countries before June 4 of 2019 for remembrance of 1989 Tiananmen Massacre. Here is the letter:

Mr./Ms. President/Prime minister,

As a Chinese citizen, I want to say it is time to root out communism in the world now!

Currently, the three areas of the most concern to world peace are nuclear weapons, terrorists, and corruption. Communist China, kidnapped by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), plays a key role in all three areas. China is the worst enemy of the world.

China supports Russia against the West and civilization no matter what Russia does, even after Russia took over Crimea from Ukraine. China also supports Russia financially. Furthermore, China spreads nuclear technology around the world, helping Pakistan and North Korea build nuclear bombs. And China is in line with all autocratic countries and even terrorist countries such as Iran and ISIS. Moreover, China steals advanced technology from the West to make money and become the world’s second-largest economy. Now, China has money to open more than five hundred Confucius Institutes (CI) in the world and to start projects such as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to export the culture of corruption.

This is not all. China has other dangers to world peace:

The CCP has still not been punished for the Tiananmen Massacre on June 4, 1989. It will do the same to people in other countries if China has enough power.

China has opened many concentration camps in the Uygur area (Xinjiang) and Tibet.

China burns Christian churches and Muslim mosques and dismantles civilians’ houses.

China sells Falun Gong practitioners’ organs.

Some Chinese companies, such as Huawei, train lots of spies and send them to the West to steal technology and to monitor and assassinate Chinese people overseas.

China has the Great Firewall of China (GFW). Chinese media is strictly controlled by the CCP. People are brainwashed with lies in China.

The human rights situation is very bad. Torture is normal in China. Dissidents are sent to jail or prosecuted. Electromagnetic weapons are used in persecution. Some Chinese dissidents are executed for their organs. Many dissidents have died abnormally in jail.

The environment is extremely polluted, and some areas are not suitable for living any more.

Corruption exists everywhere in the country, even in elementary schools.

The gap between the rich and poor is too big in China. It is hard for many poor families to survive, and some families commit suicide as groups while some officials have tons of cash in their homes or in secret places.

Many rich people and top-level officials have savings accounts with trillions of dollars in total in the West. They have citizenship in Western countries, and their families or mistresses are already living there.

Now, there are many Chinese companies and Chinese people in the world. They still don’t obey rules, and many of them are spies. Some of them even launder money. They stick to Communist culture, which is pollution to Western civilization.

Even though China signed a treaty with Tibet in 1951, there is no freedom of religion in Tibet. Many Tibetans are killed, and Tibetan temples are dismantled.

The Sino-British Joint Declaration is a historic paper for China, and the situation in Hong Kong is deteriorating. No contract, international agreement, or treaty can bind China.

China is building artificial islands and military bases in the South China Sea.

China is threatening the peace of the democratic country of Taiwan.

Considering its population, resources, and influence, China is probably the most dangerous and evil country in the world and in human history. However, China can be easily defeated.

According to C. Murray’s and R. Herrnstein’s The Bell Curve (1994) and IQ ranking by country, East Asians have high IQs, even a bit higher than Caucasians. But an East Asian country becomes civilized and prosperous only if it is led by the West: Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. Communism is abandoned in the rest of the world, and after Cuba moves away from communism to a modern future, all the communist countries will be in East Asia: China, North Korea, Vietnam, and Laos. These countries are feudalist countries with communist outfits. Not only the social system of East Asian countries, including communism, is learned from the West, but also technology. All the high tech in East Asian countries is learned or stolen from the West. Thus, we can say East Asians are not farsighted, or that they don’t have a philosophical brain and need to be enlightened by the West.

In East Asia, China is the major communist country. North Korea and Vietnam are extensions of Chinese culture. Chinese culture emphasizes face value. It seems that while China is the second-largest economy in the world, China is very weak and can be easily defeated by the West. China stole lots of technology, but the critical parts are still controlled by the West. The Chinese military needs high tech and depends on the West too. Agriculturally, China doesn’t have enough food without imports. China is a hitchhiker on modern life after joining the WTO without keeping its promises. The appearance of China is as a big prosperous country with the largest population; however, the foundation is weak, and the root is rotten due to corruption.

Therefore, containing or defeating China is not only necessary but also feasible. And the cost will be the lowest if the West makes China civilized and accept Western values. The major reasons are: 1) Even though Chinese are brainwashed by the CCP, it is hard for many people to make a living, and they won’t fight for the CCP. 2) Many Chinese have learned online or through other sources that the CCP has killed more than eighty million Chinese. Many Chinese dissidents are against the CCP, and they are preparing to fight. 3) Many rich Chinese and high-level officials already have citizenship in Western countries. They would just leave China. 4) After the one-child policy for scores of years, most families won’t sacrifice their only child for the CCP. 5) If China declares a war against the West, many Chinese won’t even have enough to eat. They will fight against the CCP if they don’t have food. 6) Due to serious corruption, the Chinese army can’t fight at all. 7) The West can use Chinese officials’ savings in the West to support any action against China. 8) Most, if not all, Chinese do not follow a religion. They only care about their own lives. China has been subdued by invaders with a much smaller population more than once in history, and many Chinese people even joined the invaders’ army. Thus, the best approach with the lowest cost for world peace is to contain or defeat China. More specifically, the West—especially the US—and all other countries in the world need to:

Expel CIs. CI discriminates against people of faith. Its tight restrictions on speech threaten academic freedom. CIs also spread Chinese Communist propaganda around the world. Furthermore, the CCP uses CIs to send spies to the West, to export a Chinese culture of corruption, and to facilitate Chinese officials’ immigration.

