Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

Chazzonos
Chazzonos
Chazzonos
Ebook350 pages5 hours

Chazzonos

Rating: 0 out of 5 stars

()

Read preview

About this ebook

Cantor Hal Perlmutters life is about to change forever. After he learns he has just inherited an unexpected windfall, Cantor Hal must decide whether to leave the temple where he has given away his neshama and his kishkes for almost twenty years. But Cantor Hal has no idea of the whirlwind of challenges that await him.

Cantor Hal is well-respected among many in his community, but circumstances of his personal life are a source of contention for many. Divorced, with a gay son who lives with him and an orthodox daughter who lives with her mother, Cantor Hal faces not only the complex decision whether to leave his bittersweet career, but also whether he should remarry. Worse yet, his son has taken up with a much older man, and his daughter is angry at her father for his liberal ways. In the midst of his uncertainty, Cantor Hal longs for nothing more than the days when a powerful era of cantorial artistry reigned.

In this poignant tale that provides a compelling glimpse into a contemporary Jewish community, a cantor must look within to find the answers that have the power to lead him to a new beginning.
LanguageEnglish
PublisheriUniverse
Release dateJun 21, 2011
ISBN9781462030446
Chazzonos
Author

Lyle Rockler

Lyle Rockler is a cantor who has held positions in New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Florida. In 1997, he earned a master of arts degree in English from Oregon State University. He is currently the religious leader of Temple Beth El in North Port, Florida, and teaches writing at Edison State College.

Related to Chazzonos

Related ebooks

Literary Fiction For You

View More

Related articles

Reviews for Chazzonos

Rating: 0 out of 5 stars
0 ratings

0 ratings0 reviews

What did you think?

Tap to rate

Review must be at least 10 words

    Book preview

    Chazzonos - Lyle Rockler

    Copyright © 2011 by Lyle Rockler.

    All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

    This is a work of fiction. All of the characters, names, incidents, organizations, and dialogue in this novel are either the products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously.

    iUniverse books may be ordered through booksellers or by contacting:

    iUniverse

    1663 Liberty Drive

    Bloomington, IN 47403

    www.iuniverse.com

    1-800-Authors (1-800-288-4677)

    Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

    Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

    Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock.

    ISBN: 978-1-4620-2864-1 (sc)

    ISBN: 978-1-4620-2863-4 (dj)

    ISBN: 978-1-4620-3044-6 (ebk)

    Library of Congress Control Number: 2011909652

    Printed in the United States of America

    iUniverse rev. date: 06/17/2011

    For My Parents

    And Grandparents

    Contents

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    MARCH

    1

    2

    3

    APRIL

    4

    5

    6

    MAY

    7

    8

    9

    JUNE

    10

    11

    JULY

    12

    AUGUST

    13

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    Thanks first to Carla Stevens, whose writing course I took so many years ago at the New School and was kind enough to let me share stories with her for several years afterward. Thanks to Karen Tzakos, a brilliant teacher and writer who pushed me in the right direction. Thanks to the English Department at Oregon State University where Chazzonos was born and especially to Tracy Daugherty, Marjorie Sandor and Ehud Havazelet. Thanks to members of my family who believed in me and supported me: Tsilia Glinberg, Marleen Green, Malcolm Gordon, Myra Fishman, Dan Gladen, Naomi Rockler, Melvin and Cynthia Roseman, and Gregg Hyster. Thanks to Molly Cook, a friend and a fine writer, who read portions of my manuscript and always gave me the courage to continue. Thanks to Amy Meyers and Ira Blank who helped me through the worst times. Thanks to Sharon Burke and David and Sandra Evans, whose ongoing commitment to this project kept it alive. Finally, thanks to Lil Brown, whose passing was untimely and who I wish was still here to share this.

