Thermohydrodynamic Programming and Constructal Design in Microsystems

By Tao Dong

Thermohydrodynamic Programming and Constructal Design in Microsystems explains the direction of a morphing system configuration that is illustrated by life evolution in nature. This is sometimes referred to as the fourth law of thermodynamics, and was first applied in thermofluidic engineering, with more recent applications in physics and biology. The book specifically focuses on synthetic modeling and constructal optimization in the design of microsystemic devices, which are of particular interest to researchers and practitioners in the sphere of micro- and nanoscale physics, a mechanistically deviation from conventional theory.

The book is an important reference resource for researchers working in the area of micro- and nanosystems technology and those who want to learn more about how thermodynamics can be effectively applied at the micro level.

• Explains how the application of constructal theory can lead to more effective microsystems design
• Offers an introduction to the fundamentals and application to different flow and heat/mass transport systems
• Bridges the gap between theoretical design and optimization, from a practical point-of-view

• Language: English
• Publisher: Elsevier Science
• Release date: Oct 20, 2018
• ISBN: 9780128131923

Tao Dong

Ph.D. Tao Dong is a full Professor and Primary Supervisor for Ph.D. candidates with Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway. He is also the honorary Chair Professor II at Chongqing Technology and Business University, China, as being selected in “6th Chongqing Municipality 100 Overseas Talent Gathering Plan (Hundred Talents Program)”. Professor Tao Dong received the Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering and the Postdoctoral Diploma from Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, in 2003 and 2005, respectively. Ph.D. Tao Dong has published over 150 international peer-reviewed academic articles and 14 patents so far. He has supervised 15 Ph.D. and post-doc candidates, and 45 master students in Norway and China. His research interests include heat mass transfer in micro- and nano-systems, microfluidics, BioMEMS and so forth.

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Thermohydrodynamic Programming and Constructal Design in Microsystems

Tao Dong

Honorary Chair Professor, Key Laboratory of Chongqing Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China

Full Professor, Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Vestfold campus Norway

Micro & Nano Technologies Series

Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Biography

Preface 1

Preface 2

Nomenclature

Greek Symbols

Subscript

Superscript

Mathematical Operator

Chapter 1. Introduction to constructal theory in microsystems

Abstract

1.1 Overview: Thermohydrodynamic Management in Microsystems

1.2 Entropy Generation Minimization

1.3 Efficiency, Territory, and Compactness

1.4 Constructal Law, Field Synergy, and Entransy

References

Chapter 2. Highly conductive thermal inserts and conjugated conduction–convection design

Abstract

2.1 Thermal Inserts: Hierarchical Ramification

2.2 Conjugated Conduction–Convection Design

References

Chapter 3. Thermohydrodynamics for single-phase convection in microchannel networks

Abstract

3.1 Thermohydrodynamics of Single-Phase Flow in Microchannels

3.2 Limitation of Entropy Generation Minimization-Based Design Optimization: An Exemplary Case on Staggered Pin Fin Array in Microchannels

3.3 Characteristics of Constructal Convection Networks

3.4 Convection Tree Design

3.5 Size Limit for Miniaturization

References

Chapter 4. Two-phase flow in microscale and nanoscale

Abstract

4.1 Vascular Network and Transpiration Tree

4.2 Wick Design for Loop Heat Pipe

4.3 Contact Line Region

4.4 Interfacial Modeling: Many-Body Dissipative Particle Dynamics

References

Chapter 5. Design optimization techniques

Abstract

5.1 Population-Based Pareto Algorithms

5.2 Normal Boundary Intersection and Normalized Normal Constraint

References

Index

Copyright

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Biography

Professor Tao Dong is a full Professor and Primary Supervisor for PhD candidates with the Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences at the University of South-Eastern Norway. He is also the honorary Chair Professor II at Chongqing Technology and Business University, China, while being nominated in the 6th Chongqing Municipality 100 Overseas Talent Gathering Plan (Hundred Talents Program). Professor Tao Dong received his PhD in mechanical engineering and his Postdoctoral Diploma from Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China, in 2003 and 2005 respectively. Dr. Dong has published over 150 international peer-reviewed academic articles as well as 14 patents. He has supervised 15 doctoral and postdoctoral candidates, and 45 master students in Norway and China. His research interests primarily include heat mass transfer in micro- and nanosystems, microfluidics, and BioMEMS.

Preface 1

Tao Dong¹,², ¹Full Professor, Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Vestfold campus, Norway, ²Honorary Chair Professor II, Key Laboratory of Chongqing Colleges, Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China

Thermohydraulic optimization has been in continuous development, primarily owing to the miniaturization and compactness required for integrated circuits, power converters, fuel cells, photovoltaic devices, and so forth, where the management of flow architectures of either heat or fluid is essential. Particularly over the past two decades, constructal theory, for the first time, generalized the ever-lasting morphology of natural flow configurations that are subject to the environment. This has unfolded a new track in the field of design optimization in addition to the existing techniques regarding thermodynamic irreversibility, for example, the minimization of entropy generation (with its known deficit in being black-box style and lack of geometric guidance) and the visualization of heat flow by heatlines (in analogy to streamlines in fluid dynamics).

