The Principles of Integrated Technology in Avionics Systems

By Guoqing Wang and Wenhao Zhao

The Principles of Integrated Technology in Avionics Systems describes how integration can improve flight operations, enhance system processing efficiency and equip resource integration. The title provides systematic coverage of avionics system architecture and ground system integration. Looking beyond hardware resource sharing alone, it guides the reader through the benefits and scope of a modern integrated avionics system. Integrated technology enhances the performance of organizations by improving system capacity and boosting efficiency. Avionics systems are the functional center of aircraft systems. System integration technology plays a vital role in the complex world of avionics and an integrated avionics system will fully-address systems, information and processes.

• Introduces integration technology in complex avionics systems
• Guides the reader through the scope and benefits of avionic system integration
• Gives practical guidance on using integration to optimize an avionics system
• Describes the basis of avionics system architecture and ground system integration
• Presents modern avionics as a system that is becoming increasingly integrated

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Jan 17, 2020
• ISBN: 9780128165607

Guoqing Wang

Wang Guoqing is a Research Fellow, Aircraft System Chief Designer, and a member of Avic (the Aviation Industry Corporation of China) Science and Technology Commission, an Adjunct Professor at Tsinghua and Shanghai Jiao Tong Universities, and a mentor at Northwestern Polytechnic University. He is Chief Scientist on the National Security Major Basic Program in China. He researches and publishes widely on avionics

Book preview

The Principles of Integrated Technology in Avionics Systems

Guoqing Wang

Professor, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Wenhao Zhao

Master Candidate, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1. Background introduction

1.1. Introduction

1.2. The components of the avionics system

1.3. The developmental direction of the avionics system integration

1.4. Summary

Chapter 2. The organization and architecture of the avionics system

2.1. The current organization architecture of the avionics system

2.2. The architecture of hierarchical avionics system

2.3. The organization mode of the hierarchical avionics system

2.4. Summary

Chapter 3. The requirement organization of the avionics system

3.1. The characteristics and composition of systemic application tasks

3.2. The characteristics and composition of systemic functional capability

3.3. The characteristics and composition of systemic resources capability

3.4. Summary

Chapter 4. Integrated technology for the application tasks of the avionics system

4.1. Organization and architecture of flight task

4.2. Identification and organization of flight scenario

4.3. Flight task identification and organization

4.4. Flight task operation and management

4.5. System application task integration

4.6. Summary

Chapter 5. Integrated technology of avionics system functional organization

5.1. System function platform and architecture organization

5.2. Organization of system functional discipline

5.3. Organization of system function logic

5.4. Function operation management

5.5. Functional integration organization

5.6. Summary

Chapter 6. Integrated technology for physical resources of the avionics system

6.1. Physical resource capabilities and composition

6.2. General computing and processing resources

6.3. Dedicated computing and processing resources

6.4. Dedicated physical resources

6.5. Resource organization and integration

6.6. Summary

Chapter 7. The integration of avionics system organization

7.1. Organization of system application, capability, and equipment

7.2. Integration of system application task process

7.3. Integration of system function processing

7.4. Integration of system physical resource operation process

7.5. System organization process and integration

7.6. Summary

Chapter 8. The integrated architecture of typical avionics systems

8.1. Federated architecture system integration

8.2. IMA architecture system integration

8.3. DIMA architecture system integration

8.4. Summary

Chapter 9. Testing and verification of the integrated avionics system

9.1. Testing and verification organization of system development process

9.2. Organization of testing and verification of system application integration

9.3. Organization of testing and verification of system function integration

9.4. Organization of testing and verification of system physical integration

Index

Copyright

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Preface

The integrated system represents an important direction for a new generation of avionics system development, which describes organization and operation integration of system applications, capabilities, and equipment. Integrated technology marks the core technique of avionics system integration, which is an approach to describe system objectives, process, and performance optimization. With the expanding scale of avionics systems, more system components, and increasingly complex system environment conditions, any single discipline, capability, or technology cannot cover the needs of application areas, operating environment, as well as the capabilities. It cannot support the goal, the scope of the activity area, and the room of performance of the system; neither can it provide the optimization process of system operation effectiveness, process efficiency, and validity of results. Therefore, the development of a new generation of avionics systems poses a strong demand for system integration.

Avionics system integration represents a system organization and integration, which is oriented to system applications, functions, and devices. Its main purpose is to improve the operational capability and effectiveness of system application tasks through a multiple applications organization and integration of complex flight operation; to improve the performance and efficiency of the system function processing through multiple functions organization and integration of the complex system environment; and to enhance the system resource sharing and effectiveness through multiple resources organization and integration of complex equipment types, which ultimately improves effectiveness, efficiency, and performance of the overall system.

Avionics system integration technology focuses on the requirements of application objectives, system capabilities, and equipment process; considers the organization of application tasks, system functions, and equipment resources; takes advantage of system activity synthesis, process integration, information fusion, as well as resource sharing technology; it can achieve flight operation optimization—enhancing the application target, expanding the effect scope, and improving operational effectiveness; it can achieve the system function process optimization—enhancing system capabilities, expanding the process range, and improving the process efficiency; it also can realize the use of equipment resources optimization—enhancing resource sharing, reusing the operation process, and improving the confidence of results, in order to ultimately achieve the goal of avionics systems integration.

Targeting the architecture organization of avionics systems, this book proposes a top-down architecture organization of the avionics system, discusses the capability composition and organization of the system task architecture, system function architecture, and system physical architecture. For the integration technology of system application tasks, this book also explores the flight mission architecture, flight scenario identification, task capability organization, task operation management, as well as the application tasks integration process. For the integration technology of system functions, this book discusses the system function architecture, function discipline composition, function logic organization, as well as the function process integration mode. For the integration technology of system physical resources, this book analyzes the general computing resource organization, dedicated computing resource organization, dedicated physical resource organization, as well as the equipment physical resources integration approach.

Targeting the integration approaches of application tasks, system function, and physical resources, this book, from the perspective of the design process and operation process organization of the avionics system, introduces the organization process of system application tasks, system function capabilities, and equipment physical resources. It describes the generation process and operation process organization mode of system tasks, the generation process and operation process organization mode of system functions, the generation process and operation process organization mode of equipment resources, and it also discusses the integration approach based on the design generation process and the integration approach based on the operation organization process of avionics system.

