Handbook of Traffic Psychology

The Handbook of Traffic Psychology covers all key areas of research in this field including  theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk on roadways.  Comprehensive in scope, the methodology section includes case-control studies, self-report instruments and methods, field methods and naturalistic observational techniques, instrumented vehicles and in-car recording techniques, modeling and simulation methods, in vivo methods, clinical assessment, and crash datasets and analyses.  Experienced researchers will better understand what methods are most useful for what kinds of studies and students can better understand the myriad of techniques used in this discipline.

• Focuses specifically on traffic, as opposed to transport
• Covers all key areas of research in traffic psychology including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce the risk of variables and behavior
• Contents include how to conduct traffic research and how to analyze data
• Contributors come from more than 10 countries, including US, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Turkey, France, Finland, Norway, Israel, and South Africa

• Language: English
• Publisher: Academic Press
• Release date: Jun 22, 2011
• ISBN: 9780123819857

Book preview

Table of Contents

Cover image

Front Matter

Copy Right

Preface

List of Contributors

Biographies

Chapter 1. How Many E’s in Road Safety?

1. Introduction

2. Education

3. Enforcement

4. Engineering

5. Exposure

6. Examination of Competence and Fitness

7. Emergency Response

8. Evaluation

9. Conclusion

Chapter 2. Driver Control Theory

1. Introduction

2. The Task–Capability Interface Model

3. Task Difficulty Allostasis: Temporary Influences on Risk Threshold

4. Compliance

5. Risk Allostasis Theory

6. Alternative Conceptualizations of Driver Goals

Chapter 3. Case–Control Studies in Traffic Psychology

1. Introduction

2. Epidemiological Study Designs

3. Case–Control Studies

4. Conclusions

Chapter 4. Self-Report Instruments and Methods

1. Introduction

2. For What Kind of Traffic Research Can Self-Report be Used?

3. Self-Reports of Accidents, Near Accidents, and Mileage

4. Validity of Self-Reports of Driving

5. Conclusion

Chapter 5. Naturalistic Observational Field Techniques for Traffic Psychology Research

1. Introduction

2. Techniques

3. Applications in Traffic Psychology

4. How to Design A Community-Based Safety Belt Use Survey

5. Conclusions

Chapter 6. Naturalistic Driving Studies and Data Coding and Analysis Techniques

1. Introduction

2. Traffic Conflict Technique

3. Philosophy of Large-Scale Instrumented Vehicle Studies

4. Life Cycle of Naturalistic Vehicle Studies

5. Conclusions

Chapter 7. Driving Simulators as Research Tools in Traffic Psychology

1. Introduction

2. What is a Driving Simulator?

3. Why Use a Driving Simulator?

4. To Move or Not

5. What Kind of Simulator to Use

6. How Valid are Driving Simulators as Research Tools?

7. Problems in Using Simulators: Simulator Sickness

8. Experimental Design

9. Conclusions

Chapter 8. Crash Data Sets and Analysis

1. Introduction

2. Data

3. Data Analysis

Chapter 9. Neuroscience and Young Drivers

1. Younger Drivers

2. Evidence from Developmental Neuroscience Research

3. Critical Aspects of Driving Linked with Neurological Development

4. Discussion and Conclusions

Chapter 10. Neuroscience and Older Drivers

1. Neuroscience and Older Drivers

2. Medical Issues and Older Drivers

3. Other Considerations for Older Drivers

4. Conclusion

Chapter 11. Visual Attention While Driving

1. Introduction

2. Do Drivers Look at Critical Information?

3. Measures of Glance Duration

4. Measures of Spread

5. Conclusions

Chapter 12. Social, Personality, and Affective Constructs in Driving

1. Introduction

2. Personal Factors and Driving Outcomes

3. The Context in Driving Outcomes

4. Conclusions and Future Directions

Chapter 13. Mental Health and Driving

1. Mental Health Impacts

2. The Effects of Mental Health on Driving

3. Effects of Driving on Mental Health

4. Summary

Chapter 14. Person and Environment

1. Person and Environment: Behavior and Accidents

2. Traffic Culture: Goals and Mechanisms

3. Conclusion

Chapter 15. Human Factors and Ergonomics

1. Introduction

2. The View from the Driver’s Seat: Driver-Centered Design Implications

3. Driver Variables Affecting the Driver–Vehicle Interaction

4. Vehicle Variables Affecting the Driver–Vehicle Interaction

5. Environmental Variables

6. Conclusion

Chapter 16. Factors Influencing Safety Belt Use

1. Introduction

2. Effectiveness

3. Measurement

4. International Safety Belt Use

5. Safety Belt Use in the United States

6. Factors that Influence Safety Belt Use

7. Conclusions

Chapter 17. Alcohol-Impaired Driving

1. Introduction

2. Background

3. Large-Scale Prevention of Alcohol-Impaired Driving

4. Non-Policy Programs for Large-Scale Prevention of Dui

5. Policy and Legal Initiatives for Large-Scale Prevention of Dui

6. Multicomponent Community Systems Approaches to the Prevention of Dui

7. Conclusion

Chapter 18. Speed(ing)