As a topic of ongoing research since my postdoctoral period when investigations on microchannel and microthermal inserts started to boom, this book is partly a collection of footprints concerning all the pertinent research projects and teaching work I have experienced. Motivated by the support from students attending the course MN-HMT5950, MN-HMT9100 (Heat and Mass Transport in Nano and Micro Systems) over the past a few years, the content of this book will serve as part of the teaching material, starting from the coming fall semester.

Sections 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.4, 2.2.5, and 4.1.1 of this book have been adapted from our previous work listed, respectively, as follows:

[1] Shi Z, Dong T. Entropy generation and optimization of laminar convective heat transfer and fluid flow in a microchannel with staggered arrays of pin fin structure with tip clearance. Energy Conv Manage 2015;94:493–504.

[2] Dong T, Shi Z, Jensen A. Bi-objective optimization of axial profile of pin fin with uniform base heat flux. Appl Therm Eng 2018;128:830–6.

[3] Shi Z, Dong T. A synthetic layout optimization of discrete heat sources flush mounted on a laminar flow cooled flat plate based on the constructal law. Energy Conv Manage 2015;106:300–7.

[4] Hajmohammadi MR, Salimpour MR, Saber M, et al. Detailed analysis for the cooling performance enhancement of a heat source under a thick plate. Energy Conv Manage 2013;76:691–700.

[5] Karlsen H., Dong T. A compact device for urine collection and transport in porous media. International Conference Mechatronics. Cham: Springer; 2017.

The coauthors, Zhongyuan Shi and Haakon Karlsen of these publications, are hereby acknowledged. Particularly, I would like to thank Zhongyuan Shi for his indispensable contributions to this book regarding, for instance, manuscript preparing, figure drawing, exemplary coding, and so forth. Without his tremendous contribution, this book would not have been possible.

The funding support from the Research Council of Norway under the scheme of NFR NANO2021 project (No. 263783) and NFR Nærings-PhD project (No. 251129) are hereby acknowledged as well as the support I received from the Norwegian Oslofjordfondet project (No. 272037).

I am grateful for the funding from Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (No. cstc2015jcyjBX0004, cstc2015jcyjA20023, cstc2017jcyjA1842), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 11702045 and 61650410655), EU Erasmus+ Capacity Building in Higher Education (No. 573828-EPP-1-2016-1-BG-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP), and Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission (No. KJ1600602 and KJ1500609).

Additionally, I would also like to acknowledge the support from the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (the Leading Talent of Science and Technology Innovation, No. CSTCCXLJRC201702), Chongqing Education Commission (Chongqing Innovation Team of Universities and Colleges – Smart Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Applications, No. CXTDX201601025), and the 6th Chongqing 100 Overseas Talent Gathering Plan (Hundred Talents Program).

On behalf of the entire group, the infrastructural supports, including but not limited to BioMEMS lab facilities at Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Special Funds for the Development of Local Universities and Colleges in Chongqing Technology and Business University, which are from the Central Government of China, are hereby acknowledged.

Preface 2

Tao Dong¹,², ¹Honorary Chair Professor, Key Laboratory of Chongqing Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China, ²Full Professor, Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Vestfold campus, Norway

Thermohydraulic optimization has been in continuous development, primarily owing to the miniaturization and compactness requirement for integrated circuits, power converters, fuel cells, photovoltaic devices, and so forth, where the management of flow architectures of either heat or fluid is essential. Particularly over the past two decades, constructal theory, for the first time, generalized the ever-lasting morphology of natural flow configurations that are subject to the environment. This has unfolded a new track in the territory of design optimization in addition to the existing techniques regarding thermodynamic irreversibility, for example, the minimization of entropy generation (also with its known deficit of being black-box style, or lack of geometric guidance) and the visualization of heat flow by heatlines (in analogy to streamlines in fluid dynamics).

As a topic of ongoing research since my postdoctoral period when investigations on microchannel and microthermal inserts started to boom, the book is partly a collection of footprints, concerning the pertinent research projects and teaching work I have experienced. Motivated by the support from students attending the course MN-HMT5950, MN-HMT9100 (Heat and Mass Transport in Nano and Micro Systems) over the past a few years, the content in this book will serve as part of the teaching material, starting from the coming fall semester.

Sections 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.4, 2.2.5, and 4.1.1 of this book are respectively adapted from our previous work listed as follows.

[1] Shi Z, Dong T. Entropy generation and optimization of laminar convective heat transfer and fluid flow in a microchannel with staggered arrays of pin fin structure with tip clearance. Energy Conv Manage 2015;94:493–504.

[2] Dong T, Shi Z, Jensen A. Bi-objective optimization of axial profile of pin fin with uniform base heat flux. Appl Therm Eng 2018;128:830–6.

[3] Shi Z, Dong T. A synthetic layout optimization of discrete heat sources flush mounted on a laminar flow cooled flat plate based on the constructal law. Energy Conv Manage 2015;106:300–7.

[4] Hajmohammadi MR, Salimpour MR, Saber M, et al. Detailed analysis for the cooling performance enhancement of a heat source under a thick plate. Energy Conv Manage 2013;76:691–700.