    Henry Perlmutter, a boy four years old and some months; a boy with an adult name: Hal Perlmutter. He is an only child, in the company of adults much of the time. Already he sings and performs for the neighbors and the relatives, the songs his mother listens to on the radio while he plays with his toy cars on the kitchen floor. Doris Day. Vaughn Monroe. Eddie Fisher. His mother, Hinda, dotes on him, smothers him, talks without end about the family left behind in Moldava. She fills his childheart with something Slavic and black, a Bessarabian guck that sticks to his tiny ribs like tar. He hears her say she could have married better. His father, Isaac, not even a butcher, but a cutter of deli meatsbrisket, corned beef, pastrami, tongue. He hears them barking, snarling, growling at each other. They curse, cajole, regret, complain, rail at their fate, frighten the boy. His father shows him a more measured love: he takes him out on the boat fishing, laces him into a life preserver, tells him that they’re Minnesota boys fishing the ten thousand lakes. At home, Isaac smoothes Hal’s wavy dark hair as they sit on the couch and listen to Zaida’s records, the records Isaac calls chazzonos. The records are thick glass, round like pies, a thin hole in the middle to place over the little finger on the turntable of the phonograph. They have red or green or black labels which Isaac explains announce the name of the famous cantor singing. They listen together the way Zaida and Isaac did when Isaac was a boy. Hal loves the sounds of the deep full male voices, the rich instruments in the background which he cannot yet name. He hums the haunting melodies in his head. Hinda likes the chazzonos toobut she cries when she hears it. She sees her father in front of her, his long white beard combed out for Shabbos, sitting at the table with a volume of the Talmud spread out before him. Where they are now my family? she asks, Killed by chayas, by wild animals. The sounds of the cantors, their chazzonos, stay with Hal. He doesn’t understand the Hebrew words, but he feels the power and the poetry as much as a boy of four can. But his head is also filled with the other sounds: the sounds of Hinda and Isaac threatening, screaming, cursing. He understands the Yiddish words: Hang yourself, burn in a fire, get flattened, explode, meet with a horrible end. One day he opens the brown metal closet in the dining room where Isaac keeps the glass records. He looks up and sees clothes hangingjackets, coats, sweaters. He imagines they belong to the dead Jews, the family killed by Hitler that his mother mourns. At the bottom are the records, Isaac’s chazzonos in black round stacks. Recalling the sound of his father’s anger, he picks up a record and flings it across the room. The record hits the wall, falls to the floor and shatters. The sound, the destruction gives Hal a thrill he feels all through his small body. He throws another and it also shatters, this time even louder. Another and then another until Hinda comes into the room screaming. Shattered glass covers Hinda’s polished wood floor. He is punished, made to stay in his room, but he does it again on another day. Isaac never moves the records to a different, safer place. So even though he is punished again and again, Hal returns to the records until there are only a few left. His daddy’s records that had been left to him by Zaida, the gorgeous, plaintive sounds of chazzonos are gone.

    MARCH

    1

    Hal thinks he heard someone yelling for him to get out of bed, but that’s impossible. His son is at work in the city, and he’s alone in the house. He’s curled on his side under the thick comforter Mimi bought him at the start of winter, struggling to keep his eyes open and puzzle it out. It was a dream—a dream of Zaida Chaim who died only months before he was born and whom he was named for and around whom myths were spun as soon as he could understand. Zaida Chaim—handsome, blue-eyed, a master joker, the first of the family to set out for America, the first lover of chazzonos. But Zaida Chaim, who always looks like George Burns in Hal’s dreams, had already faded when the yelling began. And now he remembers: it was Myra, his ex, now eight years, angry again at his lazy habit of sleeping in on his day off.

    Sleeping in this morning will be a mistake. The women in the office will be there at nine and he doesn’t want to answer any questions. Last night he sat at the huge oak table in his kitchen, writing draft after draft, filling the floor with crumpled paper. Giant hail thrown by God. Just what does one say about leaving after twenty years? It’s like ending a marriage—the truth is too complicated. Is it Dear Mr. President? Dear Mr. Deutsch? Dear Fred? I’m leaving because I have all this money now and to hell with you? In the end he chose simple. Dear Fred—This is to inform you. I’ll remember the good times. No reason given. Yours Sincerely, Cantor Henry Perlmutter.

    He’s about to doze off again, but he starts to see Lea, the yenta secretary at the front desk, bracelets dangling from her arm, pointing a stubby yellowed finger and asking, double-chinned, in her husky smoke voice just why he’s there on his day off. This gets him on his feet. In the foggy bathroom mirror he declares Sloth ain’t gonna win today and then puts the words to the tune of Camptown Races: Sloth ain’t gonna win today, doo-dah, doo-dah. He recalls that sloth is one of the seven deadly sins.