1. Introduction

2. Speed(ing) Research as a Quality Control Initiative

3. The Consequences of Speed(ing): A Postmortem Analysis

4. Antecedents to Speed(ing)

5. Using Big Pictures in Practice: is it Possible to Improve the Quality of Speed(ing)?

Chapter 19. Running Traffic Controls

1. Crashes: the Basis for Concern

2. Frequency of Violations

3. Driver Characteristics

4. Driver Attitudes

5. Driver Response to Enforcement

6. Summary

Chapter 20. Driver Distraction

1. Introduction

2. Driver Distraction: Definition

3. Driver Inattention: Definition

4. A Model of Driver Inattention

5. Sources and Types of Distraction

6. Moderating Factors

7. Interference and Theories of Interference

8. Impact on Driving Performance

9. Impact on Safety

10. Managing Distraction

11. Conclusion

Chapter 21. Driver Fatigue

1. Introduction

2. Crash Statistics and National Surveys

3. Causal Factors of Driver Fatigue

4. High-Risk Populations

5. Countermeasures and Detection/Warning Technologies

6. Conclusions and Future Research

Chapter 22. Young Children and Tweens

1. Introduction

2. Global Economic Disparities in Road Traffic Injuries

3. Regional Differences in Priority Issues and Standard Practices for Protecting Children

4. Key Strategies for Preventing Road Traffic Injuries Among Children

5. Recommendations for Protecting Child Occupants in Motor Vehicles

6. Conclusions

Chapter 23. Young Drivers

1. Introduction

2. Epidemiology of Teen Driving in the United States: Risk and Protective Factors for Crashes

3. Developmental and Psychosocial Considerations for Teen Drivers

4. Impact of Developmental Disabilities on Teen Driving

5. Recommendations for Developing Evidence-Based Interventions to Promote Safe Driving Among Teens

6. Conclusion

Chapter 24. Older Drivers

1. Introduction

2. Challenges Faced by Older Drivers

3. Summary and Recommendations

Chapter 25. Pedestrians

1. The Nature of the Problem

2. Need for Multifaceted Programs

3. Engineering Elements

4. Educational Elements

5. Enforcement Elements

6. Specific Issues Regarding Pedestrian Safety

7. Summary

Chapter 26. Bicyclists

1. Introduction

2. Bicycles, Cars, and Public Acceptance

3. Bicycling, Infrastructure, and Driver Attention

4. The Minority Status of Bicycling, Stereotypes, and Driver Behavior

5. The Human Nature of Bicyclists

6. Summary

Chapter 27. Motorcyclists

1. Introduction

2. Trends in Motorcycle Use and Safety

3. Characteristics of Crashes

4. Correlates of Crashes

5. Understanding Riding Behavior

6. Conclusion

Chapter 28. Professional Drivers

1. Introduction

2. Truck Drivers

3. Bus Drivers

4. Taxi Drivers

5. Summary

Chapter 29. Driver Education and Training

1. Introduction

2. Education and Training without a Theory

3. Connections between Typical Novice Driver Accidents and the Goals and Contents of Driver Education

4. Basic Driver Licensing Models and Presuppositions Behind Different Models

5. How Effective are Driver Licensing Models in Practice?

6. Goals and Contents of Driver Education: GDE

7. Future of Driver Education and Training

Chapter 30. Persuasion and Motivational Messaging

1. Overview

2. Reviewing Current Research

3. Laying the Foundations

4. Step 1: Understand the need and Audience

5. Step 2: Clarify the Assumptions

6. Step 3: Prepare the Plan

7. Step 4: Build the Content

8. Step 5: Plan, Pilot Test, and Refine

9. Step 6: Implement

10. Step 7: Review, Refine, and Regenerate

11. Conclusion

Chapter 31. Enforcement

1. Introduction

2. The Enforcement System

3. Theoretical Bases for Enforcement

4. The Technology of Enforcement: Live Officers Versus Automation

5. Enforcement Effectiveness in Reducing Risk Behaviors

6. Enforcement Effectiveness in Reducing Crashes and Casualties

7. Challenges for Enforcement Effectiveness

8. Future Considerations for Research

9. Conclusions

Chapter 32. The Intersection of Road Traffic Safety and Public Health

1. Introduction

2. History and Burden of the Traffic Injury Problem

3. A Public Health Perspective

4. Documenting Progress

5. Using Public Health and Traffic Psychology to Improve Traffic Safety

6. Challenges and Opportunities for the Future

7. Conclusions

Chapter 33. Public Policy

1. An Analytic Model of Policy Making

2. Outline of the Potential Contribution of Traffic Psychology to Policy Making

3. The Scope for Improving Road Safety: An Overview and a Discussion of Some Measures

4. Discussion and Summary

Chapter 34. Travel Mode Choice

1. Introduction and some History

2. Impact of Motorized Transport on the Planet

3. Public Values and Attitudes on Car use and Climate Change in the United Kingdom

4. The Costs of Change

5. The Journey Experience

6. Attitudes Toward Car use and the Environment

7. Substituting More Sustainable Modes for Car use

8. Demand-Side Behavior Change

9. Conclusions

Chapter 35. Road Use Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Introduction

2. Method

3. Results

4. Summary

Index

Front Matter

Handbook of Traffic Psychology

Bryan E. Porter

Old Dominion University Norfolk VA, USA

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First edition 2011

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Preface

In compiling the Handbook, I had a vision to place into one work the latest research findings and future questions to be pursued in the field. I wanted the work to reach multiple audiences, including advanced undergraduates learning about applications and methods, graduate students needing the latest reviews and suggestions for research questions, and scholars in the field who benefit from one resource representing the field at-large for ease of reference and background. The final result, I believe, completes the true meaning of handbook—a how to resource to know, and do work in, the field. It can even be adopted as a textbook for courses in traffic psychology.

The book's chapters are organized into six main sections: (1) Theories, Concepts, and Methods; (2) Key Variables to Understand in Traffic Psychology; (3) Key Problem Behaviors; (4) Vulnerable and Problem Road Users; (5) Major Countermeasures to Reduce Risk; and (6) Interdisciplinary Issues. Each chapter is a stand-alone resource for readers who want to start with a particular issue or topic. The chapters within each section also have different purposes and, at times, will attract different audiences whose needs vary depending on experience in traffic psychology. The material within is global, coming as it does from contributors representing 12 countries on five continents. There is also a breadth of interdisciplinary perspective, with experts from psychology, engineering, medicine, political science, and public health.

The first section, Theories, Concepts, and Methods, gives readers an overview of traffic psychology as a field (Groeger), theoretical contributions (Fuller), and how to chapters to practice common methods. Case–controls (Híjar, Pérez-Nuñez, and Inclán-Valadez), self-report (Lajunen and Özkan), direct observation (Eby), in-vehicle instrumentation (Klauer, Perez, and McCafferty), simulation (Carsten and Jamson), and crash data set methods (Kweon) are discussed. New students in traffic psychology, or experienced scholars wishing to consider different methods, will particularly benefit.

