A Simple Guide to the Nose and Its Disorders, Diagnosis, Treatment and Related Conditions

By Kenneth Kee

This book describes The Nose and Its Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases

The nose is the body’s main organ of smell and also functions as part of the body’s respiratory system. It has different shapes and sizes and is connected to the eyes and ears.

The human nose is more than a protrusion of flesh and cartilage on the front of the face.

Besides being a component of the respiratory system that inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide, the nose also assists in other important functions, such as hearing and tasting.

The 2 openings in the nose are termed nostrils, or napes.

They direct to two nasal cavities that are separated by the septum, a wall of cartilage.

Inside the face is a complex system of nasal canals and pockets of air termed sinus cavities.

Projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are 3 shelves termed nasal turbinates.

Sinus cavities pass all the way to the back of the skull, right above the oral cavity, within the cheekbones and between the eyes and brows.

The nasal passageways on either side of the nose pass into the choana (posterior nasal passageway) and then into a chamber called the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat.

This chamber passes into the oropharynx, the throat area behind the mouth.

When air is breathed in the nostrils, it travels through the nasal passages, the choana, the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the voice box and lands inside the lungs.

Fundamentally, in the respiratory system, the nose is a passageway for air to enter the lungs.

Sinus cavities spread all the way to the back of the skull right above the oral cavity, within the cheekbones and between the eyes and brows.

All of these sinus cavities are accountable, at least in part, for breathing, smelling, tasting and immune system defense.

The human nose is able to smell over 1 trillion scents.

The nose smells with the olfactory cleft which comprises the roof of the nasal cavity.

It is right next to the smelling part of the brain, which comprises the olfactory bulb and fossa.

Human noses can have a wide assortment of shapes and sizes due to genetics and injuries.

The shape of the nose differs widely caused by differences in the nasal bone shapes and formation of the bridge of the nose.

Men normally have larger noses than women.

Some deformities of the nose are present, such as the pug nose and the saddle nose.

The pug nose is featured by excess tissue from the apex that is out of proportion to the rest of the nose.

A low and poorly developed nasal bridge may also be present.

A saddle nose deformity affecting the collapse of the bridge of the nose is mostly linked with injury to the nose but can be produced by other disorders such as leprosy.

Werner syndrome, a disorder that manifests the appearance of premature aging, produces a "bird-like" appearance due to pinching of the nose.

Down syndrome often manifests a small nose with a flattened nasal bridge.

This can be caused by the absence of one or both nasal bones, shortened nasal bones, or nasal bones that have not fused in the midline

Function
1. Respiration
Air goes in the upper respiratory tract through the nose.

2. Sense of smell
The nose has olfactory receptor neurons accountable for the sense of smell.

3. Speech
Speech is caused through pressure from the lungs and altered using airflow through the nose

4. The nose plays a part in hearing through the Eustachian tube.

5. Smell from the nose help the body to taste the food properly.

6. Defense against illness
The nasal mucosa is lined with fine hairs (cilia) that filter foreign bodies.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
Chapter 1 The Nose and Its Disorders
Chapter 2 Rhinitis
Chapter 3 Sinusitis
Chapter 4 Nose Bleeds (Epistaxis)
Chapter 5 Deviated N

• Language: English
• Publisher: Kenneth Kee
• Release date: May 1, 2021
• ISBN: 9781005240745