    In the living room, he laces his well-worn hiking boots. The streets around Mirthgate Lake are still full of gray winter slush, and he plans to walk after it’s done. His heavy-lined plaid flannel jacket is so tight that he has trouble with the buttons. Shmagegy, buy yourself a jacket, he says out loud while putting on a wide brimmed black felt hat that makes him look like half a Chasid. He grabs the resignation letter off the coffee table where he left it last night, addressed to the president of Mirthgate Temple, Fred Deutsch.

    So here he is, Cantor Hal, walking in the light drizzles of a New Jersey late winter (or is it early spring?) the two blocks to Mirthgate Temple, the place of his employment, the place where he gave away his neshama and his kishkes for almost twenty years, momentous missive in his hand, about to sever ties, say goodbye, adieu, shalom and all that. And how does he feel? In a word, crappy. In his head, he’s resigned a thousand times. This one was no good, this policy stunk, that policy was nuts, who do they think they are, my personal life is my own business, they don’t appreciate chazzonos anymore, they want nothing but this new schlock or Shlomo, they don’t realize what I do for them, why don’t they just let me sing, yadda, yadda, yadda. Mostly he stayed on account of David; but Rabbi David’s been retired for five years and for five years it’s been the reign of the hapless, spineless Jerry Salmon. But now it’s real, he’s actually going to do it—place the letter in the president’s box, and that will be the end of it. Of course now it’s because of the money. He doesn’t need them anymore. But why then crappy? Because twenty years is a long time, and it’s like leaving your family—they’re dysfunctional, meshuga, they give you heartache without end, but they’re your family.

    He passes Anna Dumbroff’s house halfway to the shul and fights the impulse to walk up to her door, knock on it, tell her. Anna is certainly up by now, probably for hours, cooking up a weeks worth of food despite living in that house alone. She’s been a friend all his years in Mirthgate—practically a mother for God’s sake. Why shouldn’t she know? She should have been the first to know. But he promised Mimi not yet, so he keeps moving.

    At the double glass doors that lead to the Temple offices, he fishes for his key. He checks and double-checks to see if the envelope is still in the inside pocket of his jacket. Still there. Once inside the building, he almost forgets to punch in the numbers that de-activate the alarm. Wouldn’t that be nice? So much for doing this quietly.

    At the box marked President in the main office, just behind Lea’s desk, Hal starts to place the envelope. His hand freezes—he can’t do it. He paces the room trying to recall a month’s worth of reasons, the sleepless nights hashing it over with Mimi. You must do this, he tells himself and tries again to place the envelope. When he finally places it, he grabs it back quickly. He looks at the front once more: Fred Deutsch in bold letters. Finally he shoves it in the box and runs. He locks the front doors, but forgets to set the alarm.

    He starts his walk, the one he’s taken a thousand times—the mile and a half of sloping streets that follow the circumference of Mirthgate Lake. No jogger, swimmer, tennis player—this brisk walk is Hal’s only real exercise, the only thing he does for his health. Three times a week—Monday, Wednesday, Friday, as soon as he gets out of bed. With David he used to do the walk on Shabbos afternoons—but that was leisurely. David knew who lived in every house on the lake, or who had lived there. He had stories to tell. David had spent his whole adult life in Mirthgate. Sometimes he spoke of the foolishness of his ever-changing bosses. Balabatim, he would say, shrugging his straight, almost stately shoulders, what can you expect from balabatim?

    At the high point halfway, Hal stands in an empty lot and takes in the panoramic view. The rain has stopped. The sun burning through the gray casts tentative rays on the lake. All around is a wide arc of houses in the hills, fancy and plain, huge and modest, houses of people he’s known for twenty years. Far below on the other side are the beach, the clubhouse, and the landscaped grounds across the street from the Temple. Twenty years ago, when he first told his family in Minnesota that he had taken a position in New Jersey, they asked him if it was ugly there. What do you mean? he answered. You think the shul sits right on the Turnpike? It’s far from there. It’s got hills. It’s got a lake. Mirthgate is beautiful.