Destroy GFW so that people learn the truth and are enlightened.

Minimize the number of Chinese immigrating and studying in their countries.

Strictly review Chinese immigrants’ information. Expel anyone related to the CCP. Expel CCP officials, their families, and mistresses from their countries.

Accept lawsuits of persecuted Chinese citizens against Chinese government.

Disclose Chinese officials’ bank accounts and freeze them in their countries. Freeze the bank accounts of Chinese citizens without a valid income notarization.

Increase tariffs of Chinese goods, or don’t import goods from China.

Revoke investment in China. Strictly review Chinese companies or labs in your country.

Apply economic sanctions to China, and do not export high-tech products to China.

Admit the independence of Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet, and Xinjiang.

Investigate human rights problems and investigate the causes of dissidents’ deaths.

Cooperate with the US to contain China.

If China is contained, collapses, or is completely defeated, China (as one country or multiple countries) will grow quickly, just like Japan after World War II. Almost 20 percent of the world population will be civilized. Furthermore, it will be much easier for the West to handle Russia when it does not have financial support from China. The world economy will be much better then. Conversely, if the West still trusts the CCP, lets China grow, or lets China take over Taiwan, China will become a real competitor of the West someday, and it will be impossible to defeat it. World peace and civilization will be in danger. The trade war between the US and China is just the beginning to contain China. Be tough on China. The US will absolutely win.

All the activities of people, all the policies of a country, all international policies and affairs are determined by our brain. The major difference of races is the brain. IQ tests can partially demonstrate intellectual ability. The other part not shown in IQ score is wisdom, or philosophical thought. Caucasians have great philosophers and are the best in philosophical thinking. East Asians have a high IQ but lack wisdom, and they need to be led by Caucasoids. China is on the extreme end of East Asian thinking. To protect the world and civilization from danger, defeating China or making China collapse is currently the highest priority of the West. Communism’s existence is the shame of any civilized country. The West needs to enlighten all other races and make them civilized. Affirmative Action, accepting many refugees, and building a wall on the border between the US and Mexico are only temporary solutions. This is the main idea of the book I am writing, The Bell Curve Plus. I hope all the Western countries cooperate to fight against the CCP to eradicate communism from China and the rest of the world!

Defeat China! Once China collapses or is defeated, other communist countries and Russia will be much easier to handle. I strongly advocate all Western countries to cooperate, please!

Sincerely,

Shawn Fan

———

Salute to Jimmy Lai!

Salute to US President Donald Trump!

Salute to US state secretary Mike Pompeo!

Salute to everyone who is fighting Communist China!

我两手空空来到这里，我所得到的一切都归功于此地的自由。 或许，现在是到了我回报这一自由的时候了。 — 黎智英

(I came here empty-handed, and everything I got was due to the freedom here. Perhaps it is time for me to pay back to this freedom.—Jimmy Lai)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I

n the current information age, we quickly learn what is going on in any area around the world: concentration camps and organ harvest in China, conflict and disputes in the South China Sea, Taiwan’s pressure from China, Hong Kong’s protests and suppression, the international sanctions against countries ranging from Iran to North Korea and Venezuela, Black Lives Matter and Antifa protests. Maybe you just want to work hard for a better life, but suddenly you need to work from home or wear a mask to work, or even lose your job because of the ongoing COVID-19 (or coronavirus) pandemic. You must be curious about what is going on in the world. In fact, all these affairs are related to China which has been kidnapped by the CCP.

By August 1, 2020, 17,986,075 people have been infected with the coronavirus and 687,562 have died, with 4,760,429 cases and 157,784 deaths in the US. More than 5,000 people are still dying every day.

The coronavirus pandemic is only one example of the CCP’s conspiracy against the dominance of Western civilization. China has waged a full-scale war against the West. Nuclear proliferation, terrorism, international territory disputes, human rights issues in China, Hong Kong protests, and many of the international affairs are the actions of the CCP against Western leadership in the world.

All our actions are controlled by our intelligence. J. J. Rousseau (1712–1778), whose political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought, says, Every free action is produced by the concurrence of two causes; one moral, i.e., the will which determines the act; the other physical, i.e., the power which executes it. The difference of intelligence between different races is what makes the lives of individuals different, and thus it also makes the rules and policies of states different, resulting in a variety of situations of states. The actions of the CCP are determined by Chinese intelligence, which is explained in this book.