Kenneth Kee

Medical doctor since 1972.Started Kee Clinic in 1974 at 15 Holland Dr #03-102, relocated to 36 Holland Dr #01-10 in 2009.Did my M.Sc (Health Management ) in 1991 and Ph.D (Healthcare Administration) in 1993.Dr Kenneth Kee is still working as a family doctor at the age of 74However he has reduced his consultation hours to 3 hours in the morning and 2 hours inthe afternoon.He first started writing free blogs on medical disorders seen in the clinic in 2007 on http://kennethkee.blogspot.com.His purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of his patients which is also his dissertation for his Ph.D (Healthcare Administration). He then wrote an autobiography account of his journey as a medical student to family doctor on his other blog http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.comThis autobiography account “A Family Doctor’s Tale” was combined with his early “A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders” into a new Wordpress Blog “A Family Doctor’s Tale” on http://ken-med.com.From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 1000 eBooks.He apologized for typos and spelling mistakes in his earlier books.He will endeavor to improve the writing in futures.Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.The later books go into more details of medical disorders.He has published 1000 eBooks on various subjects on health, 1 autobiography of his medical journey, another on the autobiography of a Cancer survivor, 2 children stories and one how to study for his nephew and grand-daughter.The purpose of these simple guides is to educate patient on health disorders and not meant as textbooks.He does not do any night duty since 2000 ever since Dr Tan had his second stroke.His clinic is now relocated to the Buona Vista Community Centre.The 2 units of his original clinic are being demolished to make way for a new Shopping Mall.He is now doing some blogging and internet surfing (bulletin boards since the 1980's) startingwith the Apple computer and going to PC.The entire PC is upgraded by himself from XT to the present Pentium duo core.The present Intel i7 CPU is out of reach at the moment because the CPU is still expensive.He is also into DIY changing his own toilet cistern and other electric appliance.His hunger for knowledge has not abated and he is a lifelong learner.The children have all grown up and there are 2 grandchildren who are even more technically advanced than the grandfather where mobile phones are concerned.This book is taken from some of the many articles in his blog (now with 740 posts) A Family Doctor’s Tale.Dr Kee is the author of:"A Family Doctor's Tale""Life Lessons Learned From The Study And Practice Of Medicine""Case Notes From A Family Doctor"

Book preview

A

Simple

Guide

To

The Nose and Its Disorders,

Diagnosis,

Treatment

And

Related Conditions

By

Dr Kenneth Kee

M.B.,B.S. (Singapore)

Ph.D (Healthcare Administration)

Copyright Kenneth Kee 2021Smashwords Edition

Published by Kenneth Kee at Smashwords.com

Dedication

This book is dedicated

To my wife Dorothy

And my children

Carolyn, Grace

And Kelvin

This book describes The Nose and Its Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases which is seen in some of my patients in my Family Clinic.

(What You Need to Treat The Nose and Its Disorders)

This e-Book is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This eBook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each reader.

If you’re reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to Smashwords.com and purchase your own copy.

Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.

Introduction

I have been writing medical articles for my blog: http://kennethkee.blogspot.com (A Simple Guide to Medical Disorder) for the benefit of my patients since 2007.

My purpose in writing these simple guides was for the health education of my patients.

Health Education was also my dissertation for my Ph.D (Healthcare Administration).

I then wrote an autobiography account of my journey as a medical student to family doctor on my other blog: http://afamilydoctorstale.blogspot.com.

This autobiography account A Family Doctor’s Tale was combined with my early A Simple Guide to Medical Disorders into a new Wordpress Blog A Family Doctor’s Tale on http://kenkee481.wordpress.com.

From which many free articles from the blog was taken and put together into 800 eBooks.

Some people have complained that the simple guides are too simple.

For their information they are made simple in order to educate the patients.

The later books go into more details of medical disorders.

The first chapter is always from my earlier blogs which unfortunately tends to have typos and spelling mistakes.

Since 2013, I have tried to improve my spelling and writing.

As I tried to bring the patient the latest information about a disorder or illness by reading the latest journals both online and offline, I find that I am learning more and improving on my own medical knowledge in diagnosis and treatment for my patients.

My diagnosis and treatment capability has improved tremendously from my continued education.

Just by writing all these simple guides I find that I have learned a lot from your reviews (good or bad), criticism and advice.

I am sorry for the repetitions in these simple guides as the second chapters onwards have new information as compared to my first chapter taken from my blog.

I also find repetition definitely help me and maybe some readers to remember the facts in the books more easily.

I apologize if these repetitions are irritating to some readers.

Chapter 1

The Nose

The nose is the body’s main organ of smell and also functions as part of the body’s respiratory system. It has different shapes and sizes and is connected to the eyes and ears.

The human nose is more than a protrusion of flesh and cartilage on the front of the face.

Besides being a component of the respiratory system that inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide, the nose also assists in other important functions, such as hearing and tasting.

The 2 openings in the nose are termed nostrils, or napes.

They direct to two nasal cavities that are separated by the septum, a wall of cartilage.

Inside the face is a complex system of nasal canals and pockets of air termed sinus cavities.

Projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are 3 shelves termed nasal turbinates.

Nasal turbinates

Sinus cavities pass all the way to the back of the skull, right above the oral cavity, within the cheekbones and between the eyes and brows.

Sinuses

The nasal passageways on either side of the nose pass into the choana (posterior nasal passageway) and then into a chamber called the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat.