In view of the typical application architecture of current avionics system integration, this book systematically analyzes the organization and balance factors of typical system architecture; introduces the federation system architecture as well as the integration method of its resource organization, function process, and application operation; discusses the integrated modular avionics (IMA) system architecture as well as the integration approach of the IMA platform resources, functions and applications; and also discusses the distributed integrated modular avionics (DIMA) system architecture, and the integration approach of DIMA virtual space applications and functions, as well as the integration approach of physical space resource capabilities and process.

Finally, targeting the testing and verification of the avionics system integration, this book introduces the system development organization architecture and the comprehensive testing and verification organization, describes the composition of the system flight application process as well as the testing and verification organization of system applications integration, discusses the composition of system function process as well as the testing and verification organization of system function integration, and explores the composition of system resource operation process as well as the testing and verification organization of physical resource integration.

The compilation of this book has been strongly supported by Dr. Gu Qingfan, Dr. Wu Jianmin, Dr. Wang Miao, Dr. Dong Haiyong, and other relevant researchers from China Aeronautics Radio Electronic Research Institute of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). The book also is supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China (Program 973) for research of basic problems on the integrated avionics system for large civil aircrafts and the National Science and Technology Academic Publication Fund.

The integration of avionics systems is oriented to system design technology, with the characteristics of new concept, broad scope, as well as wide range, thus there are some parts in this book that might not be complete, systematic, or perfect, and there might also be some problems and defects; therefore, corrections and suggestions are highly appreciated.

Our gratitude also extends to research fellow Jin Dekun from the Science and Technology Commission of the Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Dr. Qian Fangzhen from the Publication Program of Large Aircrafts of Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, and research fellow Zhao Weishan for their support and help!

Chapter 1

Background introduction

Abstract

The integrated system is the integrated organization based on system applications, capabilities, and overall capacity of the organization, orienting to system applications, functions, and the integrated equipment operation. The integration of an avionics system is based on the improvement requirement of overall system operational efficiency, effectiveness, and performance, by means of the flight process objectives, environment, and task integration, to improve flight capability and effectiveness; by means of the system capabilities, conditions, and performance integration, to improve system functional processing quality and efficiency; by means of equipment resource type, operation, and status integration, to enhance system equipment resource sharing and effectiveness. Targeting the constitution of application tasks, system functions, and equipment resources, in accordance with the requirements of system application objectives, system capabilities and optimization of equipment operation, the integrated avionics system technology adopts the integrated technology of system integration, process integration, information fusion, and resource sharing so as to achieve the objective of the integration of avionics systems.

Based on the overview of avionics system integration and the integrated technology, This chapter can be divided into three sections: Section 1.1 describes some avionics concepts, Section 1.2 discusses the composition of the avionics system, and Section 1.3 describes the development of the avionics system. Section 1 gives the basic concept, tasks, and capabilities of a typical avionics system. The very beginning of Section 1.2 briefly discusses the requirements of flight task, followed by the introduction of current and modern organization mode of avionics systems. Finally, Section 1.3 describes the possible development direction oriented to optimization goals of various levels.

Keywords

Avionics system; Flight task organization; Integration; Organization mode

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 The concept of avionics systems

1.1.1.1 The need of flight navigation

1.1.1.2 The need for air-ground communication

1.1.1.3 The need for flight display

1.1.1.4 Flight safety surveillance capability

1.1.1.5 Flight management capability

1.1.2 The tasks of avionics systems

1.1.2.1 Application mission and background

1.1.2.2 Application environment and scenarios

1.1.2.3 Application objectives and capabilities

1.1.2.4 Application organization and results

1.1.3 The capabilities of the avionics system

1.1.3.1 Process capability of the flight task application system activity

1.1.3.2 Organization capability of flight management task

1.1.3.3 Processing capability of flight operation task

1.2 The components of the avionics system

1.2.1 The requirements of flight task and capability organization

1.2.1.1 Situational capability oriented to the task scenario organization

1.2.1.2 Processing capability oriented to task service

1.2.1.3 The management capability oriented to the task scenario objectives

1.2.2 The organization mode of the avionics system

1.2.2.1 The first generation: separated avionics system

1.2.2.2 The second generation: federated avionics system

1.2.2.3 The third generation: integrated avionics system

1.2.2.4 The fourth generation: highly integrated avionics system

1.2.3 The modern organization mode of the avionics system

1.2.3.1 The task architecture construction of the avionics system oriented to the requirements of system applications

1.2.3.2 The functional architecture constructing of the avionics system oriented to the requirements of system organization

1.2.3.3 The technical architecture construction of the avionics system oriented to the requirements of system technology

1.3 The developmental direction of the avionics system integration

1.3.1 The integration orienting to the optimization of flight application organization

1.3.2 The integration oriented to the optimization of system function organization

1.3.3 The integration oriented to the optimization of equipment resources

1.4 Summary

1.4.1 Proposing the composition of the avionics system

1.4.2 Clarifying the requirements and organization of the flight application tasks

1.4.3 Briefly introducing the architectural features and development process of the avionics system

1.4.4 Introducing the development trend of the avionics system integration

References

1.1. Introduction

Avionics systems are composed of multiple applications, various functions, and diverse equipment, with typical complex systemic characteristics featuring multiobjective, multicapability, and multiprocess organization. The known complicated systems comprise a wide range of objects that differ in shape, content, capability, as well as behavior, which have some direct, indirect, and potential connections with other objects, and the capability, activity, as well as environment of one object will exert different levels of impact on the other objects. For complex systems, the way to recognize these different levels of effect, identify the correlations among them, solve problems and defects in the system, and increase the probability and effectiveness of achieving the desired goals has become the core area of the current research on complex systems.

For the multiobjective, multicapability, and multiprocess features of complex systems, current research mainly focuses on two different thoughts: one is big data technology, and the other is the integration technology.