    He starts walking again on the long flat stretch. A woman in robe and slippers out to retrieve her paper waves to him. He has no idea who she is, but he waves back and smiles. David would know. It dawns on him that he could still go back and remove the letter and make some excuse to Lea. She’ll look at her purple polished nails like she always does and wonder why he’s there on a Wednesday. Just forgot to pick up something Fred left for me, he’ll say. He wishes he didn’t have to think about it any more. It was enough going back and forth with Mimi. It would be nice if for once a big decision would come without pain, but no such luck.

    After the walk, same as always, Hal stops at Hy’s Deli on Mirthgate’s small and primitive business street. Hymie carries the Times and serves a strong, good cup of coffee. Myra, Hal’s ex, meshuga over clean, would never step in the place. She was offended by the clutter and the pungent mix of grease, dust, pastrami and pickles. But Hymie’s place for Hal is welcome and familiar—his haunt for as long as he’s been cantor in Mirthgate. Hymie, his friend, sings in the choir and sits on the board.

    Good morning, good morning Cantor Hymie says, almost singing. He wipes his hands on his already soiled apron.

    Hal takes his regular seat at the counter and throws his jacket and hat on the stool next to him. As is true most of the time, he has the place to himself. How about a garlic bagel Hymie? With a shmear, some whitefish, a slice of tomato and some red onion.

    Hymie pours Hal’s coffee. All you gotta say is whitefish or lox. The rest is always the same.

    You know me too well, Hymie.

    Hal watches as Hymie cuts the bagel with a long silver knife. Hymie reminds him of his father, Isaac, short and solid, also a deli man. He even has Isaac’s sweet baritone. But Hal wonders if coming here this morning was a mistake. Everything’s changed and he can’t say a word. Not yet.

    Some customers come in as Hal eats with the Times spread in front of him. He’s trying to follow an article about soaring real estate in all the boroughs of New York, but no matter how he tries, he can’t focus. He sees himself putting that letter in Fred Deutsch’s box. He knows he should be pleased, but somehow he feels as if the ground has given under him. He felt that way when he married Myra.

    More coffee, Cantor?

    Hymie’s voice startles Hal out of his thoughts, but then he nods for him to fill his cup. Hymie, he says, I’ve been cantor in Mirthgate for twenty years and I’ve come in here almost every morning of all that time, even when I was married. You can’t call me Hal?

    All right, Hymie says, joining this old dance between them, I’ll call you Hal. But you’re my cantor, chazzan extraordinaire. A young man who still sings in the synagogue like the old greats.

    I’m not so young anymore Hymie, I’m fifty three.

    Ha, not so young. When you’ll be looking at seventy like me, you’ll remember what young was. Boychik, I’m looking to retire. You want to buy a going business?

    Hal laughs. He sees himself wearing the shmutsik apron. All these years a cantor and finally a deli man like his father.

    Hymie, you just never know. I might be retiring one of these days myself.

    Hymie comes around the counter and sits on the stool next to Hal. The sun which had been hidden behind clouds comes out and transforms the room. For a moment, the faded green walls seem fresh.

    What would you want to retire for Hal? Hymie’s face is creased and serious.

    Hal can’t find the words. He looks at Hymie and sees his father. Finally he answers: Maybe I’m tired of bosses.

    On his way home, Hal stands for a moment on the tiny bridge over the creek that runs to Mirthgate Lake. He thinks again about his father, and sees him peeling potatoes in the dingy basement of Milstein’s Deli at five in the morning. Isaac bemoaned bosses all his life. Then he remembers his cousins in Minneapolis and how they cheered his decision to become a cantor, but warned him: You’ll be in the public eye. Everyone will be your boss. He looks at the moving water and the pale growth around it, crazy to burst out of wintersleep. On summer nights, lying in his bed, windows wide open, he can hear this water on its determined way to the lake. The music of it soothes him, beckons him to adventure, to another landscape. Once he shared this with Myra. She called him a hopeless romantic.

