Schaum's Outline of Chinese Grammar

By Claudia Ross

Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time?

Fortunately for you, there's Schaum's Outlines. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaum's is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills.

This Schaum's Outline gives you:

• Practice problems with full explanations that reinforce knowledge
• Coverage of the most up-to-date developments in your course field
• In-depth review of practices and applications

Fully compatible with your classroom text, Schaum's highlights all the important facts you need to know. Use Schaum's to shorten your study time-and get your best test scores!

Schaum's Outlines-Problem Solved.

• Language: English
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
• Release date: Oct 16, 2009
• ISBN: 9780071702447

Book preview

CHAPTER 1

Numbers

COUNTING

Numbers 1-99

When numbers are used for counting, they occur without any additional words:

The numbers 11-99 are built upon 1-10 as follows:

When counting numbers without a following classifier, the number 2 is always

(For more on classifiers, see Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification.)

èr:

liǎng. (See Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification.)

1. Complete the chart by converting the Chinese numbers to Arabic numerals and the Arabic numerals to Chinese numbers:

Numbers 100-10,000

Numbers through 9,999 are constructed as they are in English:

wàn ten thousands, followed by the number of thousands, the number of hundreds, the number of tens, and the number of ones. The number 24,000 liǎng wàn sì qān two ten thousands (and) four thousands. Numbers between 10,000 and 1,000,000 are illustrated here.

1 Million, 10 Million, 100 Million

Note: bǎi hundred, qiān thousand, wàn ten thousand liǎng.

liǎng bǎi

ling. Compare the following two numbers:

ling is only included once:

2. Complete the chart by converting the Chinese numbers to Arabic numerals and the Arabic numerals to Chinese numbers:

ESTIMATES AND APPROXIMATIONS

chàbuduō + Number+ classifier chàbuduō is always followed by a Number + Classifier. (See Chapter 2: Nouns, Noun Phrases, and Noun Modification, and Chapter 4: Adverbs.)

Number + classiifier zuǒyòu is always preceded by a Number + Classifier.

Number yǐshàng indicates that a value is equal to or greater than the specified number. Number yǐxià may directly follow a number alone, or a noun phrase that includes a number.

Number duō precedes the classifier.

3. Complete the chart to express the following expressions in Chinese and English.

ORDINALIZATION

Ordinalization refers to sequencing or ordering: first, second, third, etc.

4. Rewrite the Chinese ordinal numbers into English and the English ordinal numbers into Chinese:

READING NUMBERS

In certain contexts, numbers are read as individual digits. These include numbers which are part of phone numbers, addresses, licenses, passports, and other documents used for identification. The reading of phone numbers is illustrated here. Decimal fractions described below in this chapter are also read as individual digits.

Note: In standard Mandarin as spoken in Beijing and other parts of China, the number ‘1’ is pronounced yāo.

5. Read the following phone numbers. Provide your responses in pinyin.

1. 6839-1234

2. 5334-2387

3. 8833-1111

4. 119(fire-emergency in China)

5. 114(information in China

6. 135210566666 (cell phone number)

FRACTIONS AND PERCENTAGES

Fractions and Percentages Expressed as ‘Parts of the Whole’

Fractions and percentages are expressed as a ‘parts of the whole’ as follows:

one part of five – one fifth

Notice that in Chinese, the ‘whole’ is always the first number in the expression.

If the ‘whole’ is expressed in terms of the number 100, then a percentage of the whole is expressed as ‘parts of one hundred.’

If the ‘whole’ is a expressed as a number smaller than 100, then a fraction of the whole is expressed as ‘parts of the whole.’

6. Complete the chart to express the following fractions and percentages in Chinese and in Arabic numerals.

Questioning Percentages and Fractions

are used to ask about the value of a percent or fraction. In the response, a number replaces the question word. (See Chapter 8: Questions and Question Words.)

Percentages

Fractions

7. Answer the following questions in Chinese based on the number in parentheses.

Decimal Fractions

diǎn followed by the decimal number. The decimal number is read as a series of individual digits.

Notes: èr.

8. Complete the chart to express these decimal fractions in Chinese and in Arabic numerals.

Discounts: Percentage Off Total Price

Discounts are expressed as the percentage of the original price at which goods are offered as follows:

zhé

Note: zhé to express discounted price.

dǎ. The following examples express the percentage and the discounted selling price of an item whose original price was $100.

Note: is used to ask the percentage of the discount.

zhé.

10. Compute the discounted price for each of the following items.