Big data technology covers data collection, statistics, mining, reasoning, and cognition in the system operation process. On the basis of a large amount of data generated by the system operating environment, process, and status, it establishes activity patterns and data association; identifies the direct, indirect, and potential connections based on the above data; explores the inner relationship, weight, and influence; and also accumulates system capacity, knowledge as well as cognition by logic, condition, and status reasoning. In other words, big data technology is not a method that employs the forward analysis and solution thoughts of the logic but is an approach that analyzes the running data and reasons the relationship of the objects. Therefore, the main problems regarding big data technology are: the comprehensiveness of data coverage; composition of data and validity of range; validity and accuracy of the associated data; validity of the reasoning-based knowledge library; and validity of knowledge mining cognition.

This integration technology is a top-down forward design technology for system organization and design. In other words, it targets the complex capability, activities, and environment of the objects; constructs applications, tasks, and purposes of systemic integration; builds capability, functions, and process of the systemic integration; establishes resources, operation, and running of the systemic integration; as well as meets the expected goals of the system. For complex systems, problems of lack of knowledge, recognition, and consideration do exist in the current forward organization and design process. However, with the continuous improvement of recognition, and the enhancement of the information environment organization and processing capability, the system organization will become more comprehensive, system processing will be deeper, and the results of the system will be more accurate. Especially with the rapid development and popularization of artificial intelligence technology, organization, processing, and reasoning of these complex systems will be more precise, which can greatly reduce the uncertainty of the factors of complex system integration and also effectively improve the validity of the results of the integration systems.

The avionics system is composed of task organizations, functional organizations, and complex equipment related to the flight environment. There are different flight tasks and purposes in different categories of flight environment; likewise, there are different processing logic and qualities in different system functions, and there are different operation modes and performances in different equipment capabilities. For avionics systems, the way to organize the flight tasks to realize the flight purposes and effectiveness, the way to organize system functions to improve system capability and efficiency, as well as the way to organize the equipment capabilities so as to improve the rate and effectiveness of resources utilization, requires a high level of system integration technology.

The avionics system is divided into three levels: (1) the avionics system is an aircraft flight organization and management system, which is based on the flight plan, considering airspace management, targeting the meteorological environment, relying on infrastructure, by means of air-to-ground collaboration, achieving safe, effective, and efficient flight; (2) the avionics system is the capability organization center of the aircraft system, which provides capabilities of flight route guidance, traffic situation awareness, flight task identification, flight organization decision, flight safety surveillance, flight capability assurance, flight information management, etc.; (3) the avionics system is an aircraft equipment organization and management platform that meets the needs of hosted applications, and requirements of the organization running modes, logical processing capabilities, operation process efficiency, working conditions, capability status management, as well as validity of the result status, etc.

Avionics system integration represents the system organization and integration, which is oriented to system applications, functions, and equipment. Its main purpose is to improve the operational capability and effectiveness of system applications through a multiple applications organization and integration of complex flight operation; to improve the performance and efficiency of the system function processing through multiple functions organization and integration of the complex system environment; to enhance the system resource sharing and effectiveness through multiple resources organization and integration of complex equipment types; which ultimately improves effectiveness, efficiency, and performance of the overall system.

Oriented to the needs of system application objectives, system capabilities, and the equipment operations, avionics system integration technology consults the organization of application tasks, system functions, and equipment resource, and takes the means of system integration technology of activity integration, process integration, information fusion, as well as resource sharing. Finally, it can achieve flight process optimization—enhancing the application objectives, expanding the effect scope, and improving operational efficiency; and it achieves the optimization of system functional processing—enhancing system capabilities, expanding the processing range, and improving the processing efficiency; and it optimizes the use of equipment resources—enhancing resource sharing, reusing the operation process, and improving the confidence of results. Ultimately, it achieves the goal of avionics systems integration.

1.1.1. The concept of avionics systems

Initially, avionics refers to a subject that applies electronic technology in the field of aeronautics (mainly aircraft). With the development of electronic technology, especially digital electronic technology, information technology, as well as computer technology, the role and capability of avionics are no longer confined to the realization and promotion of the original instrumental capability of the aircraft. Instead, oriented to the overall flight capability and its organization, it forms the flight capability organization and realization, flight process guidance and control, as well as aircraft condition surveillance and management. Avionics systems have transformed from providing aircraft capability support to task organization and management. Therefore, the current avionics are generally referred to as avionics systems.

As related technologies develop, electronic technology and computer technology are deeply involved in the capability and realization process of the aircraft body and the engine. For instance, deformation control of the aircraft and monitoring of engine fuel injection have gone beyond the scope of the flight task system. Currently, some literary works refer to any field and activity capabilities relating to the aircraft electronic systems as the avionics system, but most of the works consider the avionics system as the flight task system itself. This book mainly defines avionics as referring to the flight task-oriented organization and management.

Currently, avionics systems have become an important part of the aircraft. The aircraft is composed of three parts: airframe, engine, and the airborne system. The airframe provides the delivery platform, the engine offers flight power, and the avionics system provides organization, operation, and management capabilities for flight tasks.

Avionics systems refers to equipment and systems that support aircraft flight and task management on the basis of electronic, information and computer technology capabilities. Aircraft flight process organization is based on the predetermined task: the flight plan, according to the flight navigation mode; flight guidance, based on the traffic environment of the flight; flight surveillance, considering the current status of the flight; flight management, by means of decision-making through the flight process; and air-ground collaboration, to achieve the planned, safe, and efficient flight. Early avionics systems were mainly based on the organization and expansion of the capabilities of pilots, including establishing a flight management system to enhance flight decision-making capability; establishing voice communication to expand flight air-ground communication capacity; establishing a display system to enhance pilots' flight observation capabilities; and establishing a navigation system to improve pilots' judicial capability. As the technology of avionics systems continues to evolve and develop, aircraft applications and task execution have gradually shifted from the capabilities of humans, equipment, and aircrafts to avionics systems. Avionics systems have established flight organizations that effectively enhance flight functions and capabilities, improve flight performance and quality, and enable flight applications and tasks by means of interacting with pilots and systematically organizing flight plans, guidance, surveillance, as well as management processes.

