Thermo-ecology: Exergy as a Measure of Sustainability

By Wojciech Stanek, Pawel Gladysz, Lucyna Czarnowska and Tomasz Simla

Thermo-ecology: Exergy as a Measure of Sustainability integrates thermo-ecology and exergy replacement cost as a new and original tool called thermo-ecology cost, or TEC. This tool allows for a more inclusive measurement of the impacts of using renewable and non-renewable resources by including the thermodynamics law in decision-making and presenting applications of this tool across industries and lifecycle assessments. It includes ways to investigate these effects more effectively by combining these critical aspects. This combination has emerged as a valuable decision-support tool for policymakers and the industry as they seek to evaluate the impacts of a product or process.

• Walks through what Thermo-Ecology Cost (TEC) is and why it gives a more holistic assessment when calculating the costs vs benefits of utilizing a natural resource
• Provides a new and more efficient way to measure and evaluate the sustainability of resources
• Includes: TEC calculation examples to explain the TEC theory as well as to help readers prepare their own analyses devoted to exergo-ecological applications across industries including energy production and waste management
• Demonstrates the potential of TEC usage for applications like ecological taxes proportional on TEC

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Jun 15, 2019
• ISBN: 9780128131435

Wojciech Stanek

Prof. Wojciech Stanek, PhD., DSc is full professor at the Institute of Thermal Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology. He gained his professional experience at the same University where he successively developed his scientific career as a research assistant, assistant professor and associate professor. Currently, he is the Director of Institute of Thermal Technology. He is one of the world's leading experts in the field of exergy. His main areas of interests are energy systems as well as energy and resources conversion technologies. He has worked on mathematical modelling of energy conversion and management in industrial processes, cumulated energy and exergy consumption, thermo-ecological cost method, thermo-economic issues of environmental protection, life cycle analysis and control systems for power and cogeneration plants using advanced measurement data validation. He has published more than 130 papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings. He has served as a subject editor in Energy – The International Journal since 2010. He has been a member of the Commission of Energy of Polish Academy of Sciences since 1999.

Book preview

Thermo-ecology

Exergy as a Measure of Sustainability

Wojciech Stanek

Paweł Gładysz

Lucyna Czarnowska

Tomasz Simla

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Dedicated to the memory of Professor Jan Szargut (09.09.1923–21.11.2017)

Biographies

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Thermo-ecological cost

Fundamentals of exergy analysis

Fundamental concept of thermo-ecological cost

Application of harmfulness coefficients to thermo-ecological cost

Global thermo-ecological cost

Thermo-ecological cost of abatement installation

Lifetime application to thermo-ecological cost

Import and export in thermo-ecological cost methodology

By-products in thermo-ecological cost methodology

Human labour in environmental analysis

Fuel part and mineral part of the thermo-ecological cost

Partial thermo-ecological cost

TEC-LC of mineral and metal extraction

TEC-LC of hard coal in selected countries

TEC-LC of transport

TEC-LC of electricity

Chapter 3. Examples of application of TEC

Thermo-ecological cost of hard coal with inclusion of the whole life cycle chain [1]

Thermo-ecological cost of electricity generated in renewable energy sources [8]

Thermo-ecological evaluation of nuclear power plant within the whole life cycle [25]

Thermodynamic evaluation of biomass-to-biofuel production systems [36]

Application of life cycle-thermo-ecological cost methodology for evaluation of biomass-integrated gasification of gas turbine-based cogeneration [44]

Thermo-ecological assessment of CCHP plant supported with renewable energy [49]

Thermo-ecological analysis of power plant based on Stirling engine fed with cryogenic exergy of liquefied natural gas [75]

Exergo-ecological assessment of auxiliary fuel injection into a blast furnace [85]

Thermo-ecological evaluation of a MILD oxy-fuel combustion power plant [100]

Chapter 4. Pro-Ecological Tax

Proposal of new pro-ecological exergy VAT

Thermo-ecological cost of electricity

Algorithm for new pro-ecological VAT calculations

Exemplary calculations, results and conclusions

Pro-ecological exergy tax and support for electricity generation

Index

Copyright

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Dedicated to the memory of Professor Jan Szargut (09.09.1923–21.11.2017)

Professor Jan Szargut was one of the world's pioneers of exergy analysis and his adventure with exergy dates back to its beginnings in world science. His subsequent and significant contribution to the field of exergy analysis is certainly not to be overestimated. One of the important applications of exergy analysis proposed by Szargut is thermo-ecological cost (TEC), which connects exergy and ecology. Presentation of the general theory and algorithms of TEC as well as examples of TEC application is the aim of this book. The authors would like to dedicate the book to the memory of Professor Jan Szargut – a scientific authority for many generations of thermodynamicists especially dealing with exergy analysis. Within this section the authors have included a short profile of the life and work of Professor Jan Szargut.