Readers will further learn the difference of intelligence between Caucasians and the Chinese, which also extends to East Asians. It is the intelligence difference between the two races that causes the conflicts of civilizations. In this case, the East against the West.

I, the author, am from China. I grew up during the Cultural Revolution, and I finished college and worked in China for years. I actively participated in the Tiananmen Democratic Movement in 1989 and came to the US for further education afterward. I lived in China for half my life and in the US for the other half and know the CCP well.

I started to write this book more than three years ago. When I started writing, I knew something was going to happen but could not predict when and in which way this disaster was going to start. I hope this book can prevent something worse than the pandemic from happening in the future.

This book is about the relationship between communism and intelligence. All our actions are controlled by our intelligence. Thus, all the events, affairs in the world are caused by the intelligence of human beings.

The Bell Curve talks about intelligence and class structure in American life. Herrnstein and Murray argue that IQ test scores are consistent with many social phenomena, but wisdom cannot be measured. [1] Their research shows that East Asians have higher average IQ scores than the average IQ scores of Caucasian individuals. I wonder why most of the communist countries are in East Asian and Southeast Asia. Are people in communist countries more or less intelligent?

In this book, Chapter 2 reviews The Bell Curve. Chapter 3 is about intelligence and its measurement. Chapter 4 is about the inventions and discoveries of the Chinese. Chapter 5 discusses intelligence and two different branches of culture: material culture and immaterial culture. In each part, the major elements of cultures are discussed. The discussion shows that Chinese are strong in material culture but far behind the West in immaterial culture, leading to the conclusion that Chinese intelligence has a defect. Chapter 6 is the analysis of intelligence testing, a summary of Chapters 4 and 5, and a discussion of philosophical thinking and wisdom.

Chapters 7, 8, and 9 are the major chapters about the CCP. How the CCP seized power, conducts economic construction, and its struggles for hegemony in the world are discussed in each chapter, respectively.

Chapter 7 is about Chinese people and the CCP’s power grab. From the time when the CCP was established in 1921 to 1976 when Mao Zedong died, the CCP has used all means to seize power in China: cheating, killings, massacres, arson, looting, kidnapping, and anything evil you can imagine. Tens of millions of people have died at the hands of the CCP during this time. The CCP has killed the more human beings in the world than any people or any other organization.

Chapter 8 is about the economic construction of China. When Deng Xiaoping came to power after Mao died, he knew China needed economic reconstruction. He started economic reform in 1978 in order to make the regime more stable, make the army stronger, make officials richer, and make the people more loyal. The CCP still uses its bandit way for economy: tight control over people in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, disobedience of the rules signed to join the WTO, intellectual property (IP) theft, forced technology transfer, and so on. The CCP only cares about its growth in the world without considering others or long-term construction.

Chapter 9 is about the struggle for hegemony in the CCP and conflicts of civilizations. When China is economically stronger, it wants to be the head of the world. China expands its territory and uses the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, formerly known as One Belt One Road) and the Confucius Institute (CI) to influence the world with a culture of corruption. Because the West, led by the US, is in its way, China uses all conspiracies to sabotage the West: proliferating nuclear weapons, supporting terrorist countries such as Iran and North Korea, and poisoning the world with coronavirus. Communist China is the major threat to world peace and West civilization.

The conflict between the West and China is caused by the differences of civilizations, which are created by the intelligence of people. There is no compromise—one is going to wipe out the other. How can the world interact with China? The strategies for this are discussed in Chapter 10. The Chinese have a defect of intelligence. China and world civilization at large need the help of the West. The Chinese need to be enlightened by the West. Chapter 10 also discusses the flaw in IQ tests.

All behavior and performance are determined by intelligence. The Bell Curve, which is reviewed in the next chapter, discusses this topic.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE BELL CURVE

S

tandardized Intelligence Quotient (IQ) tests scores have a bell curve distribution, which is called a normal distribution in statistics, in a general population with an average of 100. Most people score in the middle of the curve while only a few people score in either end. The area under the curve between scores shows the IQ population percentage between them. A standard deviation measures the spread of the distribution—bigger standard deviations demonstrate the scores in the population spread out more. Most IQ tests use 15 points for one standard deviation. The majority of the population (68 percent) score between 85 and 115—i.e., plus and minus one standard deviation. Only about 0.1 percent, or 1 in 1000, have scores less than 55 or greater than 145, or more than 3 standard deviations out.[2]

IQ Bell Curve.

Sociologists have broken down socioeconomic status into classes, and the five natural groupings of them are very high, high, mid, low, and very low. Herrnstein and Murray, accordingly, break the intervals at 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles of the distribution. They define Class I, which is called the cognitive elite, as the top 5 percent. Class III, the normal, comprises half of the population, while Class II and IV each comprises 20 percent. Class V also comprises the bottom 5 percent.[3] These cognitive classes are used in The Bell Curve and will be referred to in this book.

Regression analysis is a powerful statistical method. With this method, you can examine the relationship between two or more variables of interest. The influence of one or more independent variables on a dependent variable can be tested.

