Villers-Bretonneux: Somme

By Peter Pedersen

Villers-Bretonneux was the key to the strategically important communications centre of Amiens, a principal objective of the German offensive that began in March 1918. Until the Germans took the town, Amiens would remain beyond their grasp. The successful defence of Villers-Bretonneux has come to be regarded as an Australian battle but British formations were heavily involved as wel

• Language: English
• Publisher: Open Road Integrated Media
• Release date: Jan 20, 2004
• ISBN: 9781473820265

Peter Pedersen

Dr. Peter Pedersen is one of Australia’s leading historians of the First World War and has written ten books on the conflict while also appearing frequently in the Australian media and as a speaker at military history conferences and seminars worldwide. A graduate of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, the Australian Command and Staff College, and the University of New South Wales, he commanded the 5th/7th Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, and was a political/strategic analyst in the Australian Office of National Assessments. Joining the Australian War Memorial as Senior Historian, he became Head of its Research Centre and then Acting Assistant Director of the Memorial and Head of the National Collection Branch. In 2013 he was appointed consultant historian for the Australian government’s commemorative projects on the Australian battlefields of the Western Front.

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Battleground Europe

VILLERS-BRETONNEUX

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Battleground Europe

VILLERS-BRETONNEUX

SOMME

Peter Pedersen

First published in Great Britain in 2004

and reprinted in 2013 by

PEN & SWORD MILITARY

An imprint of

Pen & Sword Books Ltd

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South Yorkshire

S70 2AS

Copyright © Peter Pedersen, 2004, 2013

ISBN 978 1 84415 061 8

The right of Peter Pedersen to be identified as Author of this

work has been asserted by him in accordance with the

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book

is available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or

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and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.

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CONTENTS

Introduction by the Series Editor

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Advice to travellers

Maps

How to use this book

Chapter 1

The Germans Approach

Chapter 2

Early Encounters

Chapter 3

The Lull

Chapter 4

Attack and Counterattack

Chapter 5

Hangard and After

Chapter 6

Villers-Bretonneux Lost

Chapter 7

Villers-Bretonneux Regained

Chapter 8

Aftermath

Chapter 9

Cemeteries and Memorials

Chapter 10

Battlefield Tours

Bibliography

Index

The remains of the red château, a remarkable relic of the war on the Western Front, in partivular the fighting around Villers-Bretonneux, after it was destroyed to make way for a supermarket, by permission of the local authority in August 2004. Incredibilis superbia!

INTRODUCTION BY SERIES EDITOR

This is another fine contribution to the Battleground Europe series by Dr Peter Pedersen. It is a model of clarity in describing two complex battles around Villers-Bretonneux in April 1918, and has the same lucidity and even-handed judgements of his Hamel, a battle fought nearby, and Fromelles, in French Flanders.

Villers-Bretonneux is now a town much associated by the military historian with Australia; and this is reflected in the close links today’s commune has with that country – in the excellent museum, in the name of a street and, of course, in the impressive memorial to the missing dead of Australia who fell in France (those in Belgium are on the Menin Gate). It was the last of the great Commonwealth Memorials to the Missing to be built, and the only one to be unveiled by George VI. The connection was also shown by the selection of an unknown Australian soldier from a cemetery on this battlefield to become the Unknown Australian Soldier in Canberra. The saving of Villers-Bretonneux, in particular during the second battle on 24-5 April, was amongst the finest achievements of the Australians. It is notable how ‘modem’ that battle seems – aircraft and tanks, small unit actions and the like. What might appear alien to others is the appearance of the cavalry and the important, if not crucial, part it played in the operations. Indeed the lack of cavalry was a significant factor in the failure of the Germans to take full advantage of the breakthrough that had been gained – perhaps better to say almost gained – by their other fighting arms.

Although the allied success here owed much to the Australian soldier and his commanders, the role of the British has not been downplayed; just as rightful criticism has been made as well. The British formations involved had been engaged in desperate fighting, some since the German onslaught began on 21 March, and were severely undermanned. By the time of the second German onslaught in late April, they were dependent on large numbers of new conscript recruits. Not surprisingly, their performance was often below par.

Villers-Bretonneux is a fine example of how the fighting of 1918 was so very different from that of earlier years in the war – just as the fighting of 1917 was different from 1916. It is not just the Australian pilgrim who should come to these fields, so close to the Somme valley, to pay tribute to remarkable men. What took place in them also serves to show everyone that lessons were learnt in the Great War and that skill at all levels, determination, loyalty and mutual dependence were essential elements in winning the war.

Nigel Cave Vimy Ridge 2004

AUTHOR’S INTRODUCTION

Straddling the road and railway into Amiens on the southern side of the Somme, the town of Villers-Bretonneux was a backwater until the great German Michael Offensive reached it at the end of March 1918. Coming close on 4 April, the Germans finally succeeded in taking it on 24 April but were ejected by the Australians in one of the war’s great feats of arms. A largely Australian counterattack had also kept them at bay earlier. Saving Villers-Bretonneux meant saving Amiens, which thrust the town onto centre stage and forever associated the Australians with it.

British divisions were the defenders on both occasions and the Australians criticised their performance to the extent that the high command saw fit to intervene. But those divisions had been in action almost from the start of the German offensive and were exhausted. One of them, the 18th Division, fought at Villers-Bretonneux for longer than any other division, British or Australian, and ranked it alongside Ypres, Messines, Thiepval, and Cambrai as ‘one of the place-names that spring sharply to the memory of anyone who was in the war’.¹ The British cavalry played a prominent part in stemming the German tide – as the Australians themselves acknowledged. This book fully describes the British contribution and seeks to give credit where it is due.

