Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 1: Foundations of Understanding, Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabinoids and Opioids
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About this ebook
Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, Volume One: Foundations of Understanding, Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabinoids, Opioids and Emerging Addictions provides the latest research in an area that shows that the neuropathological features of one addiction are often applicable to those of others. The book also details how a further understanding of these commonalties can provide a platform for the study of specific addictions in greater depth, all in an effort to create new modes of understanding, causation, prevention, and treatment.
The three volumes in this series address new research and challenges, offering comprehensive coverage on the adverse consequences of the most common drugs of abuse, with each volume serving to update the reader’s knowledge on the broader field of addiction, while also deepening our understanding of specific addictive substances. Volume One addresses tobacco, alcohol, cannabinoids, and opioids, with each section providing data on the general, molecular/cellular, and structural/functional neurological aspects of a given substance, along with a focus on the adverse consequences of addictions.
- Provides a modern approach on the pathology of substances of abuse, offering an evidence based ethos for understanding the neurology of addictions
- Fills an existing gap in the literature by proving a one-stop-shopping synopsis of everything to do with the neuropathology of drugs of addiction and substance misuse
- Includes a list of abbreviations, abstracts, applications to other addictions and substance misuse, mini-dictionary of terms, summary points, 6+ figures and tables, and full references in each chapter
- Offers coverage of preclinical, clinical, and population studies, from the cell to whole organs, and the genome to whole body
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Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 1 - Victor R Preedy
Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse
Volume 1: Foundations of Understanding, Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabinoids and Opioids
Editor
Victor R. Preedy
King’s College London, London, UK
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I. Setting the Scene: Foundations for Understanding Substance Misuse and Their Effects
Chapter 1. The Nervous System and Addictions: Essentials for Clinicians
Introduction
A Neuroanatomical Compass
General Structure of the Neuroanatomical System
Psychoactive Substances and the Brain
The Neurobehavioral Facets of Addiction: From Recreational Use to Dependence
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse: New Behavioral Disorders?
Societal Impact of Substances
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 2. Pathophysiology-Based Neuromodulation for Addictions: An Overview
Introduction
Finding Targets for Neuromodulation Intervention
Pathophysiology of Addiction
Neuromodulation Techniques and Brain Network Alterations
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 3. Gateway Hypothesis of Addiction and Substance Misuse: The Role of Neurophysiology and Psychological Mechanisms
Introduction
Neurophysiological Mechanisms
Transition to Addiction and Psychological Mechanisms
Personality of the Drug User
Conclusion
Summary and Key Points
Chapter 4. Children of Parents with Substance Use Disorder
Introduction
Models of Substance Use Disorder Vulnerability
From Models to Studies of Neurobiology of Children with Familial Substance Use Disorder
Neuroimaging Studies of Children with Familial Substance Use Disorder
Future Directions
Summary
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 5. Drugs of Abuse and the Internet
Introduction
Drugs Sold on the Internet
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts on the Internet
Summary Points
Chapter 6. Trauma and Neurological Risks of Addiction
Introduction
Overview of Typology of Trauma
Neurobiology of Trauma
Basic Neurobiology of Drug Use and Addiction
Posttraumatic Stress and Cannabinoid Receptors
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 7. Emotional Self-Medication and Addiction
Introduction
ESM and Addiction in Humans
PSM and ESM in Nonhuman Animals
ESM Induced by Reward Loss
Future Directions: Bridging ESM and SUDs
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts about Self-Medication
Summary Points
Chapter 8. The Neurobiology of Comorbid Drug Abuse in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders
Introduction
Epidemiological Data
Correlates of Comorbid Drug Abuse in Schizophrenia
Neurobiology of Comorbid Drug Abuse
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of the Neurobiology of Comorbid Drug Abuse in Schizophrenia
Summary Points
Part II. Tobacco
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 9. Nicotine Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics
Introduction
Nicotine Chemistry
Nicotine Pharmacology
Nicotine Pharmacokinetics
Summary
Afterword
Definition of Terms
Key Facts: PET Neuroimaging and Nicotine
Summary Points
Chapter 10. Tobacco-Related Mortality among Individuals with Alcohol or Drug Use Disorders
Introduction
Prevalence of Tobacco Use in AODUD Populations
Tobacco-Related Diseases
A Review of Tobacco-Related Mortality among Individuals with AODUD
Best-Practice Guidelines Champion Smoking Cessation Integration into Addictions Treatment
Barriers to Implementation of Concurrent Smoking Cessation with AODUD Treatment
Staff Knowledge and Attitudes about Concurrent Smoking Cessation during AODUD Treatment
Attitudes toward Smoking Cessation among AODUD Treatment Clients
Effectiveness of Treatment for Nicotine Dependence Concurrent with AODUD Treatment
Efforts to Increase Access to Nicotine-Dependence Treatment for AODUD Populations
Other Policy Interventions to Reduce Tobacco-Related Mortality among Individuals with AODUD
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Contraband Tobacco Use in the AODUD Population
Summary Points
Chapter 11. Neurological Effects of Nicotine, Tobacco, and Particulate Matter
Introduction
Neurobiological Effects of Smoking Tobacco
The Rewarding Effects of Nicotine
Mechanism of Action: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Addictive Properties of Tobacco Smoke
Tobacco Particulate Matter and Extracts
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 12. Rho GTPases and Their Regulators in Addiction: A Focus on the Association of a β2-Chimaerin Polymorphism with Smoking
Introduction
Rho GTPases and Nicotine Addiction
Chimaerins and Smoking
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Smoking Addiction
Summary Points
Chapter 13. Brain Orexin Receptors and Nicotine
Introduction
The Orexinergic System
The Hypothalamus and Orexin Receptors
Nicotine and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Nicotine and the Orexinergic System
Human Studies of Nicotine on Orexin
Paradigms of Nicotine Exposure to Replicate Clinical Conditions
Nicotine Exposure on Orexin Expression
Nicotine, Orexin, Addiction, and Reward
Mechanisms Involved in Nicotine-Induced Orexin Expression Changes
Conclusion and Future Directions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts Regarding the Orexinergic System
Summary Points