In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray use regression analysis to study the relationships between IQ scores and a cluster of variables. They find that IQ score is linearly correlated to the cluster of variables including social behaviors and traits scored on the Middle Class Values (MCV) index, characteristics as child abuse and neglect, annual income or poverty, education level, unemployment, idleness, injuries, marriage age, divorce rate, illegitimate births, welfare, crime rate, birth rates, and child birth weight. The higher the IQ scores, the better the other dependent variables. Thus, they believe that IQ plays an important role in life.[ibid]

Explanation of the test results by intellectual ability

In society, the performance of an individual in life shows his/her intellectual ability. Herrnstein and Murry only analyzed IQ scores and dependent variables with regression tests but didn’t explain how the cluster of variables demonstrated intelligence. Could their analysis explain why people were more intelligent according to the cluster of variables which depended on IQ scores?

What shows people are intelligent, or what are the characteristics of intelligent people? We cannot list them all since people have different opinions. But even without tests or regression analysis, we can still judge if people are intelligent in some way, even though wisdom can’t be tested. Intelligent people have multiple common traits. Two of these are being farsighted and thinking big. Statistically, smart men are more farsighted than dumb men,[3] and they contemplate the big questions.[4] Let’s review Herrnstein and Murray’s tests with these traits.

Education

In Chapter 1 of The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray showed that education level increased with IQ scores. Their data in research covered the percentage of students without college degrees, high school graduates entering college, students completing a B.A., and graduates from the top dozen universities (the Ivy League and Seven Sisters universities). All data showed that the higher the IQ scores, the higher level of education or better colleges. The farsighted trait can explain the result: in society, people who have a college degree have a higher income than those who don’t have a degree, and people who go to better universities have even higher incomes than average university graduates. People with higher IQ scores are more farsighted. IQ scores are reasonable and make sense.[3]

Poverty

In the study of the percentage of people in poverty vs. intelligence, Herrnstein and Murray used cognitive classes and the poverty line in 1989. The result is shown in the table below.

Percentage of the people below the poverty line in 1989.

Source: The Bell Curve, p.132.[3]

Those in the top three classes of intelligence had similar poverty rates: 2 percent, 3 percent, and 6 percent, respectively. But for IQ scores below average, poverty rose steeply. The dull group (Class IV) had a poverty rate of 16 percent. For the very dull (Class V) in the bottom 5 percent in IQ, 30 percent were below the poverty line. Herrnstein and Murray’s research also had tests showing that people with higher IQ scores earned higher salaries.[3] Most people would agree that people who work on a job with higher income are more farsighted.

Divorce rate

For divorce rate in The Bell Curve, the data was based on the first five years of marriage as shown in the table below.

Divorce Rate vs Cognitive Classes. Source: The Bell Curve, p.174.[3]

Herrnstein and Murray observed that the divorce rates across Classes III, IV, and V (the bottom three quarters) of the cognitive ability distribution are similar, but those in Class I are ten times as likely to stay married for at least five years than they are to get divorced. This is a complex matter, and people may have different reasons to divorce. For example, bright people don’t marry on a whim, bright people don’t act on impulse when the marriage has problems, or they are better able to work out marriage problems, hence their marriages last longer. Considering people of Class I are very intelligent and that they think big and have big ideas in their brain which are much more important than marriage, this phenomenon can be explained—they are less likely to divorce. Their test results are verified.

Children’s Behavior Problems

Herrnstein and Murray cited the research work of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) that employed an instrument that measured behavioral problems. Percentage of children in the worst 10 percent on these measures (the most severe problems) are shown in the table below. They noticed the elevated percentage for children of mothers in Class I and assumed that the sample sizes were too small. In real life, we notice that very bright children do have behavior problems. Herrnstein and Murray don’t know how to explain it.

Source: The Bell Curve, p.227.[3]

We know some famous people who are very bright and had behavior problems when they were young—for example, Bill Gates, the cofounder of Microsoft Corporation. Bill Gates’ parents had to go to a counselor because of his bad behavior. Steve Jobs, who was the cofounder, chief executive, and chairman of Apple Computer, liked to play pranks. This phenomenon is caused by their intellectual ability. Dull or very dull children’s behavior problems are caused by their ignorance—they don’t know the results of their actions. Very bright children’s behavior problems are caused by their ideas. They think more than normal children and want to prove their ideas. Because their brain is still not fully mature and doesn’t have enough experience, they don’t know what their behaviors will cause. Therefore, the experiment’s result in The Bell Curve is still valid.

With respect to the others variables versus IQ scores studied in The Bell Curve, it is easy to understand that less intelligent people tend to have these characteristics: socially undesirable behaviors and traits, lower scores on the Middle Class Values (MCV) index, child abuse and neglect, injury, higher unemployment, higher percentage on welfare, higher crime rate, idleness, higher birth rates, single parenthood, poor nutrition, poor health care, and low birth weight. Conversely, intelligent people are opposite, and they have socially desirable behaviors and traits, etc. The results of statistical analysis in The Bell Curve coincide with common sense. The authors’ conclusions are trustworthy.

Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Ability

The most controversial part is the racial differences in cognitive ability. Herrnstein and Murray argue that the average IQ scores are different for different races, Jews, East Asians, Latinos, and Black. Jews, specifically Ashkenazi Jews, have higher IQs than any other ethnic group. East Asians (e.g., Chinese, Japanese) have higher IQ scores than white Americans. It is estimated that they earn a few to ten points more on IQ scores. Their nonverbal intelligence is higher than whites, but their verbal intelligence is equal or slightly lower in verbal intelligence than whites.[3]

Racial differences in IQ scores also exist between African Americans and European Americans. There is a one standard deviation difference between them. That is to say, the average white person’s IQ score is higher than about 84 percent of the population of blacks and that the average black person’s IQ score is only higher than about 16 percent of the population of whites. Dozens of reputable studies for several decades have found the same results.

Furthermore, Herrnstein and Murray state that IQ is substantially heritable. They accept the results of hundreds of empirical and theoretical studies that state the genetic component of IQ is between 40 and 80 percent.[ibid] The most recent twin studies of adult individuals have found the heritability of IQ can be as high as 80 and 86 percent.[5]

Thus, differences between races exist in IQ tests. Naturally, we would ask if East Asians are smarter than whites or if the blacks are less intelligent than other races. If they are, why are China and North Korea communist countries? Most countries have abandoned communism, so why does China still insist on communism? And the situation in China has been much worse than Western countries for hundreds of years. Furthermore, most of the inventions and technologies in modern history have been developed by the West, especially the USA. China’s growth in economy is largely because of the help of the West. Secondly, we are also curious if IQ tests measure people’s intelligence.

What is intelligence and how to measure it are important. They are going to be discussed in the next chapter.

CHAPTER 3

INTELLIGENCE AND ITS MEASUREMENTS

I

ntelligence is important. From our daily life to our career, our business to events in a country and all affairs in the world, everything is related to intelligence. Smartness is related to intelligence. The Chinese character for smartness is 聪. This character is composed of ear, mouth, eyes, and heart. Intelligence includes the abilities to communicate, to listen, to watch, to talk, and to think. If we go to school, we study and our tests show how smart we are, at least partially. In our career, our ability and skills to handle tasks and solve problems are included in intelligence. Managers’ and company CEOs’ leadership is also part of intelligence. If we have big dreams, we may start a business. This also needs intelligence. All activities of people are driven by their brain and ideas. All events and economy in a country are also related to intelligence.

International affairs are also based on people’s intelligence. If people in a country are more intelligent, the economy in the country is better. Many people immigrate to the West, legally or illegally, because of economic issues. South Americans crossing the border to get into the USA is related to intelligence because their governments don’t have enough intelligence to lead their countries, and their intelligence notifies them to move to a better country. Their action is controlled by their brain.

Religions are created by people based on their intelligence. Terrorists have different ideas from regular people because of different ideas—many or most of them become terrorists because of a different religion. Communism is also a different ideology. Communism ravaged the world. Even though there are only a few communist countries in the world now, they are still the major threat to the world and to civilization. Why people in communist countries still insist on communism, don’t obey international rules, and are enemies of the civilized world can be put down to their intelligence.

We are interested in international issues such as the trade war between the US and China. We wonder why China wants to occupy the South China Sea. We are amazed that Taiwan is a prosperous country, but China wants to take it over. Other problems in the world, such as the saber-rattling of North Korea, the aggressiveness of Russia, and so on, are bound to the policies of those countries, and policies are made by people whose intelligence is critical for the decision-making. Thus, intelligence is related to everything in our lives.

It is critical to know what intelligence is and how to measure it.

1. Definitions and Theories of Intelligence

The term intelligence is from Latin words intelligentia or intellēctus for understanding. However, intelligence is not just understanding, it is the understanding understandeth. Intellectus was strongly linked to the metaphysical and cosmological theories of teleological scholasticism, including theories of the immortality of the soul and the concept of the Active Intellect (also known as the Active Intelligence). Thus, early modern philosophers used the word understanding for the study of nature, but strongly rejected using the term intelligence in its entire approach. ‘Intelligence’ has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories which it now implies) in more contemporary psychology.[6]

Defining exactly what intelligence is a very difficult task. The definition of intelligence is controversial, and there are different ways to define it. Legg et al. (2006) even has an article on a collection of its definitions. [7]

Intelligence is a complex concept; psychologists and scholars argue with each other about the definition. Some theories have been developed. Researchers have grouped these theories into two categories: Factor Theories (based on factor analysis) and Cognitive Theories (or process-oriented theories).[8] There are three major theories on intelligence, and each one has some difference.[9]

The first theory was proposed in 1904 by the English psychologist Charles Spearman. He was aware of different types of intelligence but argued that they are all correlated. He states that if people tend to do well on some sections of an IQ test, they tend to do well on all of them, and vice versa. Spearman argued for a general intelligence factor called g, which is still controversial now.