In the second section, Key Variables, a wide range of variables are explored that provide—literally—the set of those thought to be among the most important to understand. Authors explore neuroscience contributions to driving (Glendon for young drivers; Schultheis and Manning for older drivers), which are becoming very important to the field and its future potential. Visual search patterns (Crundall and Underwood), social, personality, and affect (Hennessy), and mental health impacts (Taylor) are explored. Finally, the person, environment, and culture (Özkan and Lajunen) and human factors (Oppenheim and Shinar) impacts are reviewed. In these chapters, readers can review the latest information and research questions from within a person through to that person's interactions with the larger social system.

The third section will be very popular with readers interested in particular behaviors. Here, chapters provide what is the latest known—and unknown—about major problem behaviors leading to crashes, injuries, and fatalities. These behaviors are critical for traffic safety at-large, not just traffic psychology. These are safety-restraint use (Vivoda and Eby), impaired driving (Dunaway, Will, and Sabo), speeding (Berry, Johnson, and Porter), running traffic controls (Retting), distracted driving (Regan and Hallett), and fatigued driving (May).

Vulnerable road users are the focus of the fourth section. Traffic psychology and related fields have a significant interest in reducing harm to subgroups of people who are disproportionately harmed on the roadways or who need particular protections that they cannot provide themselves. The field also focuses on those subgroups that disproportionally create roadway problems. This section's chapters review young children and tweens (Will), young drivers (Huang and Winston), older drivers (Freund and Smith), pedestrians (Van Houten), bicyclists (Walker), motorcyclists (Houston), and professional drivers (Rosenbloom).

Traffic psychologists and their colleagues are often called upon to assist in the development and evaluation of countermeasures to reduce roadway risks. The fifth section reviews major countermeasures that have received the most attention to date. Specifically, driver education and training (Keskinen and Hernetkoski), persuasion and motivational messaging (Anderson), and enforcement (Porter) are discussed. Readers in the field, or those practicing in general transportation sciences and policy, will find these chapters useful in their discussions about what questions and countermeasures may or may not be appropriate to address their needs.

Finally, the sixth section provides interdisciplinary perspectives. Readers will find how traffic psychology intersects with public health (Sleet, Dellinger, and Naumann) and public policy (Elvik). Environmental protection by reducing personal vehicle use in favor of public transport or other mode choices has a growing research base (Stradling). Also, traffic psychology's role to assist worldwide injury prevention, with Africa as an important and critical example, is outlined (Peltzer).

Given the ambitious nature of the work, I thank my family, Debbie, Amanda, and Sadie, and my students, whose patience and support I much appreciate. Old Dominion University's support has also been substantial to my work on the Handbook, including a semester's research leave to help organize the project. I thank my publisher at Elsevier, Nikki Levy, for her support of this work, and Barbara Makinster, who was my development editor. Finally, I thank my colleagues who kindly offered advice on early drafts of the handbook material: David W. Eby, Ian Glendon, Raphael Huguenin, Geoffrey Underwood, and Kelli England Will.

I am delighted to share the Handbook—finally after so much planning and execution—with readers interested in traffic psychology. I am excited to share how my field can make important contributions to reducing crashes, injuries, and fatalities on our roadways. I am honored to provide a forum for my colleagues to share their tremendous experience with those wanting to know who we are as a discipline. I am also proud to provide this resource to the field to celebrate its accomplishments. On behalf of the Handbook's authors, I hope you both enjoy the book and find it useful to your own pursuits in our exciting discipline.

Bryan E. Porter

Old Dominion University

List of Contributors

David S. Anderson

Center for the Advancement of Public Health, College of Education and Human Development, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Thomas D. Berry

Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA

Oliver Carsten

Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

David Crundall

University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Ann M. Dellinger

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Krystall Dunaway

Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA

David W. Eby

Michigan Center for Advancing Safe Transportation throughout the Lifespan and University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Rune Elvik

Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo, Norway

Barbara Freund

Health Sciences Division, Pasadena City College, Pasadena, CA, USA

Ray Fuller

School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

A. Ian Glendon

School of Psychology, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

John A. Groeger

School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

Charlene Hallett

French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, Lyon, France

Dwight Hennessy

Department of Psychology, Buffalo State College, Buffalo, NY, USA

Kati Hernetkoski

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Philosophy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Martha Híjar

Center of Research in Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

David J. Houston

Department of Political Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

Patty Huang

Center for Injury Research and Prevention and Division of Child Development and Rehabilitation Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Cristina Inclán-Valadez

Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK

A. Hamish Jamson

Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Kristie L. Johnson

Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Esko Keskinen

Department of Behavioral Sciences and Philosophy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

Sheila G. Klauer

Center for Automotive Safety Research, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Young-Jun Kweon

Virginia Department of Transportation, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Timo Lajunen

Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Kevin J. Manning

Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Jennifer F. May

Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Julie McClafferty

Center for Automotive Safety Research, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Rebecca B. Naumann

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Ilit Oppenheim

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

Türker Özkan

Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey

Karl Peltzer

Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa, and University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Miguel Perez

Center for Automotive Safety Research, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Ricardo Pérez-Núñez

Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Bryan E. Porter

Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Michael A. Regan

French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, Lyon, France

Richard Retting

Sam Schwartz Engineering, Arlington, VA, USA

Tova Rosenbloom

Phoenix Road Safety Studies and Department of Management, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

Cynthia Shier Sabo

Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

Maria T. Schultheis

Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

David Shinar

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

David A. Sleet

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Paula Smith

Health Sciences Division, Pasadena City College, Pasadena, CA, USA

Stephen G. Stradling

Transport Research Institute, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK

Joanne E. Taylor

School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Geoffrey Underwood

University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Ron Van Houten

Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

Jonathon M. Vivoda

Michigan Center for Advancing Safe Transportation throughout the Lifespan and University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Ian Walker

Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK

Kelli England Will

Department of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA

Flaura Koplin Winston

Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Full author biographies available online on ScienceDirect®, www.sciencedirect.com