    When he reaches the top steps to his front door, Hal hears the phone ringing. He fumbles with his key, anxious to take the call before the machine clicks on. Too late. He hears Mimi saying: Hal, I was hoping I would catch you. Did you do it? Call me at work

    Mimi, I’m here, Hal says, out of breath.

    Oh good, I was anxious

    I don’t even have my jacket off

    Did you put the letter in Deutsch’s box?

    I did.

    How do you feel?

    Like a herring in sauce

    Hal

    The service is over. I’m about to be eaten at the Kiddush. But don’t worry, you still have until August as the cantor’s girlfriend.

    Good, I always liked that.

    Indeed, Hal sees Mimi beaming after a service when congregants swarm around her wishing her Shabbat Shalom and telling her what a sweet singer Hal is. Someone once told him, years before he became a cantor, that women are attracted to men who sing. Mimi savors the envious praise.

    Hold on, Hal says, I’ve got to take my jacket off.

    He throws the cordless phone to the couch and drops his jacket on the floor. With his hat still on, he sits to talk, muddy water from his boots dripping on the carpet.

    Where were we?

    We were nowhere—I want to hear how you feel and you start with herring in sauce.

    That’s how I feel.

    Never mind, let’s celebrate. I’ll be in the office until six—after that, I can pick up some things and be there by say, nine, nine thirty. Will Todd be there?

    I don’t know. He hasn’t been home the last couple nights. I think there’s someone new.

    Good, I hope he’s someone nice.

    Yes, Hal thinks. Someone nice. And safe. He sees his son bar-hopping in that wild gay scene and his stomach constricts. He imagines judgment-impairing drugs, music so loud, it’s surreal. Multiple partners, destructive characters, all-night binges, kink and sleaze. No matter that his son has told him it’s not like that: It’s out there, Dad, yeah, but I’m not part of it—at least not any more. I’m looking to be domesticated. Hal had suffered his own bizarre city-years of pursuit. But he didn’t want to think about that.

    So I have no idea if he’ll be here or not, Hal says.

    Well, I hope he is—he can celebrate with us.

    All right, I’ll see you tonight.

    Yes—and Hal, please take it easy. Make it a nice day, go somewhere you like.

    Good idea—Mimi does it again. But I’ll probably have Molly Pinsky on my mind all day and how this is her fault.

    It’s true, it is her fault. But while you’re at it, don’t forget to thank her.

    Thank you, thank you dear Molly, Hal says out loud as he pulls off his muddy boots. I mean that sincerely, but dear Molly, just a little signal about what to do now—how to use your gift wisely.

    It was Valentine’s Day, almost a month ago. The mailman had handed him a registered letter from the law offices of Goldman and Salita in Minneapolis, which said that Molly Pinsky had left him in her will the sum of six hundred and forty thousand dollars and a portfolio of securities worth at the writing close to two hundred thousand. To him, to Hal, to Henry Perlmutter, who had never saved a dime in his life, who had raided every false start passbook, who had not even provided for his kid’s college education. Every dime he had ever earned in twenty years in Mirthgate, spent, spent, gone. Even the pension funds. To him, to Hal, who only owns a house (half a house, the other half is Myra’s) because his mother-in-law gave the down payment. To him, whose parents, Hinda and Isaac, had nothing and left nothing. He stood there that morning reading the letter over and over, unbelieving, thrilled, terrified, exhilarated, confused, dumbfounded, his blood in a NASCAR race to his heart. He paced the living room floor, then ran out to Hymie’s and bought two packs of Marlboros. You don’t smoke, Cantor, what the heck? Hymie asked. But Hal gave away nothing, just said Today I’m smoking. He paced the house the rest of the morning into afternoon, smoking cigarettes to calm himself, weighing possibilities, strategies, fantasies, choices. Already the money was making him crazy. He fought the impulse to call anyone, not even Mimi, not yet. To him, to Hal, a kobtzin cantor, a ne’er-do-well with money, almost a million, a fortune, a velt mit gelt. So what was the problem? Good fortune rains on your head and you pace your rooms like a meshugganer? You live your adult life from check to check and when you’re suddenly wealthy you take up cigarettes? What gives? The fear of pissing it away? He could do that—certainly money took wing from his palm (of course, he had never had a sum like this to squander)—but he would get good advice, and Mimi would help too. But it wasn’t only the money that put him into a sweat. It was the instant dilemma that now he could leave Mirthgate if he wanted to (and hadn’t he wanted to for years?) he could be free of bosses, he could thumb his nose, he could walk away. But did he really want to? Mirthgate was home—and it had sometimes been good, his Shangri-La, his Brigadoon, his familiar shtetl, an emese velt, the center of his universe for twenty years.