The core capabilities of the flight process include flight organization, operation, control, and management. During the flight process, pilots determine different flight process organizations according to different tasks; determine different flight operations according to different aircraft capabilities; determine different flight controls according to different flight environments; and also determine different flight management approaches according to different flight status. According to the needs of aircraft flight process and with the continuous improvement of the current technology, the avionics system can effectively enhance the capability of flight application organization, the function organization of the flight system, and the resource operation capability of airborne equipment, and realize capability development, performance improvement, as well as efficiency enhancement during the flight process.

The first avionics systems focused on the pilots' needs for driving the aircraft, so as to provide the basic functional requirements needed during the flight process and help pilots complete the flight organization, operation, and management. It mainly included the following aspects:

1.1.1.1. The need of flight navigation

The need of flight navigation is to provide navigation capability for the flight process of the aircraft. Aircraft navigation capability represents the foremost capability during the flight process. In the early phase, aircraft did not have navigation equipment, thus pilots relied on their visual capabilities for flight navigation. With advances in technology, the very high frequency omni-directional range (VOR), long-range Loran-C navigation system, and instrument landing system have effectively improved aircraft navigation capabilities. As the avionics systems continue to evolve, navigation capabilities have developed from a single indicator instrument into a navigation mode with a variety of navigation principles and mechanisms. The basic requirement for navigation is to get the real-time and accurate three-dimensional position and six-degree-of-freedom navigation capability with three-dimensional attitude.

The navigation function provides the aircraft's position in the polar coordinate system, the Cartesian coordinate system, and the geographic coordinate system, the heading and orientation of the aircraft, the altitude of the aircraft, as well as data update rates that meet the requirements of the flight system in the process of departure, climbing, cruising, descending, approaching, and landing. Navigation performance applications determine the accuracy of flight navigation capability, availability, and reliability, coverage, information update rates, and system integrity.

1.1.1.2. The need for air-ground communication

Air-ground communication provides aircraft with flight command transmission, flight status interaction, and flight decision management capabilities. Aircraft communication capability is an important means of voice communication and information exchange between pilots and ground air traffic control (ATC), command centers, maintenance centers, or other stakeholders during flight. In the early avionics systems, radio stations were set up to support pilot and airport communication with voice, enabling pilots and command centers (or airports) to understand each other's conditions, mastering the dynamic changes in air and ground, coordinating their intentions, and implementing collaborative management during the whole flight process. As avionics technology advances, development of data communication technology and construction of data links has resulted in the formation of information organization and information sharing between the aircraft and command centers, effectively enhancing the aircraft's flight process management capabilities. Especially with the development of satellite communication technology, the capability of flight process surveillance and management has been improved.

The communication capability is mainly based on radio technology, targeting different communication requirements (air-air, air-ground, space-earth, satellite), in accordance with different communication modes and characteristics (call, data, information, and network), determining different communication frequencies and mechanisms (Ls, S, C, X), supporting different communications needs and capabilities (narrowband, broadband, satellite communications, Wi-Fi), and providing different communication services (environment, situation, function, task).

1.1.1.3. The need for flight display

Flight display provides pilots with the capability of displaying the flight environment. Aircraft display capability is an organization of aircraft flight information collection, which is a platform for pilots to interact with the aircraft and the outside world, and also a management center for pilots' command. Within the management of the flight task system, the display system forms the perception of flight process status and environmental situation through information acquisition, organization, and fusion; supports pilots' task organization and decision-making; and realizes the surveillance and management of the flight process. The display system has a broad range of links with other aircraft systems. Display systems can establish the effective convergence of flight information; establish a variety of pilot interactions (such as screen touch, voice commands, cursor controller, multifunction keys, etc.), to realize the pilot-aircraft interactive mode; and receive flight task data, parameters, and status information, so as to achieve the integrated information processing of video, image, auditory, voice, touch, manual control, etc., forming graphics, images, and video display during the flight process, and providing pilots with the capabilities of situational awareness, flight control, flight guidance, task organization, and system management.

Display capability employs the primary flight display as a platform for flight process control and guidance so that the aircraft can obtain information about the environment inside and outside of the aircraft, and provide pilots with flight attitude and parameters, as well as support for interaction between pilots and the aircraft. The multifunction display is used as the display and management of aircraft self-status, such as the engine and electromechanical equipment, providing pilots with the current status information of the aircraft, supporting aircraft status management and flight decision-making. The head-up display is used as the pilot's real-time visual situation integrated display to enhance the pilot's perception of the external scene. The cursor controller, multifunction keypad, and other control panels are used to support the pilot’s capability to interactively select, control, and collaborate.

1.1.1.4. Flight safety surveillance capability

Flight safety surveillance capability provides pilots and air controllers with monitoring and alerts of environmental conditions and threats during the flight. First, the capability of aircraft surveillance is to surveil and evaluate the weather during the flight. Due to the complex environment of flight, different meteorological conditions have different effects on flight safety. In particular, turbulence and low-altitude wind shear have a significant effect on flight safety. During the flight, targeting the different airspace density and traffic environment, aircraft collision also represents a critical factor that affects the safety of the aircraft. Especially in busy transport airports, the probability of terminal collision goes up directly due to density increase of terminal airspace and shortening of the safety isolation distance. During landing, ground collisions are happening with increasing frequency. Especially in the approach process with low visibility and low altitude, as well as in takeoff and landing with parallel runways, aircraft collisions is more of a flight safety issue. Therefore, it is important to build sophisticated system surveillance capability to enhance the pilot's perception of the complex situation and provide advance conflict detection, hazard prediction, as well as hazard degree.

During the flight, targeting the complex meteorological conditions, the meteorological surveillance uses weather radar, especially targeting the weather conditions of turbulence and low-altitude wind shear, adopting a mechanism-based countermeasure that suppresses the clutter within the linear dynamic range of the radar receiver, to detect turbulence as well as low-altitude wind shear danger zones and degrees. The aircraft surveillance system also employs the Traffic Collision Avoidance System for the flight process, particularly by means of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) In and ADS-B Out technologies, providing real-time report of aircraft positions, supporting flight path prediction and providing airborne collision avoidance alerts. The Terrain Awareness and Warning System is adopted by means of its own global airport location database and terrain profile database to achieve the terrain-aware alarm during approaching and landing.