Chapter 14. Nicotine and Stimulatory Effects on 5-HT DRN Neurons
Introduction
Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
The Dorsal Raphe Nucleus
Effects of Nicotine on 5-HT DRN Neuron Firing Rate and 5-HT Release
Behavioral Effects of Nicotine Mediated by Increases in Serotonin Release
Concluding Remarks
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Microdialysis
Summary Points
Chapter 15. Critical Role of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors in Nicotine Reward and Addiction
Introduction
Nicotine Reward and Dependence
Endocannabinoid System and Signaling
Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptors
The Role of CB1 Receptors in Brain Reward Processing in Nicotine Administration
Effects of CB1 Receptor Agonists and Antagonists on Nicotine Reward
CB1 Receptor Ligands and nAChRs
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 16. Targets of Addictive Nicotine in the Central Nervous System and Interactions with Alcohol
Introduction
Effects of Nicotine
Concurrent Effects of Nicotine with Alcohol
Dual Effects of Nicotine
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Nicotine and Its Targets
Summary Points
Chapter 17. Cytochrome P450 and Oxidative Stress as Possible Pathways for Alcohol- and Tobacco-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and NeuroAIDS
Introduction
Alcohol and NeuroAIDS
Tobacco and NeuroAIDS
Concluding Remarks
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of NeuroAIDS
Summary Points
Chapter 18. Nicotine and Neurokinin Signaling
Introduction
Tachykinin Genes and Gene Products
Neuropeptide Distribution in the CNS
Receptor Distribution in the CNS
Neurokinin-Mediated Mechanisms in the CNS
Tachykinins and Addiction Mechanisms
Neurokinins and nicotine: cellular mechanisms
Neurokinins and Nicotine: Regulation of Mood and Affect
Neurokinins and the Symptoms of Nicotine Withdrawal
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusions
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 19. Neurotransmitter Systems and the Nicotine Dependence-Induced Withdrawal Syndrome: Dopamine, Glutamate, GABA, Endogenous Opioids, Endocannabinoids, Noradrenaline, Arginine Vasopressin, Neuropeptide Y, MAO, CREB, and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor
Introduction
Nicotine-Induced Neuroadaptations
Neural Basis of Nicotine Withdrawal
Neurotransmitters and Mediator Systems Involved in Nicotine Withdrawal
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Summary Points
Chapter 20. Genetic Findings on the Relationship between Smoking and the Stress System
Introduction
The HPA Axis and the Molecular Effects of GCs
The Glucocorticoid Receptor-Coding Gene (NR3C1)
Functional Aspects of NR3C1 Polymorphisms
Effects of NR3C1 Polymorphisms on Smoking Behavior
The MR Coding Gene
Functional Aspects of NR3C2 Polymorphisms
Effects of NR3C2 Polymorphisms on Smoking Behavior
Potential for MR/GR Interactions beyond the Statistical Level
Perspectives
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 21. Genetic Variants of μ Opioid Receptor and Its Interacting Proteins in Smoking: A Focus on OPRM1 A118G, ARRB2, and HINT1
Introduction
OPRM1 Polymorphisms
OPRM1 and Smoking Behaviors
Pharmacogenetic Studies of OPRM1 in Smoking Cessation
ARRB2 and HINT1
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Smoking Related Phenotypes
Summary Points
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 22. Characterization of Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Nicotine-Seeking Behavior in Smoking Relapse: Use of Animal Models
Introduction
Rat Model of Smoking Relapse: Response Reinstatement Paradigm
Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Nicotine-Seeking Responses
Interactions of Nicotine Cue with Stress and Nicotine Priming
Pharmacological Substrates Responsible for Cue-Induced Nicotine-Seeking Behavior
Applications to Other Addiction and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Nicotine-Seeking Behavior
Summary Points
Chapter 23. Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Nicotine Addiction
Introduction
Behavioral Effects of Nicotine in Enriched Animals
Neural Effects of Enrichment on Nicotine Effects and Circuits
Conclusions and Future Directions
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Environmental Enrichment
Summary Points
Chapter 24. Smokers with Severe Mental Illness
Introduction
Nicotine Addiction
Why Do More People with Mental Illness Smoke?
Facilitating Smoking Cessation
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Key Facts of Smoking among Those with Mental Illness
Summary Points
Chapter 25. Nicotine Dependence and Schizophrenia
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Etiological Relationship between Schizophrenia and Nicotine
Management
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition Of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 26. Unraveling the Role of the Amygdala in Nicotine Addiction
Introduction
The Role of Nicotine in Tobacco Addiction
The Amygdala
Nicotine Craving
Functional Neuroimaging Studies on Cue-Induced Nicotine Craving
Functional Neuroimaging Studies on Abstinence-Induced Craving
Functional Neuroimaging Studies on Altered Emotion Processing in Smokers
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Nicotine Addiction
Summary Points
Chapter 27. Nicotine and Cognition: Effects of Nicotine on Attention and Memory Systems in Humans
Introduction
Nicotine and Attention
Nicotine and Memory
Long-term Effects of Nicotine on Cognition
Indirect Effects of Nicotine
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Summary Points
Chapter 28. The Role of Appetitive and Aversive Smoking Cues in Tobacco Use Disorder with a Focus on fMRI
Introduction
Reactivity to Appetitive Smoking Cues—Clinical Relevance
Neural Correlates of Smokers to Appetitive Smoking Cues
Reactivity to Aversive Smoking Cues—Clinical Relevance
Neural Reactivity of Smokers to Aversive Smoking Cues
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Tobacco Use Disorder
Summary Points
Chapter 29. Different Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Neuropsychological Performance in Psychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Smoking and Cognitive Function in Healthy Subjects
Smoking and Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia
Smoking and Cognitive Function in Major Depressive Disorder
Smoking and Cognitive Function in Bipolar Disorder
Smoking and Cognitive Function in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 30. Tobacco Smoke Extract-Produced Behavioral Effects: Locomotor Sensitization and Self-Administration Studies
Introduction: Tobacco Smoke Extracts in Research
Behavioral Tests
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of History of Behavioral Nicotine/Tobacco Addiction Research
Summary Points
Chapter 31. The Psychological Threat of Mortality and Its Implications for Tobacco and Alcohol Misuse
Introduction
Psychological Defenses against Conscious Mortality Concerns: Implications for Substance Use
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts Concerning the Terror Management Health Model
Summary Points
Chapter 32. Nicotine Dependence and the Anterior Cingulate-Precuneus Pathway: Using Neuroimaging to Test Addiction Theories
Physical Dependence
Smoking and Brain Structure
Learning Theories of Addiction
Biological Theories of Addiction
Hypothesis Testing
What Impact Does This Have for Addiction Theorists?