Professor Jan Szargut passed away on 21 November 2017. He was, and forever will remain, an undisputed authority in the field of thermodynamics and mechanical engineering. His contributions to these fields of science, in particular to the field of exergy analysis, are widely appreciated among the international scientific community. It is difficult to find a work in the field of exergy analysis that would not use or does not refer to the achievements of the professor. He was also a great teacher contributing to the education of a whole generation of engineers who became key managers in the Polish power and steel industry. His death is a great pain and an irreplaceable loss for all of us.

Professor Jan Szargut, Full Member of Polish Academy of Science.Honoris Causa Doctor of the Silesian University of Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology and AGH Krakow University of Science and Technology.

Jan Szargut was born on 9 September 1923 in Lwów (at that time in Poland, currently in Ukraine). There he spent his young years, attending both primary and secondary schools, and in 1941 he passed his GCSE. In 1942, during the German occupation, he became a student of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Lwów, existing under the name Technische Fachkurse. After the War, in 1946, he moved to Gliwice together with the whole Technical University of Lwów, and he continued his studies at the Silesian University of Technology. He graduated in 1948 and in the same year was employed as a senior research assistant. During 1951–54 Jan Szargut participated in PhD studies under the supervision of Professor Stanisław Ochęduszko (a former PhD student of Wilhelm Nusselt), and in 1955 Professor Szargut received his doctoral degree based on the dissertation Balance equations resulting from the first and second law of thermodynamics. In 1957 he became Head of the Chair of Thermal Engineering. During 1960–62 Jan Szargut was Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Silesian University of Technology. After 1971 he was Head of the Institute of Thermal Technology, and held this position until his retirement in 1993. In 1976, he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.

Professor Jan Szargut   Professor Stanisław Ochęduszko   Professor Witold Około-KułakCreators of the Silesian School of Thermodynamics and Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Silesian University of Technology.

The scientific activities of Professor Szargut began in the early 1950s. At that time, he was one of the first scientists in the world to initiate research in the area of exergy analysis of thermal processes. In 1956 Szargut published a paper Balance of potentials in physical processes resulting from the second law of thermodynamics (in Polish). Although the title does not explicitly include the word exergy, the paper actually summarizes the early stage of Szargut's activity in the new field of thermodynamics: exergy analysis. Within further works devoted to exergy analysis, Professor Szargut proposed a reference environment to calculate the chemical exergy of the elements on Earth. This approach has been one of the most commonly used methods until now and is essential for further development of exergy-based concepts.

In his works, Professor Szargut applied exergy analysis to investigate various thermal and metallurgical processes. Additionally, he proposed a number of ecological and economic applications of exergy. For example, the concept of cumulative exergy consumption was an actual milestone for the exergy community, constituting a base for advanced branches of exergy analysis – thermo-economics and thermo-ecology. The latter, also developed by Szargut, can be applied to investigate the influence of human consumption activities on the depletion of natural resources. Therefore this application of exergy perfectly matches the idea of sustainability.

The achievements of Szargut in the field of exergy analysis were published in four important monographs:

1. Szargut J., Petela R. Exergy. PWN Warszawa 1965 (in Polish) and Eksergija, Moscow 1968 (in Russian);

2. Szargut J., Moris D.R., Steward F.R. Exergy Analysis of Thermal, Chemical and Metallurgical Processes. Hampshire, New York 1988 (in English);

3. Szargut J. Exergy – Technical and Ecological Applications. WIT Press 2005 (in English);

4. Szargut J. Exergy – Handbook of Calculation and Application. SUT Press 2007 (in Polish).

The area of Jan Szargut's scientific activities was not only limited to exergy analysis. The early years of his scientific career were simultaneously devoted to the theory of energy balances of chemical processes and to the theory of reference states for chemical enthalpy and exergy. At that time, Szargut introduced the concept enthalpy of devaluation, being a generalized form of the lower heating value.