1.1.1.5. Flight management capability

Flight management capability enables pilots to organize and manage their flight processes. Flight management capability is to improve the flight quality of the aircraft, enhance flight safety, reduce the burden on pilots, and improve flight operation efficiency through automatic techniques. Early flight autopilots were used to assist pilots' capabilities for supporting the aircraft's level flight. With the development of electronic technology, especially the computer technology, the flight control computer enables the automatic control of the aircraft come true, including level flight, turning, and lifting, thrust control computer adjusts the power of aircraft turning and lifting automatically, and the navigation computer realizes automatic positioning and track calculation, and all these technologies enable the aircraft to achieve full-time flight management capability. From the perspective of planning, flight management capability supports the aircraft flight process operating mode, and through the cockpit display system-based capability to achieve the approaches of aircraft flight planning, organize and coordinate the functions and roles of the other aircraft systems, and achieve task-wide flight automation throughout flight control and management. From the perspective of management, flight management capability integrates navigation, guidance, control, and display capabilities, enhances flight safety, improves flight quality, saves fuel, and improves operational efficiency through capacity-based optimization and integration. From the perspective of implementation, flight management capability, as the organizer and manager of the avionics system, constructs a combined navigation mode with higher navigation accuracy, high reliability and fault tolerance, and supports the two-person pilot management mode, while reducing the pilot's burden.

Flight management function provides flight plan management to support fueling requirements prior to flight, surveillance, modification and coordination of alternative plans during in flight, including routes, segments, Standard Instrument Departure, Standard Terminal Arrival Routes, go-around procedures and spare airports, so as to form the entire flight process organization; flight management function uses Very High-Frequency Omni-Directional Range, range finders, TACAN, radio beacons, etc., to support the traditional navigation mode; a new generation of flight management function employs Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), Satellite Based Augmentation System, Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) combined navigation capabilities, Ground Based Regional Augmentation System (GBAS), Area Navigation (RNAV), and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) to improve the shortest distance (yaw distance and yaw deviation) between the aircraft's current position and the planned flight path. Flight management function provides flight performance management, supports horizontal navigation and guidance, vertical navigation and guidance, climb speed, climb thrust, cruise process, and descent process with the changes of the center of gravity, crosswind, temperature, fuel parameters, and conducts the whole-flight process management by means of cross-linking with the aircraft engine and autopilot system.

1.1.2. The tasks of avionics systems

Avionics system is the task platform of the aircraft application. The task of aircraft applications represents a targeted, planned, and organized flight process and activity organization that is based on the mission of the aircraft, the needs of the flight, and in accordance with the conditions of the environment. Flight task system refers to the realization of the integrated organization and management of the target, capability, process, and status of the application task system, targeting the needs, environment, and scope of the application task, and considering organization, management, and control of application task capability.

Oriented to the requirements of aircraft application, avionics system application task considers the application environment, establishes application objectives, clarifies the organization, and determines the application results. Therefore, the task of the avionics system is composed of the mission, background, environment, scenario, objective, capability, organization, and results of the application. Any organization and establishment of the task are based on the mission and background needs of the system application. In other words, the mission and background of system application are based on different environments and scenarios, which have different objectives and capabilities. Different objectives and capabilities can result in different organizational models and results. Therefore, the avionics system, as an application task platform of the aircraft, must establish and clarify the mission of the aircraft, determine the relevant application environment and scenarios, construct the supporting application objectives and tasks, and form the corresponding organizations and results.

1.1.2.1. Application mission and background

Application mission and background are the foundation of the organizations of task application of aircraft flight. Different aircraft have different missions, different application expectations, and different flight requirements, so as to form different mission objectives, define the organization of mission process, and form the requirements of mission capacity. This is what we use to define the application of the mission and background. There are different types of aircraft, such as the wide-body long-range transport aircraft, the narrow-body regional transport aircraft, the general aircraft, the all-weather transport helicopters, and special aircraft. As different types of aircraft have different flight missions and backgrounds, they form their own independent operating modes and capabilities.

For example, a wide-body aircraft is a long-haul passenger transport aircraft. Its main operating modes and objectives are: (1) long ranges, supporting more than 14,000   km in length, transoceanic flight across different airspace management areas; (2) high yield, focusing on operational costs and benefits, expecting high returns per single person/single seat/flight hour; (3) high dispatch rates, can fly in most weather conditions, supporting low visibility takeoff and landing, requiring low logistical support and maintenance; (4) high airspace resource utilization, supporting high-density airspace, large high-density airports, and the parallel runways; (5) high flight efficiency, based on track, supporting continuous climbing, continuous landing, and continuous cruise; (6) high safety, can manage the traffic airspace situation, flight route conflict, with minimum flight isolation and flight interval; and (7) high comfort, supporting office on board, broadband communications, providing passenger adaptive entertainment and the like.

Based on its mission and background, wide-body aircraft work according to the flight phases (taxiing, takeoff, climb, etc.), considering the various phases of environmental requirements (e.g., air traffic management, airport departure, and port entry management), to identify different tasks, support International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) rules and requirements, optimize flight process organization, meet the missions and requirements of being safer, reducing delays, saving fuel, saving time, being more punctual, being more environmentally friendly, and reducing emissions. Aircraft mission defines the application organization of each phase of the flight, clarifies the application tasks of each phase, forms the requirements of application tasks, and determines the mission objectives of the aircraft through the integration of all application tasks in the entire flight. After the objective of the aircraft mission is defined, it is decomposed into smaller objectives of every phase of the entire flight. The aircraft in each phase of the flight mode constructs the objective organization within its phase, in accordance with air traffic control or airport interactive mode, and considering the aircraft's own capability. Aiming at the identified objective organizations of every phase, the aircraft coordinates the requirements of air traffic control or the airport, considers the functions of the aircraft, and constructs the task organization of the corresponding phase.