This chamber passes into the oropharynx, the throat area behind the mouth.

When air is breathed in the nostrils, it travels through the nasal passages, the choana, the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the voice box and lands inside the lungs.

Fundamentally, in the respiratory system, the nose is a passageway for air to enter the lungs.

Sinus cavities spread all the way to the back of the skull right above the oral cavity, within the cheekbones and between the eyes and brows.

All of these sinus cavities are accountable, at least in part, for breathing, smelling, tasting and immune system defense.

The human nose is able to smell over 1 trillion scents.

The nose smells with the olfactory cleft which comprises the roof of the nasal cavity.

It is right next to the smelling part of the brain, which comprises the olfactory bulb and fossa.

Size and shape

Human noses can have a wide assortment of shapes and sizes due to genetics and injuries.

The shape of the nose differs widely caused by differences in the nasal bone shapes and formation of the bridge of the nose.

Men normally have larger noses than women.

Based on the Guinness Book of World Records, the largest human nose on a living person is present on the face of Mehmet Ozyurek of Turkey.

His nose is 3.46 inches (8.8 centimeters) long from the bridge to the tip.

Some deformities of the nose are present, such as the pug nose and the saddle nose.

The pug nose is featured by excess tissue from the apex that is out of proportion to the rest of the nose.

A low and poorly developed nasal bridge may also be present.

A saddle nose deformity affecting the collapse of the bridge of the nose is mostly linked with injury to the nose but can be produced by other disorders such as leprosy.

Werner syndrome, a disorder that manifests the appearance of premature aging, produces a bird-like appearance due to pinching of the nose.

Down syndrome often manifests a small nose with a flattened nasal bridge.

This can be caused by the absence of one or both nasal bones, shortened nasal bones, or nasal bones that have not fused in the midline

Function

1. Respiration

Air goes in the upper respiratory tract through the nose.

The nose is the first sense organ of the upper respiratory tract in the respiratory system.

Its main respiratory function is the provision and conditioning, by warming, moisturizing and filtering of particulates of inhaled air.

Nasal hair in the nostrils entraps large particles preventing their entry into the lungs.

The 3 positioned nasal turbinate (concha) in each cavity supply 4 grooves as air passages, along which the air is circulated and travels to the nasopharynx.

The internal structures and cavities, including the turbinates and paranasal sinuses form an incorporated system for the conditioning of the air breathed in through the nose.

This functioning also involves the main part of the nasal mucosa, and the resulting conditioning of the air before it enters the lungs is significant in maintaining the internal environment and proper functioning of the lungs.

The turbulence produced by the turbinate and meatuses improves the warming, moisturizing, and filtering of the mucosa.

A main protective part is supplied by these structures of the upper respiratory tract, in the movement of air to the more delicate structures of the lower respiratory tract.

Sneezing is an essential protective reflex action started by irritation of the nasal mucosa to expel unnecessary particles through the mouth and nose.

Photic sneezing is a reflex caused by different stimuli such as bright lights.

The nose is also able to supply sense information such as the temperature of the air breathed.

2. Sense of smell

The nose also has the main part in the olfactory system.

It comprises an area of specialized cells, olfactory receptor neurons accountable for the sense of smell (olfaction).

Olfactory mucosa in the upper nasal cavity comprises a type of nasal gland termed olfactory glands or Bowman's glands which assist in olfaction.

The nasal turbinate assist in olfaction function, by directing air-flow to the olfactory region.

3. Speech

Speech is caused through pressure from the lungs.

This can be altered using airflow through the nose in a procedure termed nasalization.

This requires the lowering of the soft palate to form nasal vowels and consonants by permitting air to escape from both the nose and the mouth.

Nasal airflow is also utilized to produce a range of nasal clicks termed click consonants.

The large, hollow cavities of the paranasal sinuses function as resonating chambers that alter, and intensify speech and other vocal vibrations passing through them

Snot and boogers

The nose is the initial line of defense against illness.

The nasal mucosa is lined with fine, hair-like projections termed cilia.

The sinuses are covered with mucus-making cells.

The mucus (or snot) stops the nose from drying out.

Together, cilia and mucus collect dust, bacteria and other debris before they can reach the rest of the body.

Normally, nasal mucus (made of water, proteins, antibodies and salts) is clear.

But during an infection, the mucus or snot can change to yellow or green, suggesting the body is fighting off a bacterial or viral infection.

The green color results from