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Physical Nicotine Dependence
Summary Points
Chapter 33. Neural Effects of Nicotine: Peripheral Sensory Systems and Experience-Dependent Neural Sensitization
Introduction
Rapid Neural Activation Induced by Intravenous Nicotine
The Role of Peripheral Actions of Nicotine in Mediating Its Acute Neural Effects
Experience-Dependent Changes in the Neural, Physiological, and Behavioral Effects of Nicotine
The Role of Peripheral Actions of Nicotine in the Development of Nicotine-Induced Neural Sensitization
General Discussion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Section D. Methods
Chapter 34. Cotinine Urinalysis for Tobacco Use
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Assays for Detection
Research and Clinical Applications of Urine Cotinine Detection
Sensitivity and Specificity Issues
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Comparison with Other Biomarkers of Tobacco Use
Conclusions
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Part III. Alcohol
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 35. Ethanol Metabolism and Implications for Disease
Introduction
The Physical Properties of Ethanol
International Variations in Alcohol Consumption
Alcohol and the Burden of Disease
Absorption and Distribution of Ethanol
Metabolism of Ethanol
Blood Ethanol Concentration
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Summary
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Acetaldehyde
Summary Points
Chapter 36. Heavy Episodic Drinking or Binge Drinking: A Booming Consumption Pattern
Introduction
Definition of Binge Drinking
Consequences on Health and Possible Early Markers
Risk and Protection Factors Associated with BD
Personality Traits, Circadian Typology, and BD
Neuropsychological Impact of BD
Future Research on Prevention and/or Treatment on BD
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Neuropsychology in Binge Drinkers
Summary Points
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 37. Alcohol and Endogenous Opioids
Neuropeptides as Target System
The Endogenous Opioid System
The Opioid–Alcohol Link
Endogenous Opioids in AUD
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Opioids
Summary Points
Chapter 38. Effects of Alcohol on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Impact on Addiction
Introduction
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Summary Points
Chapter 39. Alcohol and Its Impact on Myelin
Introduction
The Myelination Process and Brain Development
Composition of Myelin
Pathophysiology of the Demyelination and Remyelination Processes in the CNS
Alcohol Abuse and White Matter Disturbances
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Myelin Alterations
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Therapeutic Approaches
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 40. The Effects of Acute and Chronic Ethanol Exposure on GABAergic Neuroactive Steroid Immunohistochemistry: Relationship to Ethanol Drinking
Introduction
Immunohistochemistry Methodology and Strengths in Neuroactive Steroid Research
GABAergic Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Interactions in Rats
Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Drinking in Rats
GABAergic Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Interactions in Mice
Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Drinking in Nonhuman Primates
Neuroactive Steroids and Ethanol Drinking in Humans
GABRA2 Genetic Polymorphisms
Genetic Polymorphisms and Neuroactive Steroids
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 41. Ethanol and Its Impact on the Brain’s Electrical Activity
Alcohol Abuse and Its Neurological Consequences
Influence of Alcohol on the Electrical Activity of the Brain
CSD as a Tool to Study the Effects of Alcohol on the Brain
Ethanol Influences CSD Propagation: The Role of Antioxidant Molecules
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definitions and Explanations of Key Terms or Words Used in the Chapter
Key Facts of Electrophysiology
Summary Points
Chapter 42. Alcohol and Neuroimmune Interactions
Introduction
Microglia
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Adolescent and College-Age Alcohol Consumption
Adult Alcohol Consumption
Neuroimmune Signaling
Anti-inflammatory Therapeutics for Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders
Summary
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 43. Role of Glutamate Transport in Alcohol Withdrawal
Introduction
Glutamate Signaling Under Normal Physiological Conditions
Glutamate Signaling During Alcohol Withdrawal
Contribution of Genetic Variation in Glutamate Signaling to Alcohol Withdrawal Risk and Severity
Preclinical Evidence for the Use of Ceftriaxone to Treat Acute AWS
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Summary and Conclusions
Definition of Terms
Key Facts on the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Summary Points
Chapter 44. Ethanol, Vitamins, and Brain Dysfunction
Brain Atrophy Affects Both White Matter and Gray Matter
Functional Consequences
Pathogenesis of Neurotoxicity in Alcoholics
Liposoluble Vitamins
Hydrosoluble Vitamins
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 45. Phospholipase D: A Central Switch in the Development of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum
Phospholipases D
Regulation of PLDs
Enzymatic Reactions of PLDs
Brain Cells and PLD
PLD Function
Effects of Ethanol In Vitro
Effects of Ethanol and PLD Deletion In Vivo
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Phospholipases D
Summary Points
Chapter 46. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Subunits and Alcohol
Introduction
Ethanol’s Actions at the NMDAR: Role in the Subjective and Behavioral Effects of Alcohol
NMDAR Subunits and Ethanol
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Concluding Remarks
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Glutamate
Summary Points
Chapter 47. Alcohol Dehydrogenase Alleles and Impact on Neuropathology
Introduction
Alcohol Metabolism
ADH Alleles and Alcohol Use Disorders
ADH Alleles and Effects on Neuropathology
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
ADH Alleles and Neuropathology in FASD
Role of the ADH Alleles in the Fetus
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Summary Points
Chapter 48. ADH Cluster Genes, Genome-Wide Association Studies, and Alcohol Dependence
Introduction
Alcohol Metabolism and Major Genetic Factors
Genome-Wide Association Study and ADH Gene Cluster
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts about Alcohol Dependence
Summary
Chapter 49. Neuropathology of Gene Expression during Alcohol Withdrawal
Introduction
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts on the History of Alcohol Consumption
Summary Points
Chapter 50. The Quest of Candidate Gene in Alcohol Dependence: The Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) Gene
Introduction
Molecular Genetics of Alcoholism
Subtypes of Alcoholism Identified in Han Chinese
Association Studies of the DRD2 Gene with Alcoholism Subtypes
The DRD2 Gene and Temperament Interaction in Subtyped Alcoholism
Summary
DEFINITION of Terms
Key Facts of Subtyped Alcoholism
Summary Points
Chapter 51. Acetaldehyde: A Reactive Metabolite
Introduction
Endogenous Aldehydes
Exogenous Acetaldehydes
Acetaldehyde Reactivity
Protein Adduct Formation
Damage to DNA
Protein Carbonylation/Oxidation and Cytotoxicity
Molecular Cytotoxic Mechanisms of Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde or Ethanol?
Human Health Risks
Concluding Remarks
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Brain Metabolism
Summary Points
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 52. Cortical Morphology in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Insights from Computational Neuroimaging
Introduction
What Is Cortical Morphology?
Cortical Morphology in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorders
Summary Points
Chapter 53. Abnormalities of Cerebellar Structure and Function in Alcoholism and Other Substance Use Disorders
Introduction
Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders
The Cerebellum and Addiction Connection
Structure and Function of the Cerebellum
Development of the Cerebellum
Alcohol Use Disorders and the Cerebellum
Cerebellar Abnormalities in SUD: Cause or Consequence?
Cerebellar Structure and Function in Other Substance Use Disorders
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of the Cerebellum
Summary Points
Chapter 54. Brain Volumes in Adolescents with Alcohol Use Disorder
Introduction
Voxel-Based Morphometry and Related Methods of Structural Brain Imaging
Hippocampal Volume Is Reduced in Adolescents with AUD
Prefrontal Cortex Volume Is Differential in Adolescents with Alcohol Use Disorder
Other Brain Regions Showing Differential Volumes in Adolescent AUD Compared to Controls
Moderating and Mediating Factors—Gender, Psychiatric Comorbidities, Family History of Alcohol Abuse, Childhood Trauma
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts about Brain Volume Differences in Alcohol Use Disorder
Summary Points
Chapter 55. Central Pontine Myelinolysis in Alcoholism: An Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Pathology
Neuroimaging
Clinical Presentation
Treatment and Prognosis
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Key Facts of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Summary Points
Chapter 56. The Role of Brain Glucocorticoid Systems in Alcohol Dependence
Introduction
Alcohol Activates the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
Chronic Alcohol Exposure Disrupts HPA Axis Function
Role of Brain Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity in the Transition to Alcohol Dependence
GR Structure, Chaperone Proteins, and Nuclear Cofactors
Induction of Transcriptional Activation by GR
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts Related to Alcohol Misuse
Summary Points
Chapter 57. Neuropathobiology of Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Deficits
Introduction
Neuropathological Mechanisms Associated with Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Deficits
Future Scope and Conclusions
Definition of terms
Key Facts on Alcohol-Induced Cognitive Deficit and Its Neuropathobiology
Summary Points
Chapter 58. Neuropathology in Neuropsychiatric Disorders Secondary to Alcohol Misuse
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Korsakoff Syndrome
Marchiafava–Bignami Disease
Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome
Alcohol-Related Dementia
Alcoholic Cerebellar Degeneration
Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 59. Social Isolation and Ethanol Drinking: A Preclinical Model of Addiction Vulnerability in Males, but Not Females
Introduction
Sex Differences: From Acute Response to Alcohol to Neurobiological Consequences of Alcohol Dependence
Epidemiology by Sex: Association with Alcohol Use Disorders
Sex Differences: Neuroendocrine Responses in Vulnerable and Addicted Populations
Social Isolation as a Model of Addiction Vulnerability in Male Rodents
Hormones in Male and Female Rodents Exposed to Early Life Stress
Sex Differences in Alcohol Models: Females Drink More!
Models of an Addiction-Vulnerable Phenotype in Female Rats
Sex Differences in Addiction Vulnerability: Future Directions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Consequences Following Adolescent Social Isolation Model in Male versus Female Rats
Summary Points
Section D. Methods
Chapter 60. The Ultrarapid Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST-Lite) and Implications for Neuropathology
Introduction
Development of the ASSIST
ASSIST-Lite Protocol
Neuropathology as a Reason for Screening and Intervention
Conducting a Brief Intervention with an Illicit Drug User
Conclusion
Key Facts
Summary Points
Part IV. Cannabinoids
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 61. Overview of Cannabis Use, Misuse, and Addiction
Introduction
Acute and Long-term Effects of Cannabis Use
Cannabis Misuse and the Risk of Addiction
Translational Research on Cannabis Use in Animal Models
Therapies for Cannabis Use and Withdrawal
Is There a Potential Therapeutic Value for Medical Cannabis?
Policy Changes in Cannabis Regulation
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of the Cannabinoid Tetrad Test
Summary Points
Chapter 62. An Overview of Major and Minor Phytocannabinoids
Introduction
Tetrahydrocannabinol Acid, Tetrahydrocannabivarinic Acid, and Cannabigerol Acid
Cannabigerol
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Tetrahydrocannabivarin
Cannabidiol
Cannabichromene
Cannabinol
β-Caryophyllene
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Summary
Chapter 63. Treating the Phenomenon of New Psychoactive Substances: Synthetic Cannabinoids and Synthetic Cathinones
Introduction
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic Cathinones
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Psychosis
Summary Points
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 64. Role of Lipid Rafts and the Underlying Filamentous-Actin Cytoskeleton in Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Signaling: A Forceful Regulator of Neuronal Development and Function
CB1 Signaling to the Major Effector Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
CB1 Signaling to ERK Emanates from Lipid Rafts
Lipid Rafts, Filamentous-Actin Networks, and Microtubules Regulate CB1 Signaling and Localization
Formation of CB1 Signaling Complexes and Transactivation of Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Lipid Rafts
Concluding Remarks
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of CB1
Summary Points
Chapter 65. Cannabinoid Agonists
Introduction
Endocannabinoids
Phytocannabinoids: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Cannabinoid Agonists in the Clinic
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 66. Molecular Pharmacology of CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptors
Introduction
Introduction to Cannabinoid Receptor Research
Overview of Endocannabinoid System Molecular Biology
Overview of Cannabinoid Signaling in Cells
Summary and Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Summary Points
Chapter 67. Does Agonist Efficacy Alter the In Vivo Effects of Cannabinoids: Girl, Could We Get Much Higher
?
Introduction
Cannabinoid Agonist Classification
Herbal Incense: Not Your Parents’ Marijuana?
Preclinical Studies
Marijuana Dependence Studies in Humans
Dependence and Withdrawal Studies in Animals
Tolerance
Drug Discrimination
Reinforcement
If Not Efficacy, What, Then?
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 68. Cannabis, Cannabinoid Receptors, and Stress-Induced Excitotoxicity
Introduction
Endocannabinoid System and Stress: A Bidirectional Relationship
Stress and Cellular Damage/Death by Excitotoxicity
Cannabinoid Receptor Activation and Stress-Induced Excitotoxicity
Therapeutic Potential in Stress-Related Neuropsychopathologies
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Excitotoxicity
Summary Points
Chapter 69. Cannabis, Endocannabinoid CB1 Receptors, and the Neuropathology of Vision
Introduction
Psychophysical Effects of Cannabinoids on Vision
Electrophysiological Effects of Cannabinoids on Vision
Conclusions and Future Directions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of the Cannabinoid System
Summary Points
Chapter 70. Cannabidiol and 5-HT1A Receptors
Introduction
Multiple Effects of Cannabidiol and Its Therapeutic Potential
Cannabidiol and 5HT1A Receptors
How Does Cannabidiol Interact with 5HT1A Receptors?
Are All Cannabidiol Effects Mediated by 5-HT1A Receptors?
Conclusion
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 71. CB1 Receptor-Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in the Deleterious Effects of Spice Abuse
Introduction
Cannabinoid Receptors
Signal Transduction Mechanism of CB1R
CB2R Signaling
Spice Signaling
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Spice Products
Summary Points
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 72. Cannabis Use Disorders and Brain Morphology
Introduction
Nosology of Cannabis Use Disorder
Neurocognitive Aspects of Cannabis Use Disorder
Structural Neuroimaging Studies Investigating Cannabis Use Disorder
Discussion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Concluding Key Facts on the Association between Gray Matter and Cannabis Use Disorder
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of the Striatum
Summary Points
Chapter 73. Imaging Dopamine Alterations in Cannabis Dependence
Introduction
Imaging Methods Used to Study Dopamine in Humans
Effect of Acute Cannabinoid Administration on the Dopamine System
Effect of Chronic Cannabis Use on the Dopamine System
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts about Imaging the Dopamine System in Humans Using PET
Summary Points
Chapter 74. Cannabis and the Mesolimbic System
The Dopaminergic Mesolimbic System
Cannabinoids in the Reward Circuitry
Cannabis Dependence
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of the Addictive
Spines in the Nucleus Accumbens
Summary Points
Chapter 75. Role of the Endocannabinoid System and Major Cannabis Constituents in the Reconsolidation and Extinction of Rewarding Drug-Associated Memories
Introduction
Essential Aspects about Learning and Memory Processing
Overview of the Endocannabinoid System
Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm to Investigate the Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Memory Reconsolidation and Extinction
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in Learning and Memory Processing
The Endocannabinoid System and Reconsolidation of Rewarding Drug-Related Memories
The Endocannabinoid System and Reconsolidation of Aversive Memories
Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Reconsolidation of Drug, Appetitive, and Aversive Memories
Concluding Remarks
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Memory Reconsolidation
Summary Points
Chapter 76. Effects of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Synthetic Cannabinoids, and Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitors on Mood and Serotonin Neurotransmission
Introduction
How to Assess If a Putative Drug Modulates Mood Using Animal Models
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Serotonin Firing Activity
The Effect of WIN 55,212-2 on 5-HT Firing and Antidepressant-Like Activity
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition, 5-HT Firing, and Antidepressant-Like Activity
Chronic Administration of CB1R Agonists in Adolescence and Adulthood: Implications for 5-HT Firing Activity
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 77. CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors and Aggression: Relationship to Cannabis Use
Introduction
The Endocannabinoid System
Cannabis and Aggression in Humans
Relation between Aggression and CB1 Receptor in Animal Studies
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Aggression
Summary Points
Chapter 78. Cannabis and Bipolar Manic Episodes
Substance Use and Bipolar Disorder
Childhood Trauma, Cannabis, and Bipolar Disorders
Impact of Cannabis Use on Mania Phenomenology
Impact of Cannabis Use on Bipolar Disorder Outcome
Cannabis Use and Onset Manic Episode
Cannabis Use and Psychosis
Mechanisms Underlying Cannabis Use and Manic Symptoms
Applications to Other Addictions and Substances Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Mania and Bipolar Disorders
Summary Points
Chapter 79. White Matter, Schizophrenia, and Cannabis
Introduction
White Matter Changes in Schizophrenia
White Matter Changes with Cannabis Use
White Matter Changes with Cannabis Use in People with Schizophrenia
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 80. Electroencephalography and Cannabis: From Event-Related Potentials to Oscillations
Introduction
The Brain Cannabinoid System
Electroencephalography
Cannabinoids and ERPs
Cannabinoids and Neural Oscillations
Conclusion and Future Directions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Defintion of Terms
Key Facts of Cannabis and Electroencephalography
Summary Points
Part V. Opioids
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 81. Street Level Heroin, an Overview on Its Components and Adulterants
Introduction
An Overview of Opiates
Historical Review of Heroin
A Focus on the Heroin Production Process
Definition of Controlled Substances
Controlled Substances Act Schedules
Heroin Pharmacology
What Does Heroin Look Like?
Routes of Administration for Heroin
Body Packing of Heroin
Street Names and Slang Terms for Heroin
Component Analysis of Heroin
Medical Consequences of Street Heroin Abuse
Concluding Remarks
Application to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Key Facts
Chapter 82. Opioid Prescription Drug Abuse and Its Relation to Heroin Trends
Introduction
Trends
Heroin Availability on the World Market
Global Trends in Opioid and Opiate Abuse
Opiate and Opioid Overdose Deaths
United States
Trends in Treatment for Opiates and Opioids
Harm Reduction Response to Increasing Opioid and Heroin Abuse
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 83. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Signaling at the Intersection of Pain and Opioid Addiction
Introduction
The Addicted Phenotype
Animal Models of Opioid Intake Escalation and Addiction
Chronic Opioid Exposure and Hyperalgesia
Opioid Addiction in Relation to Pain Management
Shared Neural Mechanisms and Neurocircuitry Underlying Pain and Opioid Addiction
Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and the Transition to Opioid Dependence
Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Signaling in Chronic Pain States
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts Related to Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Addiction
Summary Points
Chapter 84. The Role of the δ Opioid Receptor Gene, OPRD1, in Addiction
Introduction
OPRD1 and Human Addiction
Rodent Models and Addiction
Drugs and δ Opioid Receptor Function
Heterodimerization of μ and δ Opioid Receptors
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Pharmacogenetics of Addiction
Summary Points
Chapter 85. Genome-Wide Association Studies and Human Opioid Sensitivity
Introduction
Association Studies on Specific Candidate Genes for Human Opioid Sensitivity
Genome-Wide Association Studies of Human Opioid Sensitivity
Genome-Wide Association or Linkage Studies of Human Opioid Dependence
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 86. Opiate Receptors and Gender and Relevance to Heroin Addiction
Introduction
Opiate Receptors
Classification and Localization of Opiate Receptors
Structure of Opiate Receptors and Signal Transduction
Tolerance, Dependence, and Addiction
Gender Differences in the Pharmacological Effects of Opiates
Gender Differences in Heroin Addiction
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Opiate Abuse
Summary Points
Chapter 87. Transcriptional Effects of Heroin and Methamphetamine in the Striatum
Introduction
Patterns of Gene Expression Regulated by the Acute Administration of Psychostimulants or Opioids
Drug-Induced Regulation of Activity-Dependent Genes
Activation of Stress-Related Genes by Drugs of Abuse
Glucocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Genes Induced by Drugs of Abuse Are Expressed in Astrocytes
Gene Expression Regulated by Chronic Administration of Psychostimulants or Opioids
Chronic Methamphetamine and Heroin Treatment Activated Genes Enriched in the Nucleus Accumbens
Transcriptional Effects of Chronic Methamphetamine and Heroin Treatment in the Striatum Display Similarity
Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Genes in Response to Chronic Treatment
Alteration of Circadian Genes by Chronic Methamphetamine and Heroin Treatment
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Polydrug Abuse
Summary Points
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 88. Neurological Abnormalities in Opiate Addicts
Introduction
Classification
Causes of Neurological Disease in Opiate Addicts
Neurological Abnormalities in Opiate Addicts
Ischemic Stroke in Opiate Addicts
Cerebral Bleeding in Opiate Addicts
Epilepsy in Opiate Addicts
Trauma
Infections
Cognitive Impairment
Other CNS Abnormalities in Opiate Addicts
PNS Disease
Neurological Withdrawal Symptoms in Opiate Addicts and in Neonates
CNS Imaging in Opiate Addicts
Neuropathology in Opiate Addicts
Premorbid Neurological Vulnerabilities Fostering the Development of Opiate Addiction
Dependency of Neurological Abnormalities on the Mode of Opiate Administration, the Duration of Addiction, and the Opiate Dosage
Neurological Complications during General Anesthesia
Secondary Disease that Causes Tertiary Neurological Abnormalities
Conclusions
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts
Summary Points
Chapter 89. Clinical and Preclinical Molecular Imaging in Chronic Pain—Implications for Analgesic Use and Misuse
Introduction
Pathophysiology Relevant to Pain Imaging
Functional and Molecular Imaging of the Brain
Functional and Molecular Imaging of Peripheral Structures
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Molecular Imaging
Summary Points
Chapter 90. Single-Photon-Emission Computed Tomography Studies with Dopamine and Serotonin Transporters in Opioid Users
Introduction
Dopamine
Serotonin
Discussion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts Related to Opioid Dependency
Summary Points
Chapter 91. Personality Dimensions, Impulsivity, and Heroin
Introduction
Impulsivity and Heroin Dependence
Temperament and Character Dimensions of Personality
Relationships of Personality Dimensions with Impulsivity in Heroin Dependents
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Impulsivity, Temperament, and Character
Summary Points
Chapter 92. fMRI of Heroin and Ketamine Addiction
Introduction
Application to Types of Addictions
Summary Points
Chapter 93. Heroin-Induced Cerebrovascular Ischemia and Leukoencephalopathy: Role of Mitochondria
Stroke and Heroin: A Chronological Review of Cases
Heroin-Induced Leukoencephalopathy: A Chronological Review of Cases
Discussion of Possible Pathophysiologies
Hypoxia Is a Common Pathway to Induce Leukoencephalopathy
Conclusion
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Spongiform Leukoencephalopathy
Summary Points
Chapter 94. The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Related Brain Stress-Response Systems and Heroin
Introduction
HPA Axis in Human Heroin Addiction and Rodent Models
Arginine Vasopressin and V1b Receptor Systems
Endogenous Opioid Systems
Orexin and Dynorphin in the Lateral Hypothalamus
Summary
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Stress Responses in Opiate Addiction
Summary Points
Chapter 95. Accelerated Aging in Heroin Abusers: Readdressing a Clinical Anecdote Using Telomerase and Neuroimaging
Introduction
Neuropathology and Neuropsychology of Heroin Addiction
Biological Indicators of Aging
Heroin, Telomerase, and Neuroimaging: Crossroads between Molecular and Brain System Pathology
A Paradigm Shift in the Understanding of Addiction Pathology
Overall Summary
Definition of Terms
Summary Points
Chapter 96. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Substance Use Disorders, and Heroin Addiction
Introduction
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusion
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of ADHD and Other Psychiatric Disorders
Summary
Chapter 97. Impaired Cognition Control and Inferior Frontal Cortex Modulation in Heroin Addiction
Introduction
Behavioral Impairments of Cognitive Control in Heroin Addiction
Inferior Frontal Gyrus, Response Inhibition, and Heroin Addiction
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Conclusions
Suggestions for Further Research
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Cognitive Control Functions in Heroin Addiction and the Relation to the Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Summary Points
Section D. Methods
Chapter 98. Assay for Opium Alkaloids
Introduction
Types of Biological Material Used for Determination of Opioids
Sample Preparation for Bioanalysis of Opioids
Detection and Quantification of Opioids in Biological Samples
Review of Analytical Methods for Bioassay of Opium Alkaloids and Related Opioids
Applications to Other Addictions and Substance Misuse
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Bioassay of Opium Alkaloids and Opioid-Related Compounds
Summary Points
Chapter 99. Features of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Associated with Heroin Users
Introduction
The Concepts of the TPQ and the TCI
The TPQ Dimensions and Heroin Use
Categorical Views of Personality in Relation to Heroin Use: the Switch from the TPQ
The Autonomic Basis of Borderline Personality Trait and Heroin Use Disorder
Applications to Other Addictions and Other Substance Misuse
Conclusions
Definition of Terms
Key Facts of Personality Features in Heroin Users
Summary Points
Index
Copyright
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List of Contributors
Ricardo Abadie-Guedes, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Anissa Abi-Dargham, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Division of Translational Imaging, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Osama A. Abulseoud
National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Jelena Acevska, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Ana Adan
Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior (IR3C), Barcelona, Spain
María A. Aguilar, Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Maryam Akhgari, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
Robert Ali, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Amelia J. Anderson-Mooney, Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
Muhammad Anees, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lady Reading Hospital, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
M. Carmen Arenas, Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Jamie Arndt, Department of Psychology, University of Missouri – Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA
Daniele Ascheri, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Medical School, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
Nida Ashraf, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Maxie Ashton, The Adelaide Clinic, Gilberton, SA, Australia