In the 1950s Jan Szargut also worked on the application of the least squares adjustment method to measurement data reconciliation for mass and energy balances in chemical processes. In 1984, he published a monograph Least squares adjustment method in thermal engineering (in Polish).

During his scientific carrier, Jan Szargut published many academic coursebooks on the fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics, e.g.: Thermodynamics (1971 and reissues), Theory of Thermal Processes (1973), Applied Thermodynamics (1991 and reissues), Exercises in Applied Thermodynamics (1979 and reissues; co-author), Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis in Industrial Thermal Engineering (1983) and Fundamentals of Thermal Engineering (1998 and reissues; co-author). For many years, these books have been an invaluable source of knowledge for students learning thermodynamics and thermal engineering at the Silesian University of Technology. For these scientific and didactic activities, Professor Szargut is considered to be the creator of the Polish School of Thermal Engineering and one of the creators of the Silesian School of Thermodynamics.

Another area of Szargut's scientific interests was mathematical modelling and experimental investigations on heat transfer in metallurgical processes. He worked, e.g., on the mathematical modelling of radiative heat transfer in industrial furnace chambers and on heat transfer in recuperators and regenerators. These works were summarized in Numerical Methods in Thermal Calculations of Industrial Furnaces (1974, in Polish) and Numerical Modelling of Temperature Fields (1995, in Polish; co-authored).

In 1993, Professor Szargut officially retired, but he did not give up his scientific activities. In addition to the books already listed, he was subsequently author, co-author or editor of several other books: Industrial Waste Energy (1993, in Polish, co-author), Reducing the Energy Consumption in Industrial Plants (1994, in Polish, co-author), Fundamentals of Energy Management (1995, in Polish, co-author), Combined Heat and Power Production – Cogeneration Plants (2007, in Polish, co-author) and Exergy – Handbook of Calculation and Application (2007, in Polish).

In total, Professor Szargut published 327 articles, 24 books and 12 handbooks, and he presented over 130 conference papers.

Professor Jan Szargut speaks during the third Conference on Contemporary Problems of Thermal Engineering, Gliwice, September 2012.

Twenty-eight PhD theses were prepared under his guidance, and 15 of his former PhD students became full professors. Jan Szargut was a member of the editorial board of Energy – the International Journal, and an honorary editor of the International Journal of Thermodynamics. He also was a member of scientific committees of numerous scientific conferences.

During many years, Professor Szargut cooperated closely with industry, particularly metallurgy. He initiated the construction of recuperators and convection chambers for charge material preheating in several Polish ironworks. About half of the PhD theses prepared under his guidance dealt with applied problems of metallurgy.

Many of his former PhD students became recognized scientists, i.e.: Ryszard Petela, Zygmunt Kolenda, Edward Kostowski, Andrzej Ziębik, Joachim Kozioł and others.

Professor Szargut is an honoris causa doctor of three Polish universities: the Silesian University of Technology, Częstochowa University of Technology and AGH Krakow University of Science and Technology. He was awarded numerous honorary state distinctions and rewards as well.

Ceremony of honorary doctorate at the AGH Krakow University of Science and Technology.

Professor Szargut was an active scientist until the very end of his life, which is confirmed, e.g., by publications: Energy or exergy? (2010, in Polish), Fuel part and mineral part of thermoecological cost (2012, co-author), Pro-ecological tax of electricity (2016, co-author), Application of the Stirling engine driven with cryogenic exergy of LNG (liquefied natural gas) for the production of electricity (2016, co-author), Exergo-ecological and economic evaluation of a nuclear power plant within the whole life cycle (2016, co-author), as well as two chapters in the book Thermodynamics for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (Springer 2017).

Closing this introduction we all would like to thank Professor Szargut for being an example of highest reliability, honesty and scientific quality, for all his inspiring life as a Great Scientist. We would like to dedicate this book, devoted to thermo-ecology, to the memory of Professor Jan Szargut.

Professor, rest in peace!

Biographies

Wojciech Stanek, Full Professor, Institute of Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Poland.

Professor Wojciech Stanek, PhD, DSc, is full professor at the Institute of Thermal Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology. He gained his professional experience at the same university where he successively developed his scientific career as a research assistant, assistant professor and associate professor. Currently, he is the Director of the Institute of Thermal Technology. He is one of the world's leading experts in the field of exergy. His main areas of interests are energy systems as well as energy and resources conversion technologies. He has worked on mathematical modelling of energy conversion and management in industrial processes, cumulated energy and exergy consumption, thermo-ecological cost methods, thermo-economic issues of environmental protection, life cycle analysis and control systems for power and cogeneration plants using advanced measurement data validation. He has published more than 130 papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings. He has served as a subject editor in Energy – The International Journal since 2010. He has been a member of the Commission of Energy of the Polish Academy of Sciences since 1999.