The application mission is based on different application objectives, considering different application environments, in accordance with different application objects, organizing and establishing the requirements that meet the needs of the mission and background of aircraft applications. Flight capability, efficiency, cost, safety, and comfort are mainly organized by three related stakeholder groups: aircraft manufacturers, air traffic management bureau, and airlines. Flight manufacturers are aircraft developers and manufacturers who manufacture flight platforms and systems that are based on the mission and background requirements of the flight, and provide the capability to meet flight objectives, conditions, and benefits, so as to meet the needs of flight process, efficiency, and safety capabilities. The air traffic management bureau represents the flight organization and airspace management authority. Based on the mission and background requirements of the flight, and the requirements of the flight procedures approved by ICAO and their respective governments, the air traffic management bureau considers the current airspace and airport facility capabilities (airport runways, satellite navigation, communications link, etc.), targeting the flight airspace meteorological conditions, and provides flight process organization and flow management to meet the requirements of airspace utilization, flight efficiency, and safety. The airline organizes the flight plan and objective, and also the gainers or losers of benefits. According to the requirements of flight mission and background, the types and capabilities of the aircrafts purchased, and the determined flight routes, an airline applies for flight plans to the air traffic management bureau, provides pilots with economic flight procedures and process requirements, as well as meets the collaboration and capacity needs of the flight process.

1.1.2.2. Application environment and scenarios

Application environment and scenarios are requirements and organizations of a flight task system. Targeting the mission requirements of the aircraft, in accordance with the composition of the entire flight process, the organization needs of the flight task can be determined according to the characteristics and requirements of different phases of flight. However, due to the complexity of the environment of the entire flight task, the strict requirement of real-time response, a great many capabilities of needs are involved, thus how to establish the relevant task organization that can meet the flight application environment has always been a challenge for the flight task organization. With the development of system environment and scenario simulation technology, the flight task organization based on the flight application scenario has become an important research direction of the current task organization and design. As a result, analyzing and constructing the application environment and scenarios of the aircraft marks one of the key technologies in the design of the task system.

All tasks of the aircraft can be achieved through the design of the environment and the scenario for the flight. In other words, the flight environment of aircraft is determined according to different phases and their objectives, respectively. The flight environment mainly includes: (1) objective of the phase, such as taxiing, takeoff, cruise, landing, approach, etc.; (2) the capability conditions, such as low visibility, weather conditions, approach landing, minimum flight interval, etc.; (3) the management requirements, such as flight rules, collaborative organization, precision navigation, flight guidance, etc.; (4) the performance organization, such as safety, consistency, availability, and maintainability; (5) the aircraft capabilities, such as detection capabilities, communication capabilities, surveillance capabilities, and guidance capabilities. The scenario of aircraft applications is a design approach for task system facing to complex systems. In view of the complex system composition, due to the existence of complex dynamic environment, multiobjective participation carriers with independent capability, nonlogical organization mode, nonlinear processing, the activities and organizations of system tasks are difficult to establish with relevant analytical mathematical expressions. Therefore, according to the characteristics, objectives, and processing environment of different phases, the task scenarios are set up orienting to discipline organizations, such as the airport scene management scenario during the takeoff phase and climbing phase. The airport scene management scenario during the takeoff phase includes the aircraft, airport, air traffic control and collaborative planning management, aircraft runway track management, aircraft positioning and minimum separation, and integrated scene view management; the airport scene management scenario during the climbing phase includes 4D track surveillance and management, airspace traffic and situational management, route guidance management, minimum interval management, etc. The aircraft applications define the scenario organization of the entire task on the basis of the current environment and the phase objective during flight. The aircraft application scenario systematically describes the current task organization of the flight, determines the background of the task environment, clarifies the task activity mode, ensures the unification of the results of the task activity organization and the aircraft phase, and lays the foundation for the flight task system.

1.1.2.3. Application objectives and capabilities

Application objectives and capabilities represent the safety of the capabilities of the task system. Targeting the scenario need in the phase, the task system establishes the corresponding flight task according to the current environment and forms the objectives of each scenario task; according to the mission and phase, the task system integrates each scenario task in different phase and forms the objective of each phase; ultimately in accordance with the operation mode, task system clarifies capabilities of the relevant task and determines the task process organization. The process of the task system is a complex organization. The flight phase scenario is a multiobjective, multicapability, and multiprocess organization. Therefore, how to determine the task organization of flight, construct the system discipline competence, support the realization of the flight phase scenario, and meet the requirements of flight operation represents a process of objective coordination, capability balance, and integrated processing of the complex system. With the development of the model technology of the complex system process, establishing the quantitative behavior and process of objectives, capabilities, and conditions, supporting multiobjective, multicapability, and multiprocess flight quantitative organization, and realizing the objective of flight applications and capabilities are the foundation for enabling the flight task system.

The implementation of objectives and capability of aircraft application represent support organization of the task requirements and system functions. Aircraft application objectives and capabilities constitute a variety of task scenarios according to different task phases of the aircraft, forming the task scenario process organization, constructing task-based scenario activities, assessing and analyzing the compliance between the results and objectives through various task scenarios and operations. The evaluation and analysis of the results of task scenarios mainly include: the compliance between the objectives and outcomes of the task organization, the logical compliance of the task processing, the compliance of the task performance organization, and the compliance of the task capability model. For example, the aircraft approaching scenarios in the descending phase target the established aircraft approaching scenarios, e.g., global navigation, RNAV, RNP, and airport LPV navigation processes, ADS-B In processes, meteorological wind and wind processes, low visibility and low high-speed approaching process, and the minimum interval surveillance process of the aircraft wake. Firstly, it needs to determine the conformity of the process organization mode, then determine the logic compliance of each process, the processing accuracy, confidence, safety and availability compliance, and ultimately determine the compliance of support for handling the navigation, detection, monitoring, and guidance capabilities. Take the example of military air interception, targeting the established model of air interception scenarios, such as the aircraft navigation performance model, radar multiagent detection model, infrared target detection model, threat alert avoidance model, other aircraft collaborative task models, and situation organization and management models alike. Similarly, it needs to determine the compliance of the model processing organizational mode, the logical compliance of each process, the processing accuracy, confidence, safety and availability compliance, and the compliance of support for navigation, detection, and monitoring capabilities. Therefore, the application objectives and capabilities on one hand refer to matching with the task scenarios of the flight phase; on the other hand, they ought to connect with the functional organization of the aircraft, which lays the foundation for the functional design of the aircraft avionics system.