In 1983, Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner developed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences. He suggested that intelligence based on IQ testing is limited, and he proposed seven different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential (two more intelligences were added later). He claimed that these intelligences do not need to have correlation. For example, a person could possess strong emotional intelligence but not much logical-mathematical intelligence.

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence was put forward by Robert Sternberg, the former dean of Tufts, in 1985. He agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability and cannot just be measured by IQ, but he suggested that some of Gardner’s types of intelligence are more closely related to talents. Sternberg’s types of intelligence are more general: analytic, creative, and practical. [9]

From the three theories, we see the advancement of the knowledge of intelligence. All the theories agree that there are different types of intelligence. The differences between them are how many types of intelligence and how to measure them. Spearman thinks all intelligence types are correlated—if people do well on some parts of an IQ test, they tend to do well on all—while Gardner and Sternberg argue that IQ tests can measure some types of intelligence but cannot measure other types.

There are more theories of intelligence. Some researchers name four major theories, some name six major theories, etc. There are various components for intelligence, and no single theory can accurately describe intelligence. The debate about whether accurate measurements are possible continues even today. To understand intelligence more, let’s go over some research work about types of intelligence and its measurement.

2. Types of Intelligence and Its Measurement

There are multiple types of intelligence according to the theories. Originally, psychologist Howard Gardner used seven types of intelligence: linguistic intelligence, logic intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence.[10] Later on, he added naturalistic intelligence (nature smart), and existential intelligence (life smart).[11] Even twenty years after this theory came out, psychologists and educators criticize Gardner’s definition of intelligence and argue that it is too broad and that, except math and language, these different intelligences indeed only represent talents, personality traits, and abilities or skills. This theory also doesn’t have empirical research to support.[11]

Robert Sternberg’s (1984) Triarchic Theory of Intelligence is an information processing theory. He distinguished between information processing components (the steps to solve a problem) and meta-components (the basics of knowledge that one has to know to solve the problem) in the process. His theory involves three different factors: analytical intelligence (problem-solving abilities), creative intelligence (capacity to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills), and practical intelligence (ability to adapt to a changing environment).[12]

Other theories of intelligence also have different types of intelligence. It depends on the perspective of the researchers. Due to the complexity of intelligence, the discussion of intelligence won’t stop.

The measurement of intelligence is very useful in our life even though people still don’t know what intelligence exactly is, and there are no broadly accepted methods to measure it. Schools and colleges want to know how intelligent the students are. Employers want to know if they can hire an intelligent employee for a position, or if they can find the right person to lead them. If intelligence could be measured, life would be much easier.

3. Intelligence Testing

Researchers seek methods for measuring intelligence continually. IQ comes from the German Intelligenz-Quotient. This term was later used in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon in their published first modern intelligence test. This Binet-Simon scale was easy to administer, and therefore was adopted for use in many other countries, including the United States. Psychologist Lewis Terman of Stanford University adapted these practices for American use. Lewis Terman created and published the first Stanford-Binet IQ test in the US.[13]

Other intelligence testing methods were also created. One was published by David Wechsler in 1939 known as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). It was less dependent on overall verbal ability than early versions of the Stanford-Binet scale. Environmental factors, such as quality of education and school systems, can lead to cultural discrepancies in test scores. Raymond B. Cattell conceived the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test to be free of cultural bias such as differences in language and education type. In 1936, John C. Raven developed another culture-fair test, Raven’s Progressive Matrices. This test is a nonverbal group test designed to measure the reasoning ability associated with g, the general intelligence factor coined by Charles Spearman.[13]

In the normal population, IQ has strong correlation with g (roughly 90 percent), and thus the two terms are often used interchangeably. And during the early years of research, the average score on IQ tests became very popular around the world. Now IQ test is a synonym of intelligence test. One’s IQ is his level of intelligence.

There are a variety of IQ tests. They use slightly different tasks and measures to calculate an overall IQ score. In order to compare outcomes across all test-takers, identical exams, always administered in the same way, are used as standardized tests. Some of them are: the commonly used Stanford-Binet IQ test, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and its counterpart, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Currently, most IQ tests measure both verbal and performance IQ. The verbal part includes comprehension and working (short-term) memory skills, such as vocabulary and arithmetic, while the performance part includes perception and processing skills, such as matrix completion and symbol coding. These measures are used to calculate a person’s IQ.[13]

Intelligence tests and standardized tests are widely used throughout many different fields even though their uses and applications in society are often criticized. For example, the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) and ACT (American College Test) are used for college or university admission.

Thus, Bainbridge’s description of intelligence and IQ tests is acceptable: Intelligence refers to one’s cognitive abilities, including memory, comprehension, understanding, reasoning, and abstract thought. Intelligence is not quite the same as IQ, although people use the terms interchangeably. IQ, which stands for Intelligence Quotient, is a score determined by an IQ test. IQ tests are designed to measure a person’s intelligence, a general ability.[14] Cognitive abilities can be used to replace intelligence, and IQ is part of them.