    Since it was Valentine’s Day, he had already made plans to meet Mimi that night at Salvino’s, an elegant little Italian place on Route 22. Most of the cigarettes were bent stubs jammed in a crystal ash tray (he had taken only three or four puffs on each and hadn’t even inhaled), when he finally was ready to call her. It took a while to reach her. She was busy with a client at her teacher’s agency. (Mimi could find a job for even the worst and sometimes felt guilty about it.) But when she took the call Hal changed his mind. He only told her he had big, big news which she would have to wait until dinner to find out.

    Still reeling from the change that had come that morning like a bolt from Zeus or a wave of Moses’ staff, Hal sped most of the way, oblivious to danger, weaving in and out of lanes on the Garden State, holding the steering wheel of his now creaky Saab knuckle-hard. By the time he reached Route 22, the traffic forced him to slow down. All around him was the ugly his family had asked him about so many years ago. Only now the rest of the country was the same. Wendy’s, Toys-R-Us, Best Buy, Bed Bath and Beyond, McDonald’s, Burger King, Staples, Home Depot and more, more, more as far as the eye could see, until absurdly, but thankfully out of place he saw the small sign that said Salvino’s Exceptional Italian Dining. There he found Mimi in the dimly lit dining room, lost in thought, head bent toward a flickering candle. The candle and her stark black dress put Hal in mind of a séance. Good, maybe she’ll conjure up Molly and ask her what I should do with the money.

    In touch with the dearly departed? Hal asked as he touched Mimi’s slim shoulders.

    Hal, you startled me, Mimi said, as he bent to kiss her.

    Sorry

    You startled me with your phone call too—what’s going on?

    Can we order some drinks first? I need a drink—and one of those giant antipastos.

    Mimi agreed, but Hal could tell she was focused on staying patient. It was one of her Zen techniques, something she was still trying to teach Hal. Sometimes when she encouraged him to be more mindful, he teasingly called her the Dali Mimi. Finally, over drinks—her fine Chardonnay and his straight tumbler of Glenlivet—Hal, forking a large marinated mushroom, blurted out: I’ve inherited a load of money—almost a million.

    Mimi looked as if she hadn’t heard right. Hal thought maybe his words had been drowned out by the musicians playing at the next table. He repeated: I’ve inherited a load of money.

    I heard you, Mimi said, I’m just stunned. From who?

    From Molly Pinsky.

    Molly—from Minneapolis. She had that kind of money?

    I guess, Hal answered, but I sure never knew it.

    Mimi reached across the table and took Hal’s hands. "No wonder you’re frantic—this is big news."

    And it scares me

    Of course it scares you. It suddenly changes your whole life

    Our whole life.

    OK—our whole life.

    It’s as if that crew came to my door with that big Publisher’s Clearing House sign and the cameras—only I never ordered any magazines for this.

    But Hal—Molly loved you.

    He nodded in agreement. Molly had once told him that when her time came, she wouldn’t forget her son Hal. But he thought that meant maybe a few thousand dollars. At most. And that was long forgotten when he sat by her side in the hospital last winter, gently stroking her hand just a few days before she died. He left when the doctors said she was improving. A day later, he turned around for her funeral.

    I loved her—from the time we became neighbors when I was three. She always made me laugh.

    The waiter came by to take their order. Mimi had eggplant and Hal had the house special garlic chicken. He asked the waiter to bring another Glenlivet and then shouted after the man, who looked back puzzled, to bring the whole bottle.

    I can just imagine what you’ve been like all day, Mimi said. Hal couldn’t tell if she was disgusted or just disappointed. You should have told me, I would have come up.

    "I’m sorry, I should have. I was pacing my house like a meshugganer all day, smoking

    Enjoying the preview?
    Page 1 of 1