Modern Concepts of Security

By James Ohwofasa Akpeninor

AKPENINOR James Ohwofasa is an accomplished multi-disciplinary Author who has authored several Books and Articles across the the fields of Political science, Criminology & Security studies, Environmental science and Theology.

I have been associated with the security operations at various levels of jurisdictions from the National security policing (covert operations) to the Industrial/Commercial security setup; to Corporations proprietary security practice and supervision over the past three and a half decades. In this stretch, I have become conscious of the vital necessity for comprehensive documentation of security and safety archetypes for the study of this unique profession in which reference materials for developing core and universal curricula for training or self improvement of security operatives are hard to come by. Most often, law enforcement agents or persons charged with security managements - Security Directors, Fire Safety Directors, the police and even Contract Security firms have hardly come to terms with the Herculean professional demands of this specialized professional calling which has conspicuously assumed the centre stage of global awareness of the present-day.

It is with these concerns that this book is designed to be a working companion to personnel and agencies in the security professional trade the Armed forces personnel together with other national security agents (DSS, DIA, NIA, NDLEA, etc.); the Para-military (Police, ICPC, EFCC, Customs & Excise Immigrations departments, FRSC, NCDC and a host of others).

Emphatically, modern security outlook incorporates the Human Security schools of thought which is all about the practice of international security that is a shift from the traditional conception of national security (a state-centred approach) to focus on the individual, which is yet to be cultivated in the African continent resulting in enduring problems of disease, poverty, security adversities, violence, human rights abuses and civil strives. This professional security guidebook is hence meant to offer sound basic knowledge for security practitioners, contract security firms as well as for individual reading to boost security consciousness of the entire public.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse UK
• Release date: Jun 1, 2012
• ISBN: 9781467881630

James Ohwofasa Akpeninor

AKPENINOR James Ohwofasa is an accomplished multi-disciplinary author who has written several Books and Articles across the the fields of Social sciences, Criminology & Security studies, and Theology.

Book preview

CONTENTS

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Bibliography

Appendices

Dedication

To the security operatives who lost their lives in the bomb blast during the country’s 50th Anniversary celebration at Abuja, Nigeria with other civilian victims who paid the ultimate price with their lives in that unpleasant incident on October 1, 2010.

And

Security personnel worldwide who die on active service due to lack of proper on-the-job training.

Preface

I have been associated with the security operations at various levels of jurisdictions from the National security policing (covert operations) to the Industrial/Commercial security setup; to Corporations proprietary security practice and supervision over the past three and a half decades. In this stretch, I have come to be conscious of the vital necessity for comprehensive documentation of security and safety archetypes for the study of this unique profession in which reference materials for developing core and universal curricula for training or self improvement of security operatives are hard to come by. Mainly because most law enforcement agents or persons charged with security managements – Law enforcement officers; Security Directors, Fire Safety Directors, the police and even Contract Security firms have hardly come to terms with the professional demands of this specialized professional calling which has assumed the centre stage of global respect of the present-day.

It is with these concerns that this book is designed to be a working companion to personnel and agencies in the security professional vocation along with students of peace and conflicts studies; criminology and security studies – the Armed forces personnel together with other national security agents (DSS, DIA, NIA, NDLEA, etc.); the Para-military (Police, ICPC, EFCC, Customs & Excise & Immigrations Departments, FRSC, NCDC and a host of others). More recently, the traditional State-centred security conception has been remarkably challenged by more holistic approaches to security (in tandem of societal wellbeing), which seeks to acknowledge and address the basic threats to human subsistence within the contexts of cooperative, comprehensive collective actions aimed at ensuring security for the individual and as you might expect for the state. Emphatically, modern security outlooks incorporate the Human Security schools of thought which is all about the practice of international security that is a shift from the traditional conception of national security (a state-centred approach) to focus on the individual, which is yet to be cultivated in the African continent resulting in enduring problems of disease, poverty, security adversities, violence, human rights abuses and insurgences. Besides, not only are security practitioners disappointingly motivated in this part of the world, public security awareness is very poor. People over and over again meet with difficult challenges that are commonly attributable to the failures and helplessness of the occupational establishments and governments to match the ever more sophistication of societal crimes that frequently cost the security enforcers their precious lives due to lack of technical and procedural know-how on the job.

This professional security guidebook is as a consequence meant to offer sound basic knowledge for researchers and students in fields of security/conflicts studies, proprietary and contract security firms as well as for individual reading to boost security consciousness of the entire public. If security studies is new to you, the following broad scope and many more will be comprehensively treated.

62419.jpg The meaning of the terms security and safety

62422.jpg The types of security and safety systems.

62424.jpg How to conduct security and fire/life safety surveys

62426.jpg What comprises a security programs and how they can be managed effectively.

62428.jpg Measures to be adopted to ensure national security through the holistic human security approach.

62430.jpg Use of intelligence services for detecting or pre-empting and routing security threats; espionage and subversions or the protection of classified information.

62432.jpg Deployment of counterintelligence services or secret policing to shield national interest from internal/external threats.

62436.jpg The types of emergencies that are likely to occur and how to establish, implement or maintain a methodical Contingency Plan to effectively handle them.

62438.jpg How to write security instructions for security staff and communicate the security and safety program effectively to higher authorities.

62440.jpg The laws, codes and standards that are the framework of security and safety.

62442.jpg How to interact effectively with other law enforcement and security agencies and authorities etc.

If for want of space however, all these topics are not comprehensively touched in this Book, they will be adequately dealt with in subsequent volumes as this reference volume affords abundant valuable materials on modern concepts of security which can be adapted, modified, rejected or used for the reader’s own purposes. I have endeavored to avoid errors, both of omission and commission and will be glad to correct in future editions any inaccuracies that are brought to my attention. I therefore entrust this book to the kind consideration of security practitioners and managers in general, along with core national security and law enforcement professionals in particular, hoping that it will be of material benefit to the entire security community because it is only when knowledge is applied specifically to the needs of a particular skill that it becomes of true value. Therein lays the reader’s part.

James O. Akpeninor

[phone]

www.ohwosco.com.ng

[e-mail]

Acknowledgments

The following have all contributed in part to my experience, learning, and understanding the world of security and safety:

62444.jpg The Nigeria Police force (NPF), particularly the Police Detective College, Enugu - Nigeria

62447.jpg The defunct Nigeria Security Organisation (NSO)

62449.jpg The Post & Telecommunications Department cum Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (Security & Investigations Department), with its sound standards and training materials for security and crime investigation professionals as well as the International Institute of Security, with its certification program for security professionals throughout the world

62451.jpg The American Society for Industrial Security and its Certified Protection Professional program and

62454.jpg Lastly but recognizably not the least of all is the National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).

Additionally, there have been many wise security managers, security and safety professionals, law enforcement personnel and friends from whom I have had the privilege of learning over the years.

Specifically, I would like to acknowledge:

62457.jpg Elder Wash Nwachukwu (my former boss, uncompromising helpmate and good friend) who reviewed this work; a great sounding plank for ideas and security expertise.

62460.jpg Barrister Onuora Ukaejiofo for giving much of his time and know-how to painstakingly make inputs, reviewing materials of this book and sundry advice on how to administer and cope with the security demands as Security and Investigation Managers during our past employment in the Nigerian Telecommunications Ltd (NITEL).

Chapter 1

Introduction

In his Leviathan (1651), the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes assigned utmost importance to organized society and political authority. He declared that human life in the state of nature (apart from or before the institution of the civil state) is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short, and that it is a war of all against all. People accordingly seek security by entering into a social contract in which each person’s original power is yielded to a sovereign, who regulates conduct. This classical conjecture in affairs of the state takes for granted that human beings are malevolent hence there is need for a strong state to repress them. Then again Hobbes contends that if a sovereign does not provide security (law and order) and is overthrown by the people, they revert to the state of nature and then may make a new contract. Hobbes’s doctrine concerning the state and the social contract influenced the notion of another English philosopher John Locke; who in his Two Treatises on Civil Government (1690) maintained on the contrary, that the purpose of the social contract is to reduce the absolute power of authority and to promote individual liberty.

That is to say, the concept of security covers a very wide field; as a consequence we can talk of national security, food security, security of lives, security of properties, economic security, environmental security, information security, guarantees and performance/bail bonds, security for loans etc. Each of these different types of security is concerned with security in a particular subject or field. National Security is the security of a country which occupies a geographic area of the earth’s surface, food security is concerned with the adequacy of food supplies, as health security is for a country, a state, a city etc., each of which covers a particular part of the earth’s surface and so on. Security in terms of safety from harm is an expression that has different dimensions in psychology, public safety, defense and military discipline and information technology. In finance, a security is a document in lieu of an investment.

Security concerns the provision of information on:

66403.jpg Personal security as a basic human need and a basic reason behind society, (see Motivation—Frederick Herzberg proposed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory, also known as the Two factor theory (1959))

66406.jpg Provisions of international law designed to assure peace and security in International Relations.

66408.jpg Government agencies concerned with national security (see Central Intelligence Agency; Federal Bureau of Investigation; KGB; National Security Council; State Security Service).

66421.jpg International agencies and alliances concerned with security issues (see United Nations; Warsaw Pact; Commonwealth of Nations; African Union; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe).

66423.jpg Information security, (see Computer Security; Cryptography; Data Encryption Standard; Firewall)

66426.jpg Security for loans, (see Collateral; Credit; Exchange

66428.jpg Guarantees such as bail bonds, fidelity bonds and performance bonds, [see Bond (law) ]

66430.jpg Travel and transportation security, (see Aviation security)

66432.jpg Property security, [see Key (mechanics); Lock (fastening device); Fire Fighting in physical security]

Definitions

Security is a noun derived from the Latin word securus, which means free from danger or safety. The New Webster Dictionary defines security as the state of being secure; confidence of safety; freedom from danger or risk; that which secures or makes safe; something that secures against pecuniary loss.

Fischer and Green (1992, p.3) writes, Security implies a stable, relatively predictable environment in which an individual or group may pursue its ends without disruption or harm and without fear of such disturbance or injury.

Public security involves the protection of the lives, property and general welfare of people living in the public community. This protection is largely accomplished by the enforcement of laws by the police funded by public monies.

Private security, on the other hand, involves the protection of the lives and property of people living and working within the private sector. The primary responsibility for achieving this rests on an individual, the proprietor of a business employ¬ing people, the owner or agent of the owner of the facility where a busi¬ness is conducted, or an agent of the aforementioned who specializes in pro¬viding protective services. As Post and Kingsbury (1991, p. 1) posits: In providing security for specific applications, the purpose of private security may be described as providing protection for materials, equipment, information, personnel, physi¬cal facilities and preventing influences that are undesirable, unauthorized or detrimental to the goals of the particular organization being secured.

Security could therefore be defined from the following perspectives:

66434.jpg State or feeling of safety: the state or feeling of being safe and protected

66436.jpg Freedom from worries of loss: the assurance that something of value will not be taken away ( job security)

66438.jpg Something giving assurance: something that provides a sense of protection against loss, physical attack or harm (the security of knowing that the vehicle has been thoroughly checked before embarking on a journey).

66440.jpg Safety: protection against attack from without or subversion from within (a matter of national security)

66442.jpg Precautions to maintain safety: precautions taken to keep somebody or something safe from crime, attack or danger (security measures).

66444.jpg Guards: people or an organization entrusted with the job of protecting somebody or something, especially a building or institution against crime (If you do not leave, I will call security).

66447.jpg Asset deposited to guarantee repayment: something pledged to guarantee fulfillment of an obligation, especially an asset guaranteeing repayment of a loan that becomes the property of the creditor if the loan is not repaid

66450.jpg Guarantor: somebody who pledges to fulfill somebody else’s obligation should that person fail to do so

66453.jpg Financial instrument: a tradable document that shows evidence of debt or ownership e.g. a stock certificate or bond (Source: Microsoft Encarta 2008: Encyclopedia)

Thus, anything which threatens the peace, law and order of a country is a threat to its security. Anything that threatens the life or well-being of an individual is threatening his/her security. Under such threats, neither the country nor the individual can function properly as it should be.