Biographies

Editor

Bryan E. Porter

Bryan E. Porter is Associate Professor of, and PhD Programs Director for, the Department of Psychology at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. He has received degrees from Virginia Tech (BS in Honors, Psychology) and the University of Memphis (MS and PhD in Experimental Psychology). His area of global emphasis is behavioral community psychology, focusing on community problems and psychology's role in solving those problems. His particular and most important focus of interest is traffic psychology. Porter has written more than 40 journal articles, book chapters, technical reports, and reports for community partners, and given dozens of conference presentations. He is a member of the International Association of Applied Psychology, for which he is the North American representative for Division 13 (Traffic and Transportation Psychology). The media regularly call on Porter to be an expert interviewee for various traffic safety issues. He has assisted in public policy debates over traffic safety initiatives. Porter also convened and chaired the 4th International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology in 2008. Porter, as principal investigator, co-principal investigator, or research mentor, has received research funding from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, DaimlerChrysler Corporation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Science Foundation. As principal investigator, he has been awarded 26 grants totaling more than $1.7 million.

Authors

David S. Anderson

David S. Anderson, PhD, is Professor of Education and Human Development and Director, Center for the Advancement of Public Health at George Mason University. Dr Anderson's publications include eight books or compendia on a range of health and safety issues, as well as multiple curricula for professional development, primarily focused on youth and young adults. He has conducted national studies on young drivers, mature drivers, distracted driving, and college drug/alcohol prevention strategies. His leadership with the development of the Traffic Safety Communications Kit in 1998 resulted in the Golden Communicator Award by the National Association of Governor's Highway Safety Representatives. Dr Anderson is the first recipient of the Visionary Leadership Award from the US Department of Education's Network Addressing Collegiate Alcohol and Other Drug Issues, conferred in 2000. He teaches courses in health communication, drug and alcohol abuse prevention, and wellness choices. While at Mason, he has authorized over 200 grants and contracts, with over $9 million funding received from federal, state, local and non-profit organizations. His PhD in Public Administration/Public Affairs is from Virginia Tech, his MA in College Student Personnel Work is from The Ohio State University and his BS in Psychology is from Duke University.

Thomas D. Berry

Dr. Thomas D. Berry is Associate Professor of Psychology at Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA. Dr Berry has 20 years of professional, consulting, and research experience in the area of applied psychology with emphasis in large-scale behavior analysis and change. He has been a research consultant and developer for corporate and government funding and grant opportunities, including NASA, DaimlerChrysler Company, and Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. Much of Dr. Berry's publications and grant-funded research has targeted human attitude analysis and the intervention strategies and public policies that may better community health, safety, and education. His research has been published in such journals as Environment and Behavior, Accident, Analysis & Prevention, and Health Education Research to name a few. His latest research focuses on design–behavior interactions as related to attitudes, health, and well-being.

Oliver Carsten

Oliver Carsten, PhD is Professor of Transport Safety at the Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. His research focuses on human interaction with advanced systems in road transport and in particular on driver behavior with various kinds of assistance and warning systems. A large amount of his research is experimental and makes use of the University of Leeds Driving Simulator. He has also been involved in real-world studies of driving behavior, notably having led UK trials of intelligent speed adaptation.

David Crundall

David Crundall, PhD is an Associate Professor at the University of Nottingham, UK. Dr Crundall is the Director of the Nottingham Integrated Transportation and Environment Simulator (NITES) facility and is co-director of the Accident Research Unit. He has published over 40 peer-reviewed articles in psychology and has acted as an expert spokesperson for the UK Department for Transport on road safety.

Ann M. Dellinger

Ann M. Dellinger, PhD, MPH, is an epidemiologist and the team leader of the Motor Vehicle Injury Prevention Team of the CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, where she oversees the road safety work of the Center. Dr Dellinger currently conducts several studies in the area of motor vehicle safety focusing on older drivers, child occupant and pedestrian injury, injury risk behavior, and international road safety. She consults with domestic and international organizations including the U.S. Transportation Research Board, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). She serves on the editorial board for Accident Analysis & Prevention, Traffic Injury Prevention and Clinical Medicine Insights: Geriatrics. Dr. Dellinger is the recipient of the Department of Health and Human Services Secretary's Awards for Distinguished Service for assistance during the Oklahoma City bombing (1997) and the World Trade Center/Anthrax Investigation Emergency Response Team (2002).

Krystall E. Dunaway

Krystall E. Dunaway, PhD, was an Assistant Professor in the Division of Community Health and Research and Eastern Virginia Medical School at the time of this chapter's completion. She is now a Program Evaluation Specialist with the Virginia Beach Public Schools in Virginia Beach, Virginia. She has over 6 years of experience conducting community health intervention research and program evaluations. Dr Dunaway has received research support from the US Department of Justice and Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. Additionally, she has published three peer-reviewed articles, presented 19 papers/posters at national conferences, and written over 20 technical reports. Dr Dunaway's main interests are in the areas of health promotion, substance use and abuse, program evaluation, research design, and statistics. Dr Dunaway received her PhD in Applied Experimental Psychology in 2009 from Old Dominion University.

David W. Eby

David W. Eby, PhD, is a Research Scientist and Head of the Behavioral Sciences Group at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. He is also the Director of the Michigan Center for Advancing Safe Transportation throughout the Lifespan (M-CASTL). Dr. Eby holds a doctorate degree in experimental psychology and has conducted postdoctoral research in cognitive sciences. He is an Associate Editor of Accident Analysis and Prevention and a Fellow of the Gerontological Society of America (GSA). He is also the 2010 recipient of the GSA Transportation and Aging Interest Group Award for significant contributions in research. Dr. Eby has published more than 200 articles, technical reports, chapters, and books, including the book: Maintaining Safe Mobility in an Aging Society. Dr. Eby has received funding for his work from a variety of sponsors including the US Department of Transportation; Michigan Department of Transportation; AARP; AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety; Alzheimer's Association; Toyota; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning.

Rune Elvik

Rune Elvik, PhD, is a road safety researcher at the Institute of Transport Economics in Oslo, Norway. He also serves as Professor of Road Safety Studies (20% working time) at Aalborg University in Denmark and (20% working time) at Lund University in Sweden. He is currently editor-in-chief of Accident Analysis and Prevention. He earned the degree of Doctor of Political Science in 1993, Doctor of Philosophy in 1999 and PhD in 2007. He is senior author of the Handbook of Road Safety Measures (Elsevier 2004; second edition Emerald 2009). He has published nearly 80 papers in scientific journals.

Barbara Freund

Barbara Freund, PhD, is the Dean for Health Sciences at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, California. Dr Freund was formerly Associate Professor of Medicine and Director of the Older Driver Research and Evaluation Program at the Glennan Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Eastern Virginia Medical Center in Norfolk, Virginia. Dr Freund was a recipient of the 2002 American Geriatrics Society New Investigator Award and has published numerous peer-reviewed articles and chapters in the area of cognition, aging, and driving.

Ray Fuller

Ray Fuller, MA, PhD, is a Fellow Emeritus of Trinity College Dublin, where he was Associate Professor of Psychology and a former head of department. He is also a former President of the Psychological Society of Ireland. He is currently Chair of the Policy Advisory Panel of the Road Safety Authority (Ireland) and Consultant to the Transport Research Laboratory (UK). Before retirement he was an Editorial Board Member of Accident Analysis and Prevention, Safety Science and Transportation Research Part F. He has published well over 100 peer-reviewed papers, mainly in the areas of driver behavior, theory and decision-making and is part-author and editor of seven books, including two on the history of psychology and three on human factors in aviation and ground transport. He has been consultant to the Department of Transport (Ireland) and the Department for Transport (UK) as well as to many commercial, media and public agencies.

A. Ian Glendon

A. Ian Glendon, BA (Hons), MBA, PhD, is Associate Professor of Psychology at Griffith University Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. He is Past-president of the International Association of Applied Psychology's Division of Traffic and Transportation Psychology. He serves on the editorial board of four scientific journals and has consulted for over 60 government and private sector organizations in the UK, Australia, and elsewhere. His publications include five books, 30 book chapters and 45 peer-reviewed papers on a range of topics including organizational, transportation, and traffic safety and risk, personality, and human factors. His research has been funded by over $1m in grants from a variety of government and other funding sources in the UK and Australia.

John A. Groeger

John A. Groeger, BA, MA, PhD, CPsychol, FBPsS, is Professor and Head of the School of Applied Psychology at University College Cork, Ireland, having previously worked as Professor of Cognitive Psychology at the University of Surrey and as a research scientist at the Medical Research Council's Applied Psychology Unit, both in the UK. Dr. Groeger has previously served as Honorary General Secretary of the British Psychological Society, and as President of the International Association of Applied Psychology's division of Traffic and Transport Psychology, and has been Editor of Elsevier's Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, the leading international peer-reviewed journal in this area, since its foundation in 1998. He is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society, and a Chartered Psychologist. His research has focused on how cognition (attention, learning, memory, action) underpins everyday activity, and in recent years on the interface between cognition, sleep, and genetics. He has published two books, including Understanding driving: Applying cognitive psychology to a complex everyday task (2000), some 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and several hundred book chapters, reports, and conference proceedings. His research has been funded by Ireland's Science Foundation Ireland and Road Safety Authority, the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Medical Research Council, Department of Transport (UK), the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and Department of Transport (Victoria, Australia), as well as the EU, motor and pharmacological industries. Dr. Groeger has also served as an expert witness for courts and public inquiries in relation to human factors in transportation.

Charlene Hallett

Charlene Hallett is currently completing a PhD at the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) in Lyon, France. Her doctoral research is concerned with the development of a driver distraction impact assessment test. She has Bachelor of Science (Hons) and Masters of Science degrees in Psychology from the University of Auckland, in New Zealand. Her Masters research involved the measurement of the prevalence of conversing and texting on a cell phone while driving in New Zealand, drivers' perceptions of risk regarding these behaviors, and driver attitudes towards legislation banning cell phone use.

Dwight A. Hennessy

Dwight A. Hennessy, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at Buffalo State College. He has authored over 70 book chapters, journal articles, and conference presentations, and has received research funding from the National Institutes of Health.

Kati Hernetkoski

Kati Hernetkoski (MA, Psychology) has been working for over 10 years as a researcher at the Traffic Research Group at University of Turku, Finland. At the moment she is finishing her dissertation on driver suicides in Finland. Her other interests are risk behavior in traffic, accident investigation, and crisis psychology. Kati Hernetkoski has been a member of road accident investigation teams since 2001. She also works as an accident investigator at the Accident Investigation Board in Finland. Hernetkoski has completed 2 years special training in crisis and trauma psychology. As a member of the Traffic Research Group she has participated in several EU-funded research projects. The Group has been awarded the Traffic Safety Award of the Region of western Finland and Commendation of Traffic Safety of the Sampo Insurance Company. She has published five peer-reviewed articles and 17 other publications. Her work has been funded by the European Commission, Swedish Road Administration and national sources like the Ministry of Transport and Communications, Central Organization for Traffic Safety, and Finnish Motor Insurers' Centre.

Martha Híjar

Professor Martha Híjar, MPH, PhD, is a Senior Researcher and responsible for the Research Line on Injuries and Violence at the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico. She is also Professor at the School of Public Health and at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México and is a member of the National System of Researchers in Mexico. She was the coordinator of the consultant team to prepare the regional report on the Road Safety for the Americas in 2009. She is the Director of the México PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for Research on Injuries and Violence. She is author and co-author of many papers and book chapters on injury and violence research, most of them on road traffic injuries. She is teacher for the Master on Sciences and Doctorate programs on Public Health and director or advisor of many theses on the road traffic injuries field. She is a former member of the board of the RTIRN. She is a reviewer and editorial board member of international journals.

David J. Houston

David J. Houston, PhD, is Professor of Political Science at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. His teaching interests include public administration and public policy. An emphasis of his published research is the effectiveness of public policies that promote traffic safety, including mandatory motorcycle helmet and seatbelt laws.

Patty Huang

Patty Huang, MD, is an attending physician in the Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Dr. Huang has published several peer-reviewed articles in the areas of injury prevention in children with special health care needs, as well as transition to adulthood among individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Cristina Inclán-Valadez

Cristina Inclán-Valadez, MSc, is currently studying for a PhD in Regional and Urban Planning at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and holds a MA in Health Systems from the National Institute of Public Health, Mexico. Her academic interests have always revolved around topics of urban health and road safety, and urban planning and its consequences on the well-being of social groups. Her Ph.D. research is concerned with issues of housing planning and livelihood in contemporary large-scale suburban housing projects in Mexico. Prior to her PhD studies, Cristina was working as an associate researcher at the National Institute of Public Health in Mexico, where she participated in several research projects related to road safety promotion and prevention headed by Dr. Martha Hijar. She has published two peer-reviewed papers on the social factors associated with the occurrence of road traffic injuries, and had contributed to two of the World Health Organization (WHO) reports on road safety. She is a member The Road Traffic Injuries Research Network (RTIRN) and has participated in several conferences and workshops on the topic of road safety.

A. Hamish Jamson

A. Hamish Jamson, PhD, is a Principal Research Fellow and Manager of the University of Leeds Driving Simulator (UoLDS). He was awarded his Ph.D. in Motion Cueing in Driving Simulators in 2011, having previously obtained a BEng in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Sheffield and an MSc. in Flight Dynamics from Cranfield University's College of Aeronautics. He has worked on various publicly and privately funded projects involved with driver performance, road safety, and traffic engineering. He also was responsible for the development of the large UoLDS, one of the leading such facilities worldwide. His current work and published interests include driver behavior, driver distraction, and driving simulation.

Kristie L. Johnson

Kristie L. Johnson, MS, is working on her PhD degree in Applied Experimental Psychology at Old Dominion University in Virginia. She has worked in the field of traffic safety for over a decade with the focuses on increasing seat belt use and pedestrian safety and decreasing red light running and tailgating. She has published several journal articles and book chapters on traffic safety. Mrs Johnson was the recipient of a SOPHE/CDC Injury Prevention Fellowship.

Esko Keskinen

Esko Keskinen, PhD, is a Professor (Emeritus) of Traffic Psychology at the University of Turku, Finland where he was the Head of the Traffic Psychology Research Group at the Department of Psychology (1984–2010). Currently he is retired but still a member of EU commission expert group in driver education and training and an editor in the IATSS journal. He has been a member of the road traffic accident investigation work since 1973 and a Chairman for the National Council of the Road Accident Investigation (1994–2009). Since 1984 he participated in the development of Finnish driver education and has been influential also on the European as well as on the Japanese level. Keskinen has participated in 11 EU research and development projects concerning driver education and accident investigation. He is recipient of the Finnish Traffic Safety medal (1995), Nordic Award of Traffic Safety Work (2009) and of the Paul Tissandier diploma of FAI (International Organization for Sport Aviation) for his role in the training of glider instructors in Finland (2005). Keskinen has published 37 peer-reviewed articles and over 50 other international scientific publications mainly in the area of driver behavior, education and testing and accident investigation. He has had about 150 congress presentations. His research has been funded by the European Commission, Swedish Road Administration and national sources like Ministry of Traffic, Central Organization for Traffic Safety and Finnish Motor Insurers' Centre.

Sheila G. Klauer

Sheila G. Klauer, PhD, has been working in transportation research for the past 13 years, previously at the Battelle Human Factors Research Center and currently at the Virginia Tech Transportation Research Institute. While at VTTI, she served as the project manager for the 100 Car Naturalistic Driving Study and is currently the co-PI and project manager for the Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study and the Supervised Practice Driving Study. She has authored over 28 peer-reviewed journal articles and technical reports and is a member of the TRB's User Characteristics Committee and the Young Driver Subcommittee.

Young-Jun Kweon

Young-Jun Kweon, PhD, is a research scientist at the Virginia Department of Transportation. Dr Kweon holds a PhD in Civil Engineering, Master's in City Planning, and BS in Transportation Engineering, and he is a Professional Engineer registered in Virginia. Dr Kweon is a recipient of the Outstanding Paper Award in pedestrian research from the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies in 2002. Dr. Kweon has published about 20 peer-reviewed articles and participated in projects sponsored by various agencies such as the US Federal Highway Administration, National Academy of Sciences, University of Virginia, National Research Foundation of Korea, and Korean Ministry of Construction and Transportation.

Timo Lajunen

Timo Lajunen, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. Dr. Lajunen is an editorial board member of Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. Dr. Lajunen has published over 50 peer-reviewed articles and five book chapters, mostly in the field of traffic and transportation but also in personality psychology and public health. His research has been funded by the FP6 and FP7 Framework Programmes of the European Union, the Scientific & Technological Research Council of Turkey, and the Turkish Academy of Sciences.

Kevin J. Manning

Kevin J. Manning is a doctoral student in Clinical Neuropsychology at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Together with his mentor, Maria Schultheis, PhD, his research focuses on automobile driving in several populations and the applications of this research to clinical practice.

Jennifer F. May

Jennifer F. May, MS, RPSGT, is currently the manager of 3 Sleep Centers for Sentara Healthcare and a doctoral student in Applied Experimental Psychology at Old Dominion University in Virginia. She has worked in the field of sleep for 10 years, with her research focus being sleepiness and its impact on performance. She sits on the American Academy of Sleep Technologist's CEC Article Review Panel for the A2Zzz publication for Sleep Technologists. She was the recipient of the AAST's Mary Carskadon Award twice (2003 and 2005) for her research efforts. She has published two peer-reviewed articles and 15 conference proceedings articles in the areas of sleep, driving performance, and driver fatigue countermeasures. She also co-authored a book chapter on pharmacological effects on sleep. Her research has been funded by the Department of Motor Vehicles and NASA (Graduate Student Research Program) and she has collaborated on numerous other funded projects with Eastern Virginia Medical School, George Mason University and Systems Technology, Inc.

Julie McClafferty

Julie McClafferty has served as the Data Reduction Manager at Virginia Tech Transportation Institute since 2006 and has also overseen data verification for incoming naturalistic data since 2008. She oversees data reduction protocol development and testing, data reductionist recruitment and training, data reduction execution, and quality assurance/quality control of data reduction products. Julie received her MS in Human Dimensions of Natural Resource Management from Virginia Tech in 2000.

Rebecca B. Naumann

Rebecca B. Naumann, MSPH, is as an epidemiologist on the Motor Vehicle Injury Prevention Team in the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In 2004, Ms. Naumann was awarded a US Public Health Service Citation for Exemplary Performance of Duty for Sustained Quality Performance of Environmental Health and Injury Prevention Duties. Her recent research has focused on pedestrian safety, older drivers, and Tribal traffic safety. Ms Naumann has published ten articles and co-authored three book chapters.

Ilit Oppenheim

Ilit Oppenheim is a PhD student of Industrial Engineering and Management at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beer Sheva, Israel. She holds a BSc in Aeronautical Engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and MSc in Industrial Engineering from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. The objective of her thesis is to develop and validate a unified Driver-Vehicle-Environment model for driver performance behavior in safety critical situations, in particular with in-vehicle systems.

Türker Özkan

Türker Özkan received his PhD in Psychology (minor. traffic psychology) at the University of Helsinki. He is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara, Turkey. He serves as the Associate Editor of the Turkish Journal of Psychology and is a member of the Social Sciences Institute Management Board of METU. Dr Özkan's current interests are related to cultural differences, the role of gender, sex, ‘extra-motives’, personality, explicit and implicit measures in safety in general and traffic and transport in particular. In addition, Dr Özkan has studied the acceptability of intelligent transportation systems, helmet usage and psychological models, seat-belt and child-seat usage, development of psycho-technical assessment tests, organizational and safety culture/climate, human factor issues among professional and trained drivers. Dr Özkan has been an author on more than 30 peer-reviewed articles and chapters. He also has experience coordinating work packages of an EU project (FP6), a COST project, and a Leonardo da Vinci project and of being principal investigator of a national (i.e., Human Factors in Turkish State Railways) and an international project together with Johns Hopkins University (i.e., Road Safety 10: Turkey – Evaluation and Monitoring).

Karl Peltzer

Professor Karl Peltzer, PhD, is Research Director in the research program HIV/AIDS/STI and TB (HAST), Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa, an extraordinary Professor in Psychology at Free State University, South Africa, and a Visiting Professor in Psychology at University of Klagenfurt, Austria. He was previously Professor of Psychology and Director of the Health Behaviour Research Unit at the University of Limpopo. His education is a Dr Habil in Health Psychology from University of Klagenfurt, PhD in Social Health Psychology from University of Hannover and MA in Clinical Psychology from University of Bremen. He is a prevention researcher and evaluator with over 20 years of experience in the study of health promotion, risk behavior and disease prevention, and socio-behavioral interventions. Dr Peltzer has published extensively on health behavior and health interventions (16 books, 350 articles, and 50 book chapters). He has worked extensively on public health subject areas of alcohol, tobacco, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV control; nutrition, physical activity, hypertension, mental health, injury and violence prevention, and health promotion. His current research interests include psychology applied to health, health promotion, chronic diseases of life style, substance use, communicable diseases including HIV, injuries, cultural health practices, and program evaluation in low- and middle-income countries including Africa countries.

Miguel Perez

Miguel Perez, PhD, CPE, is a Research Scientist at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, where he has worked on driver safety issues for over 10 years. Dr Perez has served as Program Chair for the Surface Transportation Technical Group of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and a Member of the Committee on Vehicle User Characteristics of the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. He is a former recipient of the Ford Foundation Fellowship of the National Academies. He has published over 20 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters related to transportation safety. His research has been funded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, and several automotive manufacturing corporations.

Ricardo Pérez-Núñez

Ricardo Pérez-Núñez MD, PhD, is researcher of the Center for Health Systems Research at the National Institute of Public Health in Mexico. Dr Pérez-Núñez is the current Secretary of the Road Traffic Injuries Research Network (RTIRN) and member of the National System of Researchers in Mexico. He was part of the consultant team that prepared the regional report on the Road Safety Status of the Americas in 2009 and that estimated the economic impact of road traffic injuries in Belize. Dr Pérez-Núñez received a junior researchers grant from the RTIRN to carry out his PhD studies. Dr Pérez-Núñez has published over 15 peer-reviewed articles and three books in the area of health financing, analysis of health systems response, and road traffic injuries.

Bryan E. Porter

Bryan E. Porter, PhD, is Associate Professor of, and PhD Programs Director for, the Department of Psychology at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia. He has received degrees from Virginia Tech (BS in Honors, Psychology) and the University of Memphis (MS and PhD in Experimental Psychology). His area of global emphasis is behavioral community psychology, focusing on community problems and psychology's role in solving those problems. His particular and most important focus of interest is traffic psychology. Porter has written more than 40 journal articles, book chapters, technical reports, and reports for community partners, and given dozens of conference presentations. He is a member of the International Association of Applied Psychology, for which he is the North American representative for Division 13 (Traffic and Transportation Psychology). The media regularly call on Porter to be an expert interviewee for various traffic safety issues. He has assisted in public policy debates over traffic safety initiatives. Porter also convened and chaired the 4th International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology in 2008. Porter, as principal investigator, co-principal investigator, or research mentor, has received research funding from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, DaimlerChrysler Corporation, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Science Foundation. As principal investigator, he has been awarded 26 grants totaling more than $1.7 million.

Michael A. Regan

Michael A. Regan, PhD, is currently a Research Director at the French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR) in Lyon, France, and Adjunct Professor for Vehicle Safety at Chalmers University of Technology, in Gothenburg, Sweden. Until 2007, he led the Human Factors and Simulation Group at the Monash University Accident Research Centre in Melbourne, Australia. Dr Regan has Bachelor of Science (Hons) and PhD degrees in Experimental Psychology and Human Factors. He sits on the editorial boards of four peer-reviewed journals, including Human Factors. He is a past Chairman of the Ergonomics Society of Australia (ACT Branch) and in 2009 was awarded the Ron Cumming Memorial Medal by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Australia for his contributions to transportation human factors research. Dr Regan is the author or co-author of more than 203 published research reports and articles in the areas of driver distraction and inattention, human interaction with intelligent transport systems, young driver training, and driving simulation. He is senior editor and co-author of the first book on driver distraction (Regan, Lee and Young; 2009; CRC Press), and of another book on the same topic currently in press (Regan, Victor & Lee, 2011; Ashgate).

Richard Retting

Richard Retting, MS, is Vice President and Director of Safety & Research Services for Sam Schwartz Engineering. Mr Retting is a widely recognized North American expert on road safety. He previously served as Senior Transportation Engineer with the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, prior to which he served as Deputy Assistant Commissioner for the New York City Department of Transportation. Mr Retting provides road safety consulting services to a wide range of government agencies and private-sector clients, from the US to Australia. He is recipient of the 1989 Volvo Traffic Safety Award and the 1999 Edmund R. Ricker Traffic Safety Award for significant contributions to road safety. Mr Retting has an extensive publication record, including more than 100 papers published in scientific journals and conference proceedings, as well as several book chapters and editing assignments in the area of road safety. Mr Retting is a Fellow of the Institute of Transportation Engineers.

Tova Rosenbloom

Tova Rosenbloom, PhD, is a Senior Lecturer of Traffic Psychology at the Department of Management at the Bar Ilan University of Israel. Dr. Rosenbloom is the Head of the Research Institute of Human Factors in Road Safety, and currently serves as a member of the Accident Analysis and Prevention Journal Board. She serves as a consultant to the Israeli Rail Company and to the National Authority of Road Safety. Dr Rosenbloom's research has been funded by the Insurance Companies Union. Dr Rosenbloom has published over 25 peer-reviewed articles in the area of road safety and risky road behavior.

Cynthia S. Sabo

Cynthia S. Sabo, MS, is the Scientific Administrator in the Biostatistics Department at Virginia Commonwealth University. In 2004, she received her Master's in Psychology from Old Dominion University. Ms Sabo has served as a program coordinator for 10 years on numerous grant-funded programs from NIH, CDC, and the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. She assists on the psychological aspects of projects and proposals to NIH and helps with IRB submissions. Her other experience includes: (a) working with community members and school personnel to develop and implement feasible and effective interventions; (b) developing program components and administering related surveys to large school populations; (c) assisting with the development and validation of survey and behavioral observation methodologies to evaluate intervention effects; and (d) preparing manuscripts and presentations for annual meetings to disseminate research results.

Maria T. Schultheis

Maria Teresa Schultheis, PhD, is an Associate Professor with appointments in the Department of Psychology and the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems at Drexel University in Philadelphia, PA. She also directs the Clinical Neuropsychology Concentration of the Graduate Clinical Psychology Program at Drexel. Dr Schultheis' clinical and research experience are in clinical neuropsychology and have focused on the rehabilitation of cognitively impaired populations, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Specifically, she has specialized in (1) the application of technologies to clinical, research and educational aspects of psychology and (2) studying the demands (physical, cognitive and behavioral) of driving following neurological compromise. Dr Schultheis' work has been funded by such organizations as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR), and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS). Her work was recognized in awards from the National Academy of Neuropsychology and the Philadelphia Neuropsychological Society. She is also the recipient of the 2007 American Psychological Association Early Career Award for Division 40 (Clinical Neuropsychology). She has published over 50 peer-reviewed publications and has recently published the book entitled The handbook for the assessment of driving capacity. Dr. Schultheis has been invited to present her work at various international and national forums and she is active in several professional organizations. She is the current Associate Editor of Rehabilitation Psychology, serves on the Editorial Board of Neuropsychology and is currently the President of the Philadelphia Neuropsychological Society.

David Shinar

David Shinar, PhD, is a George Shrut Professor of Human Performance Management at the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, where he heads the Human Factors and Ergonomics program and the driving simulation laboratory. For the past 3 years he was also the Chief Scientist of Israel's National Road Safety Authority. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of America, and a recipient of its A.R. Lauer Award for his outstanding contributions to human factors aspects of highway traffic safety. He has served on the editorial boards of Accident Analysis and Prevention, Cognition Technology and Work, Human Factors, International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems, Journal of Safety Research, and Transportation Research – Part F. He has consulted for the US and Israeli Governments on driver behavior and traffic safety, and has been a member of several national committees in both countries. He is the author of over 150 technical reports and refereed publications in this area, and his latest book is Traffic Safety and Human Behavior (Elsevier, 2007).

David A. Sleet

David A. Sleet, PhD, is the Associate Director for Science of the Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. He is the senior advisor to the division on matters of science and policy. He is co-editor of the World Health Organization's World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention (2004), and the author of three additional books, including Injury and Violence Prevention: Behavioral Science Theories, Methods, and Applications (Jossey-Bass, 2006), and The Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention (Springer, 2007) and the author of 175 published articles. In 2009 Dr Sleet won the American Public Health Association's Distinguished Career Award in Injury Prevention and in 2010 the Society for Public Health Education Distinguished Fellow Award. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Health Behavior and on the teaching faculty of the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University and is an adjunct Professor at the University of New Mexico, University of Tennessee, and Curtin University, in Perth, Australia.

Paula Smith

Since 2002, Mrs Paula Smith has been a full-time nursing instructor teaching theory and clinical at Pasadena City College. Formerly, she had been a licensed Registered Nurse in hospital clinical practice for over 20 years, her experience ranging from pediatric, oncology, medical-surgical nursing, geriatric nursing, and nursing administration. Obtaining her certification in nursing education from University of California, Irvine in 1991, she was recruited as Medical Surgical Nurse Educator at Methodist Hospital in Arcadia, California. She began her college-level teaching career upon attaining a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree from California State University, Dominguez Hills in 1994. Also in 1994, she was certified as Public Health Nurse by the California Board of Registered Nurses. Having received her Master's of Science in Nursing from University of Phoenix in 1999, Paula continued her teaching career at several