Discourse On The Method: Bilingual Edition (English – French)
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Discourse On The Method - René Descartes
écrire.
Part I
PREMIÈRE PARTIE.
Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed; for every one thinks himself so abundantly provided with it, that those even who are the most difficult to satisfy in everything else, do not usually desire a larger measure of this quality than they already possess. And in this it is not likely that all are mistaken: the conviction is rather to be held as testifying that the power of judging aright and of distinguishing truth from error, which is properly what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men; and that the diversity of our opinions, consequently, does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share of reason than others, but solely from this, that we conduct our thoughts along different ways, and do not fix our attention on the same objects. For to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it. The greatest minds, as they are capable of the highest excellences, are open likewise to the greatest aberrations; and those who travel very slowly may yet make far greater progress, provided they keep always to the straight road, than those who, while they run, forsake it.
Le bon sens est la chose du monde la mieux partagée; car chacun pense en être si bien pourvu, que ceux même qui sont les plus difficiles à contenter en toute autre chose n'ont point coutume d'en désirer plus qu'ils en ont. En quoi il n'est pas vraisemblable que tous se trompent: mais plutôt cela témoigne que la puissance de bien juger et distinguer le vrai d'avec le faux, qui est proprement ce qu'on nomme le bon sens ou la raison, est naturellement égale en tous les hommes; et ainsi que la diversité de nos opinions ne vient pas de ce que les uns sont plus raisonnables que les autres, mais seulement de ce que nous conduisons nos pensées par diverses voies, et ne considérons pas les mêmes choses. Car ce n'est pas assez d'avoir l'esprit bon, mais le principal est de l'appliquer bien. Les plus grandes âmes sont capables des plus grands vices aussi bien que des plus grandes vertus; et ceux qui ne marchent que fort lentement peuvent avancer beaucoup davantage, s'ils suivent toujours le droit chemin, que ne font ceux qui courent et qui s'en éloignent.
For myself, I have never fancied my mind to be in any respect more perfect than those of the generality; on the contrary, I have often wished that I were equal to some others in promptitude of thought, or in clearness and distinctness of imagination, or in fullness and readiness of memory. And besides these, I know of no other qualities that contribute to the perfection of the mind; for as to the reason or sense, inasmuch as it is that alone which constitutes us men, and distinguishes us from the brutes, I am disposed to believe that it is to be found complete in each individual; and on this point to adopt the common opinion of philosophers, who say that the difference of greater and less holds only among the accidents, and not among the forms or natures of individuals of the same species.
Pour moi, je n'ai jamais présumé que mon esprit fût en rien plus parfait que ceux du commun; même j'ai souvent souhaité d'avoir la pensée aussi prompte, ou l'imagination aussi nette et distincte, ou la mémoire aussi ample ou aussi présente, que quelques autres. Et je ne sache point de qualités que celles-ci qui servent à la perfection de l'esprit; car pour la raison, ou le sens, d'autant qu'elle est la seule chose qui nous rend hommes et nous distingue des bêtes, je veux croire qu'elle est tout entière en un chacun; et suivre en ceci l'opinion commune des philosophes, qui disent qu'il n'y a du plus et du moins qu'entre les accidents, et non point entre les formes ou natures des individus d'une même espèce.
I will not hesitate, however, to avow my belief that it has been my singular good fortune to have very early in life fallen in with certain tracks which have conducted me to considerations and maxims, of which I have formed a method that gives me the means, as I think, of gradually augmenting my knowledge, and of raising it by little and little to the highest point which the mediocrity of my talents and the brief duration of my life will permit me to reach. For I have already reaped from it such fruits that, although I have been accustomed to think lowly enough of myself, and although when I look with the eye of a philosopher at the varied courses and pursuits of mankind at large, I find scarcely one which does not appear in vain and useless, I nevertheless derive the highest satisfaction from the progress I conceive myself to have already made in the search after truth, and cannot help entertaining such expectations of the future as to believe that if, among the occupations of men as men, there is any one really excellent and important, it is that which I have chosen.
Mais je ne craindrai pas de dire que je pense avoir eu beaucoup d'heur de m'être rencontré dès ma jeunesse en certains chemins qui m'ont conduit à des considérations et des maximes dont j'ai formé une méthode, par laquelle il me semble que j'ai moyen d'augmenter par degrés ma connaissance, et de l'élever peu à peu au plus haut point auquel la médiocrité de mon esprit et la courte durée de ma vie lui pourront permettre d'atteindre. Car j'en ai déjà recueilli de tels fruits, qu'encore qu'au jugement que je fais de moi-même je tâche toujours de pencher vers le côté de la défiance plutôt que vers celui de la présomption, et que, regardant d'un œil de philosophe les diverses actions et entreprises de tous les hommes, il n'y en ait quasi aucune qui ne me semble vaine et inutile, je ne laisse pas de recevoir une extrême satisfaction du progrès que je pense avoir déjà fait en la recherche de la vérité, et de concevoir de telles espérances pour l'avenir, que si, entre les occupations des hommes, purement hommes, il y en a quelqu'une qui soit solidement bonne et importante, j'ose croire que c'est celle que j'ai choisie.
After all, it is possible I may be mistaken; and it is but a little copper and glass, perhaps, that I take for gold and diamonds. I know how very liable we are to delusion in what relates to ourselves, and also how much the judgments of our friends are to be suspected when given in our favor. But I shall endeavor in this discourse to describe the paths I have followed, and to delineate my life as in a picture, in order that each one may also be able to judge of them for himself, and that in the general opinion entertained of them, as gathered from current report, I myself may have a new help towards instruction to be added to those I have been in the habit of employing.
Toutefois il se peut faire que je me trompe, et ce n'est peut-être qu'un peu de cuivre et de verre que je prends pour de l'or et des diamants. Je sais combien nous sommes sujets à nous méprendre en ce qui nous touche, et combien aussi les jugements de nos amis nous doivent être suspects, lorsqu'ils sont en notre faveur. Mais je serai bien aise de faire voir en ce discours quels sont les chemins que j'ai suivis, et d'y représenter ma vie comme en un tableau, afin que chacun en puisse juger, et qu'apprenant du bruit commun les opinions qu'on en aura, ce soit un nouveau moyen de m'instruire, que j'ajouterai à ceux dont j'ai coutume de me servir.
My present design, then, is not to teach the method which each ought to follow for the right conduct of his reason, but solely to describe the way in which I have endeavored to conduct my own. They who set themselves to give precepts must of course regard themselves as possessed of greater skill than those to whom they prescribe; and if they err in the slightest particular, they subject themselves to censure. But as this tract is put forth merely as a history, or, if you will, as a tale, in which, amid some examples worthy of imitation, there will be found, perhaps, as many more which it were advisable not to follow, I hope it will prove useful to some without being hurtful to any, and that my openness will find some favor with all.
Ainsi mon dessein n'est pas d'enseigner ici la méthode que chacun doit suivre pour bien conduire sa raison, mais seulement de faire voir en quelle sorte j'ai taché de conduire la mienne. Ceux qui se mêlent de donner des préceptes se doivent estimer plus habiles que ceux auxquels ils les donnent; et s'ils manquent en la moindre chose, ils en sont blâmables. Mais, ne proposant cet écrit que comme une histoire, ou, si vous l'aimez mieux, que comme une fable, en laquelle, parmi quelques exemples qu'on peut imiter, on en trouvera peut-être aussi plusieurs autres qu'on aura raison de ne pas suivre, j'espère qu'il sera utile à quelques uns sans être nuisible à personne, et que tous me sauront gré de ma franchise.
From my childhood, I have been familiar with letters; and as I was given to believe that by their help a clear and certain knowledge of all that is useful in life might be acquired, I was ardently desirous of instruction. But as soon as I had finished the entire course of study, at the close of which it is customary to be admitted into the order of the learned, I completely changed my opinion. For I found myself involved in so many doubts and errors, that I was convinced I had advanced no farther in all my attempts at learning, than the discovery at every turn of my own ignorance. And yet I was studying in one of the most celebrated schools in Europe, in which I thought there must be learned men, if such were anywhere to be found. I had been taught all that others learned there; and not contented with the sciences actually taught us, I had, in addition, read all the books that had fallen into my hands, treating of such branches as are esteemed the most curious and rare. I knew the judgment which others had formed of me; and I did not find that I was considered inferior to my fellows, although there were among them some who were already marked out to fill the places of our instructors. And, in fine, our age appeared to me as flourishing, and as fertile in powerful minds as any preceding one. I was thus led to take the liberty of judging of all other men by myself, and of concluding that there was no science in existence that was of such a nature as I had previously been given to believe.
J'ai été nourri aux lettres dès mon enfance; et, pourcequ'on me persuadoit que par leur moyen on pouvoit acquérir une connoissance claire et assurée de tout ce qui est utile à la vie, j'avois un extrême désir de les apprendre. Mais sitôt que j'eus achevé tout ce cours d'études, au bout duquel on a coutume d'être reçu au rang des doctes, je changeai entièrement d'opinion. Car je me trouvois embarrassé de tant de doutes et d'erreurs, qu'il me sembloit n'avoir fait autre profit, en tâchant de m'instruire, sinon que j'avois découvert de plus en plus mon ignorance. Et néanmoins j'étois en l'une des plus célèbres écoles de l'Europe, où je pensois qu'il devoit y avoir de savants hommes, s'il y en avoit en aucun endroit de la terre. J'y avois appris tout ce que les autres y apprenoient; et même, ne m'étant pas contenté des sciences qu'on nous enseignoit, j'avois parcouru tous les livres traitant de celles qu'on estime les plus curieuses et les plus rares, qui avoient pu tomber entre mes mains. Avec cela je savois les jugements que les autres faisoient de moi; et je ne voyois point qu'on m'estimât inférieur à mes condisciples, bien qu'il y en eut déjà entre eux quelques uns qu'on destinoit à remplir les places de nos maîtres. Et enfin notre siècle me sembloit aussi fleurissant et aussi fertile en bons esprits qu'ait été aucun des précédents. Ce qui me faisoit prendre la liberté de juger par moi de tous les autres, et de penser qu'il n'y avoit aucune doctrine dans le monde qui fût telle qu'on m'avoit auparavant fait espérer.
I still continued, however, to hold in esteem the studies of the schools. I was aware that the languages taught in them are necessary to the understanding of the writings of the ancients; that the grace of fable stirs the mind; that the memorable deeds of history elevate it; and, if read with discretion, aid in forming the judgment; that the perusal of all excellent books is, as it were, to interview with the noblest men of past ages, who have written them, and even a studied interview, in which are discovered to us only their choicest thoughts; that eloquence has incomparable force and beauty;