The fighting saw the first ever tank duel. It also encompassed a series of largely forgotten actions at nearby Hangard that achieved nothing but heavy casualties. Hangard raises the question of whether the commanders gave their men the best chance of success. The question is even more pertinent in relation to the 24 April counterattack at Villers-Bretonneux, the preparations for which were muddled to say the least.

Finally, the fog of war around the town was thick, literally and metaphorically, throughout April and the battles very fluid. Consequently, unit war diaries and personal accounts sometimes differed over the times and locations of events or were rather vague. The British Official Historian acknowledged the problem and the detailed work of the Australian Official Historian occasionally reflects it. Nonetheless, the fighting readily breaks down into battalion, company and even platoon actions that can be located on the ground and easily followed. Together, they made Villers-Bretonneux historically significant. They also made it significant as a place where mighty deeds were done.

P.A. Pedersen Sydney, Australia

---

1.

G.H.F Nichols, The 18th Division in the Great War (William Blackwood, 1922), p. 302.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book could not have been written without the unstinting support of my father during the part of each year that I spend at my desk in Sydney. As always, Dad, I owe you more than I can say.

In France, Nicolas Goret’s help was indispensable. Bombarded with queries over many months, he replied promptly with a wealth of information and also provided many of the photographs and maps. The hours I spent on the battlefields with him were as instructive as they were enjoyable, especially with regard to unravelling the mess the A29 autoroute has made of the local road network. Nicolas lives in Hamel and his website, http://hamelfriends.free.fr, is an essential tool for anyone studying the battles in the area or wishing to visit the battlefields. Claude Pecquet, head of the Association Villers Mémoire, clarified aspects of the town’s history and contributed photographs as well. Jean-Pierre Thierry, President of the France-Australia Association in Villers-Bretonneux, gave me the run of the ANZAC Museum. As usual, Anais Bertoux lent enthusiastic support!

In England, Professor Peter Simkins of the Centre for First World War Studies at the University of Birmingham generously let me have a copy of his landmark study of the battle, which covers the fighting from the British perspective. He sent a steady stream of useful material, answered questions as they arose and read the manuscript. I greatly valued his advice. John Bourne of the Centre allowed me to use his work on some of the British commanders. Richard Jeffs of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry Museum helped clarify discrepancies in the war diaries of some British units. I would also like to record the assistance of Peter Duckers, Curator of the Shropshire Regimental Museum, Jon-Paul Carr of the Northamptonshire Regiment Museum, Roderick Suddaby, Keeper of Written Records at the Imperial War Museum, and the Reading Room staff at The National Archives in London.

In Australia, no request was too great for Ursula Davidson, Librarian at the Royal United Service Institution of New South Wales, or Ian Smith, Senior Curator of Official and Private Records at the Australian War Memorial. I would like to say thank you, too, to its Reading Room staff.

ADVICE TO TRAVELLERS

Visitors from the battlefields north of the Somme should leave the Albert ring road at the D42 exit south of the town and follow the D42 past Meaulte and through Morlancourt and Sailly-Laurette before turning right onto the N29 at Lamotte-Warfusée. Villers-Bretonneux lies dead ahead. Those approaching from Amiens should simply stay on the N29 after it exits the city.

A dud on the shoulder of the A29 autoroute.

Before leaving check that you have appropriate vehicle cover. Full personal insurance is also strongly recommended. Take an El 11 Form, obtainable from your post office, for reciprocal medical and hospital cover in France and make sure your tetanus vaccination is current. A hat, waterproof smock and sun cream are essential as the Somme weather often packs the four seasons into an hour. Do not forget binoculars, because the battlefield is extensive and picking out locations is difficult without them. A compass will help you orient the maps in this book to the ground. Good hiking shoes or boots are a must. As most of the area is farmland, stay on the roads, tracks and the edges of the fields. Drivers should be careful not to obstruct agricultural vehicles. As car break-ins are increasing on the Somme, keep valuables out of sight in the boot. Leave any dud ammunition you see well alone.

Housing Australian artefacts from the Western Front, audio-visual displays and a substantial photographic collection, the ANZAC Museum in the primary school at 9 Rue Victoria, Villers-Bretonneux is well worth a visit. The opening hours are 10 am-12.30 pm and 2-6 pm Wednesday to Saturday, and 2-6 pm Tuesdays and on the first and third Sundays each month. Contact 03-22-968079 (tel/fax) or [e-mail].

While Amiens and Albert offer a range of accommodation, the following list of hotels, inns and bed and breakfasts may be useful for those wishing to stay locally:

Hotels/Inns

Hôtel de l’Abbatiale, 9 Place Jean Catelas, 80800 CORBIE

Tel: [phone] (Closed Sundays)

Hôtel de la Marine, 6 Place Roger Salengro, 80800 CORBIE

Tel: [phone] (Closed weekends)

Le Logis du Santerre, 2 Rue Raoul Defruit, 80131 HARBONNIERES

Tel: [phone]

Bed and Breakfast

Jean Marie Van Den Bosch, 42 Rue Emile Bazin, 80800 AUBIGNY

Tel: [phone]

Jean BOUCHE, 1 Rue de L’Abbaye, 80720 MARCELCAVE

Tel: