Soviet Naval Operational Art: The Soviet Approach to Naval War Fighting

By Dr. Russel H. S. Stolfi

A category of military art called naval operational art exists in the Soviet Union. For the Soviets the art is the scientific skill of planning and conducting the interlinked engagements, strikes, and maneuvers that comprise the modern naval operation. The Soviets exercise naval operational art according to principles of the art which the Soviets emphasize with a stiff formalism that can be exploited by the West. This study describes the art and its style and suggests Soviet naval war fighting scenarios based on the application of the principle of naval operational art.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Tannenberg Publishing
• Release date: Nov 6, 2015
• ISBN: 9781782899914

Dr. Russel H. S. Stolfi

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Text originally published in 1988 under the same title.

© Pickle Partners Publishing 2014, all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without the written permission of the copyright holder.

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Although in most cases we have retained the Author’s original spelling and grammar to authentically reproduce the work of the Author and the original intent of such material, some additional notes and clarifications have been added for the modern reader’s benefit.

We have also made every effort to include all maps and illustrations of the original edition the limitations of formatting do not allow of including larger maps, we will upload as many of these maps as possible.

Soviet Naval Operational Art: The Soviet Approach to Naval War Fighting

By

Russel H. S. Stolfi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS 4

CHAPTER ONE — FORMAL DEFINITIONS 5

Soviet Naval Operational Art — Key Words in Definition 8

Seven Soviet Principles of Military Art 9

Chernavin’s Five Selected Principles of Naval Art 10

Soviet-Designated Combat Actions 10

CHAPTER TWO — THE SOVIET NAVAL OPERATION: EXPERIENCE OF THE GREAT FATHERLAND WAR 13

CHAPTER THREE — SOVIET NAVAL OPERATIONAL ART: WHAT THE SOVIETS SAY ABOUT IT 20

Methods of Achieving Surprise 23

CHAPTER FOUR — COMPARING AND CONTRASTING SOVIET MILITARY AND NAVAL OPERATIONAL ART 27

Typical Characteristics of Operations at Sea 28

Naval Terrain Uniqueness 32

Naval Weapons Platforms and Weapons Uniqueness 32

Tactical Uniqueness 32

CHAPTER FIVE — FORECASTING THE SOVIET NAVAL OPERATION: A CONVENTIONAL WARFARE SCENARIO 34

CHAPTER SIX — A CONVENTIONAL WARFARE SCENARIO— SOVIET EMIGRE COMMENTARY 46

CHAPTER SEVEN — SOVIET NAVAL OPERATIONAL ART: APPLICATION TO THE RED SIDE OF WESTERN WAR GAMES 51

Soviet Naval Operational Art, Inputs, Red Side. 52

CHAPTER EIGHT — IDEAS ABOUT SOVIET NAVAL OPERATIONAL ART 55

Contrasting Soviet-U.S. Levels of Action in War 56

Ground Attack from a Standing Start: Is There a Naval Version? 58

A Unique Technique for Understanding Soviet Naval Operational Art 61

CHAPTER NINE — SEARCHING FOR NAVAL OPERATIONAL ART: IDEAS DERIVED FROM RECENT SOVIET BOOKS ON THE NAVY 63

CHAPTER TEN — SUMMARY, OBSERVATIONS, AND CONCLUSIONS 70

FIVE PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL ART (under today’s conditions) 72

SIX METHODS TO ACCOMPLISH SURPRISE 72

ELEVEN GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOVIET MILITARY ART 72

SEVEN SPECIFIC FEATURES THAT CHARACTERIZE THE MODERN NAVAL BATTLE* 73

REQUEST FROM THE PUBLISHER 74

APPENDIX ONE — VARIOUS FACTORS AFFECTING SOVIET NAVAL OPERATIONAL ART 75

FOUR PROCESSES THAT DETERMINE OUTCOME OF COMBAT AT SEA* 75

SEVEN STRATEGIC MISSIONS OF SOVIET NAVAL OPERATION TO ACHIEVE STRATEGIC GOALS 75

SAVKIN: SEVEN GENERAL PRINCI­PLES OF OPERATIONAL ART (c. 1959)** 75

STALBO: EIGHT FEATURES INHERENT IN NAVAL WARFARE*** 75

CHAPTER ONE — FORMAL DEFINITIONS

There is a Soviet naval operational art. It is real. The Soviets are in deadly earnest about it. They theorize about naval warfare in terms of the application of naval operational art to the successful completion of naval operations. They will plan naval strategic operations in accordance with that art and execute the planned operations to achieve strategic objectives in vast geographical areas of strategic importance to them called TVDs (Theaters of Strategic Military Action).{1}

As military pedants, the Soviets have established an extraordinarily coherent grammar of armed warfare.{2} Systematically and with claims of scientific rigor, the Soviets designate Naval Operational Art as part of Soviet Military Operational Art and bind the navy with its general principles. For the Soviets the general principles of Military Operational Art are identical with the general principles of Naval Operational Art. As Russians and survivors of a tough historical past of revolution and war, the Soviets reluctantly have begun to wrestle with the special features inherent in naval warfare. During the past approximate eight years with the shift toward emphasis on extended conventional warfare, Soviet naval writers have characterized naval operations in various ways in terms of processes (e.g., reconnaissance, strike, command and control) and features (oceanic terrains) that have clarified significantly the principles of naval operational art.

The Soviets claim a mastery of military operational art based on their success in The Great Fatherland War and the application of the Marxist-Leninist historical and scientific dialectic (logic) to military science, doctrine, and art in the post-war period. They claim operational superiority over the Germans in the Second World War and similar superiority over the armed forces of the bourgeois, capitalist states arrayed against them at present. With compelling historical argument, the Soviets claim that the Napoleonic revolution in warfare, and, in particular, the advent of mass armies (armed forces), obviated any single battle from achieving the strategic objective of a war. Soviet military theoreticians note that the Napoleonic revolution demanded a new form of war fighting activity described as the military operation. For the Soviets, of course, the term military operation does not have the same more or less generic meaning of military combat activity that is common in the West. For the Soviets, the military operation is the combat carried out in a given time and place to achieve unified strategic objectives and consisting necessarily of two or more battles (engagements, or strikes and accompanying maneuver) requiring the application of operational art for direction and coordination. This mini definition of the Soviet military operation shows rather neatly the pedantry associated with Soviet military theory. For the Soviets, a battle is a battle combat carried out by tactical formations according to tactical principles and having the purpose to accomplish tactical missions, the most important of which are set by operational art. A ground battle conducted by a Soviet army division is not to be confused with an operation coordinated by an operational level front or independent army headquarters. Similarly, a naval strike conducted by a formation including first rank surface ships is not to be confused with a naval operation coordinated by an operational level fleet headquarters.

With relation to naval warfare, the Soviets note that naval art had produced by the beginning of the First World War, a new form of fleet combat activity the naval operation [italics in original] which created the need for appropriate measures for its support.{3} Imperial Russian naval thinkers and later Soviets linked larger navies and diverse higher performance naval weapons with a revolution in naval warfare demanding the coordinated naval operation in place of the previous brief, simple, surface ship engagement. With considerable systematic rigor, the Soviets created operational art to string together the battles, encounters, engagements, actions, strikes, and maneuvers of the tactical formations into operations. The Soviets note, for example, that the operational art of each service of the armed forces proceeds in its development from the general principles of operational art with regard for the specific nature of the organizations, technical outfitting, sphere of operation, combat capabilities, and methods of combat employment of each service.{4} The Soviets insist that the Navy is bound by the general principles of operational art while simultaneously demanding the imaginative application of the general principles to the specific situations unique to the naval operation.

The Soviet naval operation is the most important key to the understanding of Soviet naval operational art. The modern naval operation exists in terms of wartime historical example and peacetime exercise, and in the Soviet navy, is orchestrated by a system of planning and execution described as naval operational art. The Soviets leave little doubt about the general form of orchestration stating that:

Naval Operational Art (Operativnoye Iskusstvo) encompasses theory and practice of preparation for and conduct of integrated fleet, naval, and amphibious landing operations, antiamphibious operations, and employment of naval forces in combined arms, joint, as well as independent operations.{5}

In effect, the Soviet naval operation is naval operational art. With some originality, a naval officer at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School has hypothesized that Soviet naval operational art is the Soviet military skill of preparing and executing the plan for the naval operation. The officer suggests that the plan neither creates strategic goals nor engages in combat but serves as a link between strategy and tactics.{6} As such, the plan is necessarily the operation whose substance is the tactical combat orchestrated by the plan.

The Soviets leave little doubt that the naval operation is the sum total of its tactical combat activity. One Soviet authority notes, for example, that even before the Second World War his country had defined with sufficient completeness,

...the content of an operation as the aggregate of battles, actions, strikes, and maneuvers of mixed forces [e.g., naval surface ships, submarines, and naval aviation] coordinated and interrelated by objective, missions, place, and time and conducted under a single concept and plan….{7}

In discussing the revolution in modern war brought about by the mass armies of the French Revolution and the decisive war fighting style of Napoleon, other Soviet authorities echo the same description noting that,

...in military art a new category was conceived—the operation as an aggregate of a number of engagements and encounters by one or several army groupings [i.e., front(s), or in the navy, fleet(s)], unified by a single concept and conducted on a broad front for several days.{8}

Putting these two representative descriptions together, we see that the naval operation is the aggregate of tactical combat, e.g., battles, strikes, engagements, and