4. Wisdom

Wisdom is also part of intellectual ability. However, it is hard to measure it, as Herrnstein and Murray agree. We would like to know if it is possible to estimate wisdom if it is not measurable.

What is Wisdom?

Wisdom is complex and not easy to define. It is defined in Wikipedia as the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight.[15] Wisdom is NOT an inborn ability. In order to gain wisdom, we must nurture some specific skills and accumulate experience over the years. The more experience you gain, the wiser you will become.[16] Numerous theories about wisdom have emerged, and even measurement methods have been established. However, none of them are widely accepted.

Some of these abilities are considered wisdom: the ability to see the big picture, a sense of proportion, and considerable introspection. No matter how to define and measure it, wisdom is shown in difficult decision-making.[17] Farsighted people are wiser because they understand what is likely to happen in the future and, hence, make better decisions and plans.

Philosophical thought is critical for wisdom. Philosophy means love of wisdom. It is primarily a pursuit after wisdom. Philip Pecorino, a professor in Philosophy at Nassau Community College, says, Philosophic thought is speculative in pursuing questions that do not bear directly on practical matters at first sight. It is speculative in considering problems which only highly abstract thought presents.[18]

Because of the characteristics of wisdom and philosophy, we cannot test the wisdom of individuals. However, in a long history, people in a certain country have had numerous difficult problems. How have they solved the problems can demonstrate their wisdom.

The Bell Curve shows Chinese have high IQ, but the situation in China has been very bad for the last five hundred years. We can assume that Chinese people don’t have enough wisdom— that is, they don’t have philosophical thinking.

To prove this assumption, we will discuss the decisions the Chinese have made to solve problems in history. These major areas demonstrating the ability of Chinese people to solve problems and make decisions include Chinese inventions and discoveries, Chinese culture, Chinese policies, and people’s behavior in normal life. We are going to focus on the three major abilities of wisdom: the ability to see the big picture, farsightedness, and highly abstract thought.

CHAPTER 4

INVENTIONS, DISCOVERIES, AND INTELLIGENCE

I

t is not easy to test an individual’s intellectual ability with an IQ test since intelligence is too complex. One’s achievements in life can show his/her intelligence, though. But it is limited because there are many unmanageable factors in a short life. One small mistake or misfortune can ruin a life. For a race, statistical analysis is a good approach because it considers a large population of individuals if the tests are effective. The products made or invented by a race can also show its intelligence. Inventions, discoveries, and how they are related to intelligence are the topics in this chapter.

In order to find the flaw in IQ tests, let’s compare IQ scores of a few races with their achievements respectively. Take Jews as the first example.

1. Jews and their intellectual ability

Jews, more specifically, Ashkenazi Jews, as a group have the highest average IQ scores. I will discuss briefly about Jewish achievements to demonstrate that IQ scores coincide with their high cognitive abilities.

Studies have generally found Ashkenazi Jews to have a higher average intelligence than other ethnic groups. Their IQ is in the range of 107 to 115, and some reliable data even shows Ashkenazi Jews score 0.75 to 1.0 standard deviations above the general European average, corresponding to an IQ of 112–115.[19]

Ashkenazi Jews have higher verbal and mathematical intelligence than other ethnic groups, and therefore, they are hugely overrepresented in occupations and fields with the highest cognitive demands. In the last century, Time magazine’s person of the 20th century, Albert Einstein, was an Ashkenazi Jew.[20] Ashkenazi Jews make up about 2 percent of the US population, but according to a study by Cambridge University, 21 percent of Ivy League students, 23 percent of the wealthiest Americans, 38 percent of the Oscar-winning film directors, and 29 percent of Oslo awardees are Ashkenazi Jews.[20] They won 27 percent of the US Nobel science prizes and 25 percent of the Association for Computing Machinery Turing awards. And they account for more than half of world chess champions,[21] including 8 percent of the top one hundred world chess players. Their success can verify that IQ scores are valid, even though IQ tests could miss some parts of cognitive abilities.

It is estimated that Ashkenazi Jews make up about 75 percent of Jews worldwide.[20] Jews are used in general in publications instead of Ashkenazi Jews. There are over nine hundred individual Nobel prizes winners in the world, of whom at least 20 percent were of Jewish descent, and the Jewish population is less than 0.2 percent of the world’s population. If those with partial Jewish ancestry is included, this percentage is even higher.[22] In American political scientist Charles Murray’s words, In the first half of the twentieth century, despite pervasive and continuing social discrimination against Jews throughout the Western world, despite the retraction of legal rights, and despite the Holocaust, Jews won 14 percent of Nobel Prizes in literature, chemistry, physics, and medicine/physiology. In the second half of the twentieth century, when Nobel Prizes began to be awarded to people from all over the world, that figure rose to 29 percent. So far, in the 21st century, it has been 32 percent.[23]

Israel is a small country of Jews created in 1948. Even now the population of Israel is small in the world (about 8.5 million as of 2018). Ashkenazi Jews constitute around 47.5 percent of Israeli Jews and 35–36 percent of Israelis.[24] However, from 2002 to 2011, six Israelis have won Nobel prizes. Many larger countries with highly educated populations have not outperformed tiny Israel. In the same period of time, France has produced six Nobel laureates, Germany and Russia five, Canada two, and India only one.[23]

Jews have the highest IQ test scores in the world. Their achievements and contributions to the world confirm their intellectual ability. People of different races are different, and the major difference is not their skin or hair color, but their brain and their cognitive abilities.