Paweł Gładysz, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland.

Paweł Gładysz has been an assistant professor at the Faculty of Energy and Fuels (AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland) since October 2017. Before that he worked as an assistant professor at the Institute of Thermal Technology (Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland) where he is still involved in industrial research projects. His current research activities cover mathematical modelling and optimization of energy systems (mainly clean coal and cogeneration technologies) and environmental analysis (including thermo-ecological cost and life cycle assessment). At the moment he is coordinating a research project regarding the determination of the structure of an integrated energy system (a biomass-fired combined heat and power plant with CO2 capture and utilization). Previously, he has been involved in two research projects focused on oxy-fuel combustion technology, one devoted to highly efficient cogeneration technologies and one on Stirling engines optimization. Since April 2016 he has been a member of the Polish Member Committee of the World Energy Council. Moreover, for the last 7 years he has conducted seminars and lectures at the Silesian University of Technology (Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering) focusing on process modelling of energy systems, environmental and economic analysis and energy management.

Lucyna Czarnowska, Assistant Professor, Institute of Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Poland.

Dr Lucyna Czarnowska has been an assistant professor at the Silesian University of Technology since 2014. She has extensive experience in thermo-ecological cost, cumulative energy and exergy, dispersion of pollutants in the air and external environmental cost. She completed her PhD (2014) in energy engineering in the field of thermal energy and environmental impact assessment, obtaining the European Doctorate label. The work was prepared at both the Institute of Thermal Technology at the Silesian University of Technology and the National Technical University of Athens, as the part of the INSPIRE project. The INSPIRE project mainly concerns optimization of systems, energy management and environmental impact in process engineering, which was a Marie Curie Research Training Network supported by the European Community's Sixth Framework Programme. Currently, she is involved in a project titled Economically efficient and socially accepted CCS/EOR processes, which is funded from Norwegian grants in the Polish–Norwegian Research Programme operated by the National Centre for Research and Development. In this project, she focuses on CO2 emission from the refinery and cement industries. Additionally, she is involved in a national project titled Development of an expert system for assessing environmental, economic and social effectiveness of Polish coal mines. She also teaches subjects such as environmental impact and thermo-economic evaluation in the energy sector.

Tomasz Simla, PhD student, Institute of Thermal Technology, Silesian University of Technology, Poland.

Tomasz Simla is a PhD student at the Institute of Thermal Technology (Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland). He defended his MSc thesis Exploiting the cryogenic exergy of liquefied natural gas in production of electricity in 2016. His PhD thesis focuses on the evaluation of interrelations between renewable energy sources, energy storage and fossil fuel-based energy systems using the concept of thermo-ecological cost. His research activities cover modelling of energy systems and exergy analysis. He was the main developer of the industrial project Developing an application for calculation of energetic and ecological effectiveness of heat and electricity sources for individual consumers. Additionally, he is involved in teaching subjects such as energy management, modelling of energy installations, thermo-economic evaluation in the energy sector and heat transfer.

Chapter 1

Introduction

Abstract

Chapter 1 comprises an introduction to the concept of system exergy analysis, which further develops into the idea of thermo-ecological cost. The chapter summarizes the book's contents and the proposal of Professor Jan Szargut, thermo-ecological cost, which is a system approach to applying thermodynamic laws to the evaluation of ecological effects.

Keywords

Human development index; Life cycle assessment; Natural resources; System exergy analysis; Thermo-ecological cost; Thermo-economic analysis

The existence and further development of our civilization are possible due to the use of natural resources. Natural resources represent the primary raw materials that are transformed into the goods within the chains of interconnected manufacturing processes. Thus the value of natural resources results from the ability to transform them into useful products that are necessary for human beings. From the perspective of resource management rationalization, the efficiency of production processes is important. This efficiency should be assessed using methods based on the laws of physics that assess the actual losses in the entire process chain. These losses have fundamental meaning for the economy of resource management. The usefulness and quality of mineral raw materials and energy carriers is the greater, the more their parameters differ from those commonly found in the natural environment. For example, primary non-energy carriers obtained from