The value of Security

Security studies is concerned with those conditions, people or events which are threats to the well-being of a country, an area, people; or properties. For example, pirates are people who attack and rob ships at sea and their activities constitute piracy which is a crime. Such people operate in the coastal waters of Nigeria and do attack ships bringing imports to Nigeria or taking exports out. They are for that reason a threat to legitimate shipping and international trade. Since the Nigerian economy depends to a large extent on external trade, piracy is a threat to the economy of the country. It is therefore a matter of great concern to the security authorities. Security studies is therefore concerned with such questions as what constitutes a security threat—What are the factors that encourage the emergence or development of security threats? Why are some places more prone to security threats than others? What could be done to prevent security threats or control them?

In the societal setting, security threats are in many forms which include:

003_a_reigun.jpg Murder—the unlawful killing of a human by another with malice, aforethought, either expressed or implied.

003_a_reigun.jpg Manslaughter—the unjustifiable, inexcusable, and intentional killing of a human without deliberation, premeditation and malice.

003_a_reigun.jpg Robbery—felonious taking of personal property, or any other article of value in the possession of another, from his or her person or immediate presence and against his or her will, accomplished by means of force or intimidation.

003_a_reigun.jpg Assault—any willful attempt or threat to inflict injury on the person of another. An assault may be committed without actually touching, striking or doing bodily harm to another.

003_a_reigun.jpg Assault and Battery—any unlawful touching of another that is without justification or excuse.

003_a_reigun.jpg Mayhem—Webster’s College Dictionary defines mayhem as: the crime of willfully inflicting an injury on another so, as to cripple or mutilate. Random or deliberate violence or damage In many jurisdictions the crime of mayhem is treated as aggravated assault.

003_a_reigun.jpg Sexual Offenses (including rape, sexual harassment and lewd behavior—rape is unlawful sexual intercourse with a female without her consent. Under some statutes, this crime may now include intercourse between two males.

003_a_reigun.jpg Sexual harassment is a type of employment of discrimination that includes sexual advances, request for sexual favours and other verbal or physical conducts of a sexual nature commonly prohibited by state law statutes. Lewd behavior relates to morally filthy or unjustifiable conduct including indecent public exposures of sensitive parts of the body.

Threats to property include:

003_a_reigun.jpg Vandalism—willful or malicious acts deliberately to damage or destroy property. Included among these acts is the drawing of graffiti. Often if a sharp instrument, such as a key or pocket knife is used to scrape initials, insignia or drawings or graffiti is written using colour markers, crayons, pencils, lipstick or spray paint. Graffiti is commonly found in rest rooms, on lockers, and on walls of elevator lobbies (particularly those of service or freight elevators), rest areas (parks) and walls immediately adjacent to public pay phones.

003_a_reigun.jpg Trespass—any unauthorized intrusion or invasion of private premises or land of another.

003_a_reigun.jpg Criminal trespass—is entering or remaining on or in any land, structure or vehicle by one who knows he or she is not authorized or privileged to do so. This includes remaining on property after permission to do so have been revoked.

003_a_reigun.jpg Burglary—entering a vehicle or building or occupied structure (or separately secured or occupied portion thereof) with intent to commit a crime therein, at a time when the premises is not open to the public and the perpetrator is not authorised or privileged to enter.

003_a_reigun.jpg Larceny—the unlawful taking and carrying away of property of another with intent to appropriate it to use incompatibly with the owner’s rights.

003_a_reigun.jpg Theft/Stealing are common names for larceny. Larceny-theft includes offenses such as shoplifting, pocket picking, car theft and other types of stealing where no violence take place.

003_a_reigun.jpg Sabotage—is the deliberate damaging or destruction of property or equipment e.g. by resistance fighters, enemy agents or disgruntled elements. This act could also be perpetrated to undermine somebody’s efforts or achievements by an opponent seeking revenge. In commerce, sabotage includes the willful and malicious destruction of employer’s property or interfering with the employer’s normal operations for instance during a labor dispute or such related acts by disgruntled ex-staff.