Olga Asimaki, Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
Jean-Michel Aubry, Mood Disorders Unit, Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Harinder Aujla, Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
A. George Awad, Department of Psychiatry and the Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Mahmoud A. Awara, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Ana Bagues, A. Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud. Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
Yatan P.S. Balhara, Department of Psychiatry & National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre on Substance Abuse, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Francis Bambico
Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
Laura Barrio-Real, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Selena E. Bartlett, Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
Balapal S. Basavarajappa
Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Aniruddha Basu, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
Claiton H.D. Bau, Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Matthew C. Beattie, Department of Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Benjamin Becker, Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Anton L. Beer, Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Deepak Behera, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Irina Benaiges, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Dessa Bergen-Cico, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
Susan E. Bergeson, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
Wade H. Berrettini, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Leandro J. Bertoglio, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Charles S. Bockman, Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
Stefan Borgwardt, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Josiane Bourque
Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
GRIP, Centre de recherche CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
Muge Bozkurt, Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
Katharine Alexandra Brennan, School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Hilary Briggs, The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
Samanth J. Brooks, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Rachel Picada Bulcão, Instituto Médico Legal, Polícia Científica, Curitiba (PR), Brazil
Ute Burkhardt, Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Tracy R. Butler, Department of Psychology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
Eduardo Rodrigues Cabrera, Instituto Médico Legal, Polícia Científica, Curitiba (PR), Brazil
Daniela Caldirola, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Albese con Cassano, Italy
Russell C. Callaghan
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Prince George, BC, Canada
Human Brain Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Elza Callegari, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil
María J. Caloca, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Valladolid School of Medicine, Valladolid, Spain
Alline C. Campos, Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
Carla Cannizzaro, Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Maternal Care, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Gavin Cape, Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Benjamin L. Carnell, The Adelaide Clinic, Gilberton, SA, Australia
Javier R. Caso, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
Lucas Henrique Cendron, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil
Yun-Hsuan Chang
Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
Gordon L.F. Cheng
Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Kao Chin Chen, Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Kanwaljit Chopra, Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Tony C.H. Chow, Schools of Biomedical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Rachael Cico, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Jason B. Cook, Department of Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Maurizio Coppola, Department of Addiction, ASL CN2, Alba, Italy
Jose A. Cortes-Briones
Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Janna Cousijn, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Richard C. Crist, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Candice E. Crocker
Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
Kirsty Danielson
School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Miguel Dasilva, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Malay Dave, Department of Psychiatry, Jagjivanram Western Railways Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Mariella De Biasi
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Cristiane R. de Carvalho, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
François De Guio, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR-S 1161 INSERM, Paris, France
Dirk De Ridder, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Sonia Dhiman, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
Giuseppina Diaferia, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Albese con Cassano, Italy
Marco Diana, Department of Drug Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Joseph R. DiFranza, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
Aneta Dimitrovska, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Le-Anh Dinh-Williams
Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Maja Djurendic-Brenesel, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Clinical Center Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
Jonathan N. Dodd, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Neil C. Dodge, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Paul D. Drew, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
Rene Drucker Colín, Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico DF, Mexico
Irena Dujmovic, Department for Immune-Mediated CNS Diseases, Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade University School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
Marcelo Dutra Arbo, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Scott Edwards, Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Afshar Etemadi-Aleagha, Department of Anesthesiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Cuneyt Evren, Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey
Juan Fang, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Camino Fernández-Rodríguez, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Radmila Filipovic, Physiology and Neurobiology Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
Josef Finsterer, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
Megan L. Fitzgerald, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatry Institute/Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Manoela V. Fogaça, Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
Diego A. Forero, Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
Hamdy Fouad Moselhy, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Alain City, UAE
Marco Antonio de Freitas, Instituto Médico Legal, Polícia Científica, Curitiba (PR), Brazil
Cherrie Galletly, The Adelaide Clinic, Gilberton, SA, Australia
Borja García-Bueno, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
Jodi M. Gatley
Northern Medical Program, University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC), Prince George, BC, Canada
Human Brain Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
David Germanaud
AP-HP, Robert-Debré Hospital, DHU PROTECT Department of Child Neurology
, Paris, France
CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNIACT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
INSERM, UMR1129, Paris, France
Roger S. Gifford
Center for Drug Discovery (CDD), Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Paul Glue, Department of Psychological Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Gabriella Gobbi, Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Carlos Goicoechea, A. Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud. Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
Emilio González-Arnay, Departamento de Anatomía, Anatomía Patológica e Histología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Emilio González-Reimers, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Rogelio González-Sarmiento
Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
Linda Gowing, Drug and Alcohol Services of South Australia, Discipline of Pharmacology, Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Kenneth L. Grieve, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Rubem Carlos Araújo Guedes, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Consuelo Guerri, Department of Cellular Pathology, Príncipe Felipe Research Centre, Valencia, Spain
Francisco S. Guimarães, Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
Leila Guller, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
Jennifer Harland, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Seyyed A. Hashemi, Immunogenetic Research Center, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Medical School Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Shiva Hashemizadeh, Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Bei He, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
Salvador Hernández-López, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
Tyson Hickle, Department of Psychology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
Shirley Y. Hill
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Joan Holgate, Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
Wei Huang, Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
Wei-Lieh Huang
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Douliou City, Yunlin County, Taiwan
Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Nicholas J. Hunt
Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The BOSCH Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
René Hurlemann, Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Giuseppe Iannone, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Albese con Cassano, Italy
Fariha Idrees, Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Jawaria Idrees, Department of Integrated Sciences, Post Graduate Nursing College, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Kazutaka Ikeda, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
Nato Ivanashvili, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
Iliyan Ivanov, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Joseph L. Jacobson
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Detroit, MI, USA
Sandra W. Jacobson
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Departments of Human Biology and of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Detroit, MI, USA
Torbjörn U.C. Järbe
Center for Drug Discovery (CDD), Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Y.L. Jiang, Department of Radiology, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China
Farzaneh Jokar, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
Cynthia J.M. Kane, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
Megan Kangiser, Department of Psychology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
Victor Karpyak, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Jean A. King, Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
Bronwyn M. Kivell, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
Eugene A. Kiyatkin, Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jochen Klein, Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Michelle L. Klima, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Sodikdjon A. Kodirov
Department of General Physiology, Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
Institute of Experimental Medicine, I. P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Michal Korostynski, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Mary Jeanne Kreek, The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
Svetlana Kulevanova, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacognosy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
Santosh Kumar, Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Berthold Langguth, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Mirna Bainy Leal, Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia de Produtos Naturais, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
Sheng-Yu Lee
Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veteran’s Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
Tatia M.C. Lee
Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Laboratory of Cognitive Affective Neuroscience, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
Institute of Clinical Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
John Leikaif, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Shih-Hsien Lin, Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Yu-Hsuan Lin, Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Xiu Liu, Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
Valentina Lorenzetti
Monash Clinical & Imaging Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Ru-Band Lu
Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University
Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Addiction Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Rita Machaalani
Department of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The BOSCH Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
The Children’s Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Antoniette Maldonado-Devincci, Department of Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Jean-François Mangin, CEA, NeuroSpin Center, UNATI, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
Dimitra Mangoura, Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
Patrick Manning, Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Jahan P. Marcu
Americans for Safe Access, Washington, DC, USA
Green Standard Diagnostics, Inc., Las Vegas, NV, USA
Simon McCabe, Behavioural Science Centre, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
M. Adrienne McGinn, Department of Physiology, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
Diana L. McKinney, RD&E, Altria Client Services, Richmond, VA, USA
Ryan McLaughin
Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Ian McLaughlin
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Ernesta Meintjes, MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Narasimha M. Midde, Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Stefan Mihailescu, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
José Miñarro, Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Raffaella Mondola, Department of Mental Health, ASL CN1, Saluzzo, Italy
A. Leslie Morrow, Department of Psychiatry & Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Nina R. Mota, Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Jeffrey Newcorn, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Daisuke Nishizawa, Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
José N. Nobrega
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Christina N. Nona
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Behavioural Neurobiology Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
Nicolas Nuñez
Neurobiological Psychiatry Unit, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Hospital Neurospsiquiatrico de Agudos y Cronicos Dr. Alejandro Korn/Universidad, Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ingrid Nylander, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Jessica W. O’Brien
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Francesco Oliva, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Medical School, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
Sara Palm, Neuropharmacology, Addiction and Behaviour, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Mauricio R. Papini, Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
Byung Lae Park, Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
María Pascual, Department of Cellular Pathology, Príncipe Felipe Research Centre, Valencia, Spain
Juan Pedraza, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Giampaolo Perna, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Albese con Cassano, Italy
Rocco Luigi Picci, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Medical School, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
Marcin Piechota, Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Vladimir Pilija, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Clinical Center Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
Charles Pinto, Department of Psychiatry, Jagjivanram Western Railways Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Stéphane Potvin
Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
Jagdeo Prasad Rawat, Department of Psychiatry, Jagjivanram Western Railways Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Victor R. Preedy, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
Brittany M. Priddy, NIH/NIDA, IRP/INRB, Baltimore, MD, USA
Ryszard Przewlocki
Department of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Department of Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
Jimit G. Raghav
Center for Drug Discovery (CDD), Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Rajkumar Rajendram
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
Roshanna Rajendram, Department of Emergency Medicine, The Royal Woolverhampton NHS Trust, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
P.S.S. Rao, Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Anirban Ray
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
Department of Psychiatry, Calcutta National Medical College, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Ameneh Rezayof, Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Casto Rivadulla
NEUROcom, Depto de Medicina, Univ da Coruña, Campus de Oza, A Coruña, Spain
The Institute for Biomedical Research of Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
Marta Rodríguez-Arias, Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Luciana Grazziotin Rossato, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil
Diego L. Rovaris, Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Christina L. Ruby, Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
Nikos Sakellaridis, Pharmacology Department, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
Saad Salman, Department of Psychiatry and Drug Detoxification Centre, Lady Reading Hospital, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Francisco Santolaria-Fernández, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Siddharth Sarkar, Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
Jason B. Schechter, Cortical Systematics LLC, Tucson, AZ, USA
André Schmidt, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Susan Scholl, Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
April Scott, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
Masroor Shariff, Addiction Neuroscience and Obesity Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
Shiwali Sharma, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
Hyoung Doo Shin, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Thakur Gurjeet Singh, Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India
Namita Sinha, Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
Patrick D. Skosnik
Psychiatry Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Ranilson de Souza Bezerra, Departamento de Bioquímica,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
Dustin J. Stairs, Department of Psychology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
Gjoshe Stefkov, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of