Practical Manual for Detection of Parasites in Feces, Blood and Urine Samples

By Ibraheem Ashankyty and Omar Hassan Amer

This book is intended primarily to cover the parasitology laboratory for practical sessions and diagnosis of parasites in feces, blood, and urine.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Jul 13, 2020
• ISBN: 9781984586308

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Copyright © 2020 by Ibraheem Ashankyty / Omar Hassan Amer.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

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Rev. date: 07/13/2020

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Contents

Preface

Introduction

Laboratory Safety Guidelines

Light Microscope

Chapter 1   Laboratory Procedures for Examination of Feces

Chapter 2   Medically Helminths

Chapter 3   Medically Protozoa

Chapter 4   Urinalysis

Chapter 5   Blood Examination for Parasites

Chapter 6   Sample from the Skin

Summary

References

Preface

This book is intended primarily to cover the parasitology laboratory for practical sessions and diagnosis of parasites in feces, blood, and urine. Medical health sciences and clinical laboratory sciences undergraduate students are the main target for this manual. In addition, this manual is beneficial for diagnostic medical parasitology used by workers in laboratories of hospitals and health care centers. Diagnostic methods are restricted to microscopy. The contents of this book included the different laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of different parasites in feces, urine, blood, and skin.

2020

Introduction

Parasitic diseases are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world and often present with nonspecific symptoms and signs. Most parasitic diseases cannot be diagnosed by physical examination alone and laboratory diagnosis essential to provide the patient with an appropriate drug for treatment. Laboratory tests must be accurate and reliable if the results are to help the physician and benefit the patient.

Morphological diagnosis of parasites depends on the sample, the technique, and the skills. Samples are needed to be taken from the patient at the appropriate time from the specific site (in some types of parasites like malaria and leishmania, for timing and location respectively). There are several methods and techniques that are explained in this book for students and professionals to enhance identification capabilities, like concentration techniques, specific staining techniques, and ovum hatching. Finally, microscopic identification of parasites requires adequate skill and expertise in recognizing the parasite in its various stages and its differentiation from morphologically similar artifacts.

The content of this book summarizes the work performed in the diagnostic parasitology laboratory in the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il in Ha’il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition to training of the health colleges, the parasitology laboratory is a referral lab for parasitic infections. Clinical specimens—specifically blood, feces, and urine—are received for investigation. The laboratory participates in schemes for fecal parasitology, malaria, urine examination, and leishmania.

The laboratory accepts samples from Ha’il General Hospital and King Khalid Hospital laboratories, private hospitals, and private laboratories in the Ha’il area. The laboratory accepts samples referred to the laboratory by clinicians or clinical laboratories. Parasitology laboratory personnel and trainees need to know the features of the different parasites of medical importance.

Parasitology

A parasite is an organism that is dependent on another organism (called the host) for its life cycle or metabolic requirements (entirely or partially). Therefore, parasites can be divided into obligatory parasites that must be in contact with the host or free living, which can live independently from the host, like hookworms’ free living stages in the soil.

Parasite hosts can be categorized into definitive host, intermediate host, or reservoir host. Definitive host is the host where the sexual reproduction or most highly developed form of the parasite takes place. Intermediate host is that alternate with the definitive host and in which the larva or the asexual stages are found (the two stages are essential for the parasite’s life cycle). Reservoir host is a host that serves as a source of infection for other animals. It is essential for epidemic studies when the infection is maintained hard to eradicate.

Goals and Learning Outcome

The parasitology laboratory provides students with the following skills:

• Students will learn how to protect themselves and coworkers from potential infectious agents and chemicals used in the lab.

• Students and trainees can be made aware of the internal organization of the lab.

• The student will be able to plan and carry out research projects.

• The student will be aware of advancement in the field.

• By the end of the six-month training, the student will be able demonstrate and train undergraduate students.

Learning Outcomes

A. Scientific basis of diagnosis medical parasitology

• Understanding the etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and prevention of parasitic infections

• Laboratory investigations for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases

B. Laboratory skills

• Process samples sent for routine parasitological investigations in a clinical diagnostic laboratory

• Report on parasitic pathogens in clinical samples

• Work with due attention to quality assurance and laboratory safety

• Instruct on collection and transportation of samples for parasitological diagnosis

C. Laboratory management

• Manage the parasitological laboratory services and the work environment of a medical parasitology laboratory

D. Patient management

• Advise clinicians on the investigation and management of patients with parasitic infection

Laboratory Safety Guidelines

Laboratory safety guidelines are used to make all laboratory personnel aware of the risk and to protect themselves and other staff. All human specimen are considered biohazardous. Blood samples are dangerous for the possibility of viral infections (for example COVID-19, HIV, HBV, and