2. East Asians’ inventions and discoveries in history

According to The Bell Curve and World Ranking of Countries by Their Average IQ,[25] East Asians, including people in Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan, have average IQ scores higher than white people. We would like to know if their IQ scores match their discoveries and inventions in history.

The countries in East Asia are Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and Mongolian (note: Vietnamese are similar to Chinese even though Vietnam is in Southeast Asia). Most people in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan have Chinese origin. And East Asian states are heavily influenced by Chinese culture: Japan’s culture was derived from the Tang dynasty; Korea’s art and religion are strongly influenced by Chinese culture; Vietnam used Chinese characters for writing for centuries just like Japan and Korea.[26] Let’s focus on China.

The Chinese people have lots of inventions and discoveries. China pioneered the domestication of rice 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China.[27] As early as 7000 BCE, China invented alcoholic drinks. The oar was invented and used in China as early as 5000 BCE. That China has many important inventions and discoveries are big contributions to the world.[28] The four great inventions of China are:

Papermaking: was invented by Cai Lun in 105 CE. This technique was exported to Korea in 384 CE and then to Japan in 610 CE. It was brought to Europe in the eleventh century.[29]

Gunpowder: called huo yao in Chinese, meaning flaming medicine. It appeared in China in 142 CE. Gunpowder spread to the Arab countries in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, which was more than one thousand years later. It was then spread to European countries and finally all over the world.[30]

Printing technique: this technique was invented around 600 CE. during China’s Song dynasty, which was spread to other countries two hundred years later.[31]

Compass: was invented in Han dynasty China between 300 and 200 BCE. The compass was introduced to Europe from China in the beginning of the fourteenth century, which was more than eight hundred years later.[32]

These four inventions are great and advanced the development of world civilization. There are more other ancient Chinese inventions, such as silk, and iron smelting. Some other important inventions are the mechanical clock (725 CE), tea production (2,737 BCE), the umbrella (3500 BCE), acupuncture (2500 BCE), and there are many more.[33]

With many inventions and arts, the brilliance of the Chinese was well known to Arabs and Persians. Chinese commodities reached Europeans through the Silk Road from 126 BCE, which gave them the impression of great glories and riches of the East. Marco Polo’s (1254–1324) trip to China in 1275 made him believe that Surely there is no more intelligent race on earth than the Chinese.[34]

East Asians, especially Chinese, have contributed a lot to the world. This is still consistent with the high average IQ score in The Bell Curve and verifies that the IQ test does show people’s cognitive abilities. However, the IQ scores show Chinese even have a few more points than white people. Did they really contribute as much as or even more than white people to the world? Let’s have a look at the contributions of white people to the world.

3. Westerners’ inventions and discoveries in history

Living in the modern world, we can see that most of the inventions and discoveries originated from the white or Caucasoid race. Caucasoid covers many countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania. Each country alone may have a long list of inventions and discoveries.[35] Most of our food, clothes, medicine, science, and technology were invented or discovered by Caucasoid people. As US Representative Steve King, an Iowa Republican, argues, we can’t name a subgroup of people that has contributed more to civilization than white people when discussing the lack of racial diversity in the Republican Party in Cleveland, Ohio.[36]

Most researchers would say the IQ test is the right measurement method of intelligence. The average IQ scores of each race are consistent with the contributions of each race in history. However, we can notice that East Asians made most of the contributions in the old days while Caucasoid made most of the contributions in the last five hundred years. We can see in List of English Inventions and Discoveries[37] that almost all English inventions and discoveries were made after 1500 CE. Similarly, the Caucasoid inventions and discoveries in other countries were made in the last five hundred years.

Thus, a question comes up: why has the Caucasoid race pulled ahead of Chinese or all East Asians in the last five centuries? Did their cognitive abilities change abruptly, or was the environment totally different in the last five hundred years from previous thousands of years? Or is there a part of cognitive abilities not measured by IQ tests?

4. Intelligence and civilization

Our civilization is built on ideas. Most people would agree that the Western world contributed the most to the modern world, even though any country has its own culture. Most countries enjoy civilization from the West, including Christianity and democracy.

Western Civilization is greatly influenced by Roman and Greek cultures. Greeks even contributed more than the Romans. The Greeks’ contributions are their ideas. The well-known world philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are all Greeks. Much of Western philosophy is based on their thoughts. Of all the ideas that the Greeks introduced, the most important is democracy—Athenian democracy. The Romans mixed ideas from other civilizations.[38]

There are three classes of minds of intelligence. People with the lowest class of mind always talk about persons; the next class always converse about things or events. People with the highest class of mind prefer