003_a_reigun.jpg Espionage—This is the activity of spying (as in the use of spying or spies to gather secret information) i.e. the intrusion of gathering, transmitting or losing information regarding the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the information is to be used to injure the interest of the state; or to the advantage of any hostile foreign nation. It could also be perpetrated by a business competitor engaging in industrial espionage.

003_a_reigun.jpg Arson—is crime of burning property: the burning of a building or other property for a criminal or malicious reason. This definition has been broadened by some state’s statutes and criminal codes to include starting a fire or causing an explosion with the purpose of:

a) Destroying a building or occupied structure of another; or

b) Destroying or damaging any property, whether one’s own in order to make insurance claim for such loss. Other statutes include the destruction of property by other means (e.g., an explosion).

003_a_reigun.jpg Disorderly Conduct—can be considered a threat to people or property depending on the nature of the offense.

Threats to both persons and property include: fire, explosions, bombs, power failure, and natural disasters, water leaks, chemical and hazardous materials, strikes and labor disturbances, demonstrations, riots and civil disorders, hostage taking and barricade situations.

Security awareness

Security awareness is the knowledge and attitude individuals and members of an organization have towards the protection of the tangible and intangible valuables and especially, information assets of that organization. Many organizations require formal security awareness training for all workers when they join the organization and periodically thereafter, usually annually.

Topics covered in security awareness training include:

• The nature of sensitive material and physical assets they may come in contact with, such as trade secrets, privacy concerns and government classified information

• Employee and contractor responsibilities in handling sensitive information, including review of employee nondisclosure agreements

• Requirements for proper handling of sensitive material in physical form, including marking, transmission, storage and destruction

• Proper methods for protecting sensitive information on computer systems, including password policy and use of two-factor authentication

• Other computer security concerns, including malware, phishing, social engineering, etc.

• Workplace security, including building access, wearing of security badges, reporting of incidents, forbidden articles, etc.

• Consequences of failure to properly protect information, including potential loss of employment, economic consequences to the firm, damage to individuals whose private records are divulged, and possible civil and criminal penalties

007_a_reigun.jpg

Security awareness poster from World War II

According to ENISA ‘Awareness of the risks and available safeguards is the first line of defence for the security of information systems and networks:’

‘The focus of Security Awareness consultancy should be to achieve a long term shift in the attitude of employees towards security, whilst promoting a cultural and behavioural change within an organisation. Security policies should be viewed as key enablers for the organisation, not as a series of rules restricting the efficient working of your business.’

Being Security Aware means that one understand that there is the possibility for some people to deliberately or accidentally steal, damage, or misuse the information that is stored within computer systems and through other sources of the organization. Therefore, it would be prudent to support the assets of an institution (information, physical, and personal) by preventing that from happening.

Security policy

A security policy is the description and classification of what it means to be secure for a system, organization or other entities. For an organization, it addresses the control on behavior of its members as well as restrictions imposed on strangers by mechanisms such as doors, locks, keys and wall fences.

For systems security, policy deals with limitations on functions and flow of information among the control of access to external usage and adversaries including programs and access to data by unauthorized persons. Because the security policy is a high level definition of safety procedures, it is meaningless to profess an entity to be secure without knowing what protection means. It is also unreasonable to exert considerable effort in addressing security without mapping out and matching such effort with a detailed security policy.

Significance

If it is necessary to be protected, it is even more crucial all the same to ensure that all security policies are enforced to the latter by procedures that are physically potent enough. There are organized methodologies and risk assessment strategies to ensure completeness of security policies and guarantee that they are determinedly enforced. In complex systems, such as information systems, policies can be fragmented into sub-policies to facilitate the allocation of security resources and apparatus of enforcement. However, this arrangement suffers pitfalls, of being too simple to directly apply the sub-policies, which are essentially the rules of procedure that dispense with the top level policy. This tends to gives a false impression of addressing operational rules in overall definition of security when they really do not. Because it is very difficult to visibly consider security in entirety, rules of procedure stated as sub-policies with no superior-policy usually turn out to be incoherent ad-hoc rules that fail to enforce anything explicit. Consequently, a top level security policy is essential to any noteworthy security design along with sub-policies even as rules of operation are meaningless without it.