1.1.2.4. Application organization and results

Application organization and results represent the organizational mode and result of the task system. Targeting the task requirements of the aircraft, considering the scenario design of task in respective phase, in accordance with the task results and needs of capabilities, based on the entire task-based organization, according to the application environment and changes, and also the task scenarios at all phases, the flight task system must achieve all task process organizations, and monitor the results and performance of the task. As each flight phase is relatively independent, the corresponding perception capability of the environment is partial, the phase task scenario is abstract, the organization of flight task capability is limited, and people's understanding is restricted, so this inevitably leads to deviation between the results and the expectations of the task. Therefore, the application organization and the results should firstly complete the task organization and integration of the entire flight mission, implement the task status monitoring and organization management, control and monitor the transition and convergence of the results in all phases; secondly, monitor the flight environment changes, motivate the relevant task models, modify the organization and management status of the system, and support the dynamic organization and management of the system; and finally, monitor the results of the task system in real time, surveil the system threats and alarms, report the execution result and status of the task, and support the validity evaluation of the result.

According to the requirements of the flight application organization and operation process, the organization and results of aircraft application task construct the flight process objectives, clarify the flight environment scenarios, define the flight task capability, and determine the flight process results. The organization and the results of aircraft application are mainly composed of flight planning organizations, environment perception, task decision-making, and flight process organization, that is, according to the flight route planning organization (the initial plan, the dynamics plan), determine the flight route and airspace traffic scenarios, build flight application task planning and capacity organization; based on airspace traffic environment (airspace traffic management, airborne traffic situation), determine the airspace traffic flight conditions and establish the task objectives and condition organization; according to the guiding need of the route, determine the area navigation and required navigation performance (RNAV, RNP) mode, and construct flight task navigation and guidance performance organization,; according to 4D trajectory management organization, determine the flight path and flight mode (TBO, the required arrival time, the control arrival time) and construct task collaborative decision-making and operation management requirements; ultimately, according to the flight environment and task operation process, determine the aircraft process safety surveillance (meteorological, small interval flight, aircraft system failure), and establish flight task deviation and hazard alert.

1.1.3. The capabilities of the avionics system

Avionics system capability is the foundation and safety that supports all activities of the avionics system. This system's application task is supported and assured by the system capability. Avionics system application tasks are based on the capabilities of the flight task system. The capability of the avionics system is built on the division of flight phases, constructing application activities, establishing the management mode, and determining the target performance requirements of the task system, as well as forming the capability organization of the aircraft avionics system. Therefore, the aircraft avionics capability organization consists of the capability of the activity process of the flight application tasks, the capability of the aircraft management task organization, and the capability of flight operation task processing. According to the requirements of the aircraft mission, in accordance with the division of the flight process, by means of the capability organization of the task application activity mode, avionics system capability determines the process requirements of the applications of the task system and achieves the target expectations of the flight task system; by means of the flight task discipline logic capability organization, avionics system capability determines the discipline logic operation requirements of the task system and achieves the target expectations of the aircraft capabilities; by means of the flight task processing capability organization, avionics system capability determines the processing performance requirements of the target system and accomplishes the desired expectations of the aircraft system performance. Therefore, the capability of the avionics system is the foundation for realizing the flight task system.

1.1.3.1. Process capability of the flight task application system activity

Process capability of the flight application task activity is the fundamental capability to meet the needs of the aircraft applications and the organization of the flight processes. Activity capability of the system application task is divided according to the flight phase, in accordance with the application tasks defined in each phase, to establish the implementation application task process organizational capacity mode. The activity mode of the avionics system application task is based on the mission of the aircraft, covering the entire flight process, in accordance with different task objectives of different phases, forming the corresponding application task capacity organization. Considering that civil airplanes are oriented to the needs of passenger transportation, the flight tasks are based on airspace traffic management tasks for realizing the application task organization throughout all phases and environments. The application mode considers the division and characteristics of each flight phase, in accordance with different environments for each phase, aligning with the phase defined in corresponding scenarios, targeting the capabilities and operation requirements of each task, forming the task objectives and management modes for corresponding phases. On this basis, according to the requirements of flight management, the aircraft process mode that meets every scenario and objective in each flight phase is constructed. This can be seen in Fig. 1.1.

The main content of each flight phase:

(1) Plan: Pilots' work is in accordance with the flight plan designated by the airlines, collaborating with ATC and airport administrators to develop the current flight plan according to the current airspace management information.

(2) Push: On the basis of the flight plans and flight permits given by ATC, in accordance with the airport scene management, pilots push the aircraft.

Figure 1.1  Division and composition of flight tasks and phases.

(3) Taxi out: In accordance with the takeoff runway given by ATC, and considering the aircraft's own position sequencing requirements, pilots glide the aircraft to the provided runway.

(4) Takeoff: According to the takeoff clearance command of ATC, and based on the navigation system data and heading guidance, pilots carry out the process of taxiing and taking off on the runway.

(5) Climb: According to the flight plan requirements, based on the route assigned by the air traffic control system and the climb mode determined by the flight management system, pilots can achieve the climbing process with the navigation data and flight data guidance.

(6) Cruise: Based on the planned route, according to the navigation guidance mode, considering the meteorological information alongside the route, targeting the current status of flight, pilots can achieve the cruise flight process.

(7) Descent: Targeting the schedule and time designated by ATC, according to the descent flight mode, guided by the navigation mode, pilots finish the descent process.

(8) Approach: In accordance with the runway and time given by ATC, according to the approach mode and navigation rules, and based on instrument landing or visual landing procedures, pilots finish the approaching process.

(9) Taxi in: According to the taxiway and terminal designated by ATC, pilots perform the taxiing process in accordance with the current position of the aircraft and taxiing directions of the cockpit and the airport.

(10) Haul: According to the ATC surface management and the ultimate target, based on the taxi status, pilots can achieve the location haul. At the same time, based on the airline flight reporting requirements, pilots implement organization and sending of flight report.

1.1.3.2. Organization capability of flight management task

Organization capacity of flight management task represents the safety of the effective results of the flight application tasks. Organization capacity of flight management task defines the application task requirements of each phase, by means of the requirements of implementation and management, to establish the organization capability needs of flight management task, and set up the organization mode of flight management task. The organization mode and capability of flight management task are aimed at the aircraft mission, targeting the application task organization of the entire flight, on the basis of the classification and combination of objectives in different phases, to construct the corresponding management mode. For different types of flight, due to the different mission and background, and the flight environment and task requirements of the different phases, the activities and objectives of flight application task are different, and corresponding flight management task modes can be formed accordingly.

