A Guide to the Study of Basic Medical Mycology
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About this ebook
A Guide to the Study of Basic Medical Mycology offers an overview of the basic characteristics of fungi frequently isolated from clinical specimens. This comprehensive guide, developed by authors Kee Peng Ng, Tuck Soon Soo-Hoo, and Shiang Ling Na from the Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia, details the macro- and microscopic features of each fungus through graphics and illustrations.
Including specimens not often found in all teaching modules, A Guide to the Study of Basic Medical Mycology serves to help medical students identify and learn to deal with clinically important fungi and fungal pathogens.
Kee Peng Ng
Kee Peng Ng BSc, PhD, MBBS, DTM&H, is a professor and senior clinical consultant with the Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia. He has a special interest in diagnostic mycology and is currently conducting whole genome characterizations and pathogenomic studies on important members of the dematiaceous fungal species. Tuck Soon Soo Hoo, PhD, is a mycologist who retired after 40 years as a lecturer in the Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya. He has extensive experience in the study of fungi of clinical importance, specializing in morphological identification and histopathological diagnosis of fungal diseases. Shiang Ling Na is a medical laboratory technologist in the Mycology laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya Medical Centre.
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A Guide to the Study of Basic Medical Mycology - Kee Peng Ng
Copyright © 2014 Kee Peng Ng, Tuck Soon Soo-Hoo, Shiang Ling Na. All rights reserved.
ISBN
978-1-4828-2412-4 (sc)
978-1-4828-2413-1 (e)
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.
www.partridgepublishing.com/singapore
09/10/2014
24321.pngContents
Section 1. Introduction to Basic Mycology
Classification of fungi
Characteristics of fungi
Describing the colonial morphology
The type of spores
Section 2. Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
Sample collection
Direct microscopic examination
Stains commonly used in the Mycology laboratory
Cultural procedures
Biochemical tests
Molecular identification of fungus
Histopathology examinations
Section 3. Yeasts and Yeast-like Fungi
Candida species
Cryptococcus species
Malassezia furfur
Trichosporon species
Geotrichum species
Rhodotorula species
Ustilago species
Section 4. Hyaline Hyphomycetes
Acremonium species
Aspergillus species
Paecilomyces species
Chrysosporium species
Scopulariopsis species
Scedosporium species
Trichoderma species
Sepedonium species
Penicillium species
Fusarium species
Section 5. Dermatophytes
Epidermophyton species
Microsporum species
Trichophyton species
Section 6. Zygomycetes
Mucor species
Rhizopus species
Basidiobolus species
Syncephalastrum species
Cunninghamella species
Section 7. Dimorphic Fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum
Penicillium marneffei
Sporothrix schenckii
Section 8. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes
Alternaria species
Curvularia species
Fonsecaea species
Bipolaris species
Hortaea werneckii
Exophiala species
Cladosporium species
Hendersonula toruloidea
Exserohilum species
Phialophora species
Nigrospora species
Ochroconis species
Phoma species
Chaetomium species
Daldinia species
Section 9. Non-cultivable Fungus
Pneumocystis species
Preface
Mycotic diseases are gaining importance as a result of the increase in the incidence of opportunistic fungal infections among immunocompromised patients. The identification of fungi isolated from clinical material has posed a variety of problems to many laboratories due to lack of expertise and experience, especially in the identification of recently emerged rare fungi that had not been previously reported.
Mycology is a small component of microbiology as taught in the undergraduate medical course. The exposure of most medical students to basic mycology is limited to a few medically important fungal species such as Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and the dermatophytes. However many of the recently recognized fungal pathogens, such as the dematiaceous fungi, are seldom included in the teaching modules. This will handicap young medical graduates when confronted with the ever increasing number of fungal pathogens.
This illustrated guide is meant to provide, as comprehensively as possible, the basic characteristics of fungi frequently isolated from clinical specimens. All the fungi illustrated in this manual are isolated from clinical material obtained in the Mycology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya.
The macro- and microscopic features of each fungus are graphically and pictorially presented, and it is hoped that this study guide will be useful to students in their study of clinically important fungi.
Section 1. Introduction to Basic Mycology
Fungi include two diverse forms: moulds and yeasts.
A yeast colony is usually single, round, raised, or convex. The colony may be white, red, or black in colour (Fig. 1A). The vegetative structure of yeast is single, unicellular cells, 4-8 µm in diameter with buddings (Fig. 1B). The yeasts may produce pseudohyphae or true hyphae (Table 1) and reproduce by budding.
A mould colony is fuzzy or cottony in appearance (Fig. 2A). A single growing vegetative structure of mould is known as a hypha or hyphae (more than one hypha). The hyphae can be non-septated (Fig. 2B) or septated and branched (Fig. 2C). The mycelium growing on the surface of the agar medium is called aerial mycelium, and those growing down into the agar are called vegetative mycelium. A mould colony is therefore made up of aerial and vegetative mycelia, which