Chapter 2

Modern Concepts of Security

Introduction

The Traditional Security paradigm refers to a realist construct of security in which the referent focus of security is the state. The prevalence of this theorem reached a peak during the Cold War that for almost half a century, major world powers patterned the security of their nations on a balance of power amongst states, with the US and USSR being the key players as contenders. National security in this framework is the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military and political power along with the exercise of diplomacy. Measures taken to ensure national security include:

• using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats

• marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation

• maintaining effective armed forces

• implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures (including anti-terrorism legislation)

• ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure

• using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and to protect classified information

• using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats

In this sense global security and defense strategies relied primarily on the premise that if state security is maintained, then the security of citizens will automatically follow, compeling a typical security prototype that relied on the anarchistic balance of power with a military build-up between the US and the Soviet Union (the two superpowers), with an absolute sovereignty of the nation-state. States were hence reckoned to be rational entities of national interests with policy driven by the desire for absolute power. To be exact security was perceived as protection from invasion that executed proxy conflicts using strategic professional and military capabilities to outdo contending opposing defense interests (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security).

As Cold War tensions receded, it became clear that the security of citizens was threatened by hardships arising from internal state problems as well as new forms of unfamiliar invaders. Civil wars became increasingly widespread, compounded by pervasive poverty, disease, hunger, violence and human rights abuses. Traditional security policies had in effect masked deep-rooted underlying life-threatening human anguish to the shortcoming of state security. Through neglect of its constituents, nation-states had failed in their primary responsibilities. More recently, the traditional State-centred security notion has been confronted by more holistic approaches to security among those that seek to acknowledge and address these fundamental threats to human wellbeing that are paradigms of cooperative, comprehensive, collective measures aimed to ensure security for the individual and consequentially for the state.

The concept of national security that was first introduced in the United States after World War II became an official guiding principle of foreign policy when the National Security Act of 1947 (of the United States) was signed on July 26, 1947 by U.S. President Harry S. Truman which to some degree replaced other conceptions of articulating the attempts made by states to overcome various external and internal threats. The mainstream of the provisions of the Act which took effect from 18 September 1947 together with its 1949 amendment:

• created the National Military Establishment (NME) which became known as the Department of Defense when the act was amended in 1949,

• created a separate Department of the Air Force from the existing United States Army Air Forces,

• subordinated the military branches to the new cabinet level position of the Secretary of Defense and

• Established the National Security Council, a central echelon of coordinating national security policy in the Executive Branch as well as the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States’ first peacetime intelligence agency.

During the Cold War’s bipolar system, states relied essentially on the two superpowers to guarantee their national security. However no system is everlasting that when communism eventually collapsed and sovereign states emerged without a backer, the nations had to build on their own people to maintain national security and rely on themselves. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States and subsequent terrorist horrible attacks around the world, national security has become inward looking as a paramount concern for governments and societies.

National security and rights & freedoms

The measures adopted to maintain national security in the face of current threats to society has led to ongoing dialectic, particularly in liberal democracies, on the appropriate scale and role of authority in matters of civil and human rights because of existing tension between the preservation of the state (by maintaining self-determination and sovereignty) and the rights and freedoms of individuals. Although national security measures are imposed to protect society as a whole, many such measures constrain the rights and freedoms of individuals within the society. The concern is that where the exercise of national security laws and powers is not subject to good governance, the rule of law and strict checks and balances, there is a risk that national security may simply serve as a pretext for suppressing unfavorable political and social views. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view contends that measures which may ostensibly serve a national security purpose (such as mass surveillance and censorship of mass media) could ultimately lead to an Orwellian dystopia. To advance international security and extricate potential threats of terrorism and organised crime, increased co-operation between police forces internationally has been operative. The international police Interpol shares information across international borders and this co-operation has been greatly enhanced by the advent of the internet with capability to disseminate information (documents, film and photographs) worldwide instantaneously.

Traditional vs. Human Security

Human security is a school of thought concerning the practice of international security, which is a shift from the traditional conception of security (a state-centred approach) to a focus on the individual. In Canada for example, human security has become the core of foreign policy, which advocates a global civil society, with an international mandate for Responsibility to Protect, with a strong commitment to multilateralism