[5] Karlsen H., Dong T. A compact device for urine collection and transport in porous media. International Conference Mechatronics. Cham: Springer; 2017.

The coauthors, Zhongyuan Shi and Haakon Karlsen of these publications, are hereby acknowledged. Particularly, I would like to thank Zhongyuan Shi for his indispensable contributions to this book regarding, for instance, manuscript preparing, figure drawing, exemplary coding, and so forth. Without his tremendous contribution, this book would not have been possible.

The author is grateful for the funds from Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology (No. cstc2015jcyjBX0004, cstc2015jcyjA20023, cstc2017jcyjA1842), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 11702045 and 61650410655), EU Erasmus+ Capacity Building in Higher Education (No. 573828-EPP-1-2016-1-BG-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP), and Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Education Commission (No. KJ1600602 and KJ1500609).

Additionally, I would also like to acknowledge the support from the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission (the Leading Talent of Science and Technology Innovation, No. CSTCCXLJRC201702), Chongqing Education Commission (Chongqing Innovation Team of Universities and Colleges – Smart Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Applications, No.: CXTDX201601025), and the 6th Chongqing 100 Overseas Talent Gathering Plan (Hundred Talents Program).

The funding support from the Research Council of Norway under the scheme of NFR NANO2021 project (No. 263783) and NFR Nærings-PhD project (No. 251129) are hereby acknowledged. Besides these, I also thank the support from the Norwegian Oslofjordfondet project (No. 272037).

On behalf of the entire group, the infrastructural supports, including but not limited to BioMEMS lab facilities at Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, special funds from the Central Government of China for the Development of Local Universities and Colleges in Chongqing Technology and Business University, are hereby acknowledged.

Nomenclature

2F1 Gauss hypergeometric function of order 1, 2

A effective heat transfer area, m², see Table 3.1; area of construct, m²; modified Hamaker constant, J, see Eq. (4.37)

a constant for the Gauss hypergeometric function, see Eq. (2.101); constant defined in Eq. (4.4), m/s; coefficient defined in Eq. (4.34)

A0 area of the 0th order construct (2D), m²

Abase unfinned base area in the flow channel, m², see Table 3.1

Ac,min minimum cross-section area in the flow channel, m², see Eq. (3.9)

Afin cylindrical surface area of a single pin fin, m², see Tab. 3.1

ai arc length for the ith order construct, i is an integer and i≥0, m, see Fig. 3.7; subscripts 1 and 2 indicating two estimates for horizontal flow, see the paragraph above Table 4.1

b constant for the Gauss hypergeometric function, see Eq. (2.101); plate thickness, m, see Eq. (2.107); constant defined in Eq. (4.4), m/s; coefficient defined in Eq. (4.34)

B0 duty parameter, dimensionless, defined in Eq. (3.14)

Be Bejan number, dimensionless

Bi Biot number

C tip clearance, m, see Fig. 3.1B; constant, see, for instance, Eqs. (3.35) and (3.36); accommodation coefficient, see Eq. (4.34)

c constant for the Gauss hypergeometric function, see Eq. (2.101)

Ċ heat capacity rate, W/K

C0, C1, C2, C3 constants in Eq. (4.43)

Ca Capillary number

cp isobaric specific heat, J/(kgK)

cv isochoric specific heat, J/(kgK)

D diameter, m; channel width, m

d end-level distance of the y-shaped dendritic tree, m, see Fig. 3.8

Dh hydraulic diameter, m

E entransy, JK

f Fanning friction factor, dimensionless; geometric factor, defined in Eq. (3.66); curve function of the axial pin fin profile, m, see Fig. 2.18 and Eq. (2.65)

f multidimensional dummy function for illustrating MINLP, see Eq. (5.1)

F force, N; dimensionless curve function of the axial pin fin profile

F modified fitness function, incorporating penalty terms, see Eq. (5.3)

Fµ viscous force, Pa, see Eq. (4.1)

Fg hydrostatic force, Pa, see Eq. (4.1)

fr reference profile, m, see Eq. (2.67)

Fσ surface tension force, Pa, see Eq. (4.1)

g gravitational acceleration, m/s²

g multidimensional inequality constraint, g is a vector that contains p elements, gj ), in total, see Eq. (5.2); global optimum solution, see Eq. (5.7)

Ge dimensionless parameter of geometry, see Eq. (3.84)

Geo geometric determinant for continuous capillary rise, dimensionless, see Eq. (4.22)

H heat function, W/m, defined in Eq. (1.5); height, m

h heat transfer coefficient, W/(m²K); distance between two parallel plates, m, see Fig. 4.1

h multidimensional equality constraint, h is a vector that contains m elements, hk ), in total, see Eq. (5.2)

hlv latent heat, J/kg

i variable for the Gauss hypergeometric function, see Eq. (2.102)

I inertia force, Pa, see Eq. (4.1)

k thermal conductivity, W/(mK); Indices for breaking points in a knot vector/order of the basis function for NURBS, see Eqs. (2.71)−2.73); relative difference defined in Eq. (4.8)

K