Flight application tasks are oriented to flight process organization and management. The classification of flight tasks is mainly based on the division of flight phases and their respective characteristics, to determine the organization management needs of each phase, and to build the management system for each phase of the task system. Considering the task organization of each flight phase, the organization and operation needs of each task scenario are determined, to form the task objectives and management mode of each scenario in each phase. On this basis, according to the needs of flight management, the flight process mode that satisfies all scenarios and objectives in each flight phase is constructed. Therefore, according to flight planning requirements, airspace traffic management, the capability requirements of the flight management task mode are collaborated by pilots, air traffic controllers, and airlines to enhance flight safety monitoring and flight-oriented efficiency, and to construct system-coordinated flight task management. The main tasks consist of the following aspects:

(1) Integrated flight plan: Air traffic controllers, pilots, and airport operators share the single information source and weather information, coordinate to finish planning and validation of flight plans, and real-time interactive flight plan–related information.

(2) Airport ground departure traffic management: Automatically optimizing the taxiway interaction process, to provide ATM and pilot aircraft with real-time airport location, to provide airport, ATM, and pilot real-time and visual airport ground traffic management, to provide airport ground departure and inbound sorting mobile management, providing airport ground-based aircraft-related monitoring capabilities, reducing taxi time, and providing safety capabilities.

(3) Departure management: By means of precise navigation via RNAV and RNP to support multiple runways on a single runway, monitor aircraft minimum separation, and enhance the airport departure capability.

(4) Air cruise management: By means of precise navigation via RNAV, RNP, and RVSM to reduce flight spacing requirements and increase airspace capacity; support flight path–based flight modes through the collaboration of planning, heading, destination, meteorological conditions, and airspace traffic management; improve the air space collaboration capability and reduce the channel frequency crowding and human error through the data link communication; establish the flight process monitoring, improving the flight safety capability and the airspace using efficiency through the ADS-B technology.

(5) Landing and arrival management: Collaboratively arrange the arrival sequence. By means of high-precision multiway landing capability supported by RNAV and RNP, the aircraft has horizontal and vertical positioning accuracy, which can provide low landing and near-field high-precision navigation capabilities in all weather conditions, so as to reduce landing time and save fuel and emissions.

(6) Airport ground arrival traffic management: Before approaching, through the air ground data communications, ATM can upload runway gliding entry point, the terminal gate and taxi path, reduce the work load of pilots and air traffic controllers, and improve the near-field situational awareness of the pilots and safety capabilities.

1.1.3.3. Processing capability of flight operation task

Processing capability of the flight operations task is the guarantee of the target performance and the realization of the flight task objective. Based on the task objectives of each phase, and the classification and division of the discipline organization and logical combination of the task, the target performance capability of the task system determines the target performance requirements of the flight task system. Oriented to the target mission requirements of the aircraft, targeting the task characteristics during the entire flight, based on the discipline classification of the flight tasks, the target performance organization of the task system determines the performance targets of the tasks and establishes the performance requirements of the corresponding target. For different flight types with different flight missions, backgrounds, phases, and environments, different phases have different task performance and different task organization, so as to form the performance requirements of the aircraft-based phase and application task oriented for the flight environment.

Based on current and anticipated ICAO definitions, classification and composition of the flight tasks and procedures, aiming at different flight phases, airspace management requirements and modes, and different airport capabilities and infrastructure requirements, flight operation task processing capability defines the flight requirements that determine the objectives and performance requirements of the flight task operation process, establishing the task organization. Thus, based on the classification of civil aircraft flight processes such as taxiing, takeoff, and climb, in accordance with the current infrastructure capability, such as navigation, communicating and airport runway capability, etc., through discipline and logical organization, determining the flight management capabilities, communication transmission capabilities, global navigation capabilities, dependent surveillance capabilities, comprehensive information management, and safety assurance capabilities, the performance objectives of the task operation processing capabilities can be formed.

(1) Flight management capability: It can construct operation and management of aircraft flight process, support integrated plan management, provide flight navigation guidance, organization and management of flight mode, and automatic control and management of flight task. In addition, it can support the integrated navigation, guidance, control, display, flight optimization and integration, enhance flight safety, improve flight quality, save fuel, and improve operating efficiency.

(2) Communication transmission capability: It can cover the current communication frequency bands and mechanisms (L, Ls, S, C, X), support different communication needs and capabilities (narrowband, broadband, satellite communication, Wi-Fi), support the data link with the ATC and airport, and provide different communication services (environment, situation, function, task).

(3) Global navigation capability: It can support the GNSS, provide RNAV and RNP precise navigation by orienting to the needs of WAAS and LAAS, support GBAS approach and LPV approach landing, and meet the needs of low-visibility and low-altitude approach.

(4) Dependent surveillance capability: It can provide the flight route surveillance capability, support active response, hybrid mode and passive sensing surveillance mode, provide flight path conflict prediction, safety isolation, flight interval surveillance capability, detection of complex meteorological conditions, air collision warning, aircraft landing terrain-aware alerts, and high-density airspace-dependent surveillance and alerting capabilities.

(5) Integrated vision capability: It can meet the CAT I, CAT II, and CAT III approach capabilities by the Synthetic Vision System and Enhanced Flight Vision System, which, support capability for image, visual fusion and capability for information fusion, provide Cockpit Display of Traffic Information, support flight hazards, threat identification and alerting, and provide display and interaction for flight or taxi guidance.

(6) Integrated information management: It can provide organization and management of the flight airspace and the entire flight phase as well as flight process, support organization of the information of entire flight process (aircraft itself), the infrastructure information (e.g., navigation, airport, runway), the flight environment information (meteorological, airspace, transport) and the flight management information (e.g., plan, airspace, interval), support airport scene information management and interoperability sharing, information organization (database), information management, flight plan coordination, and track sharing management as well as flight process information organization and transmission management.

(7) Safety assurance capability: It can provide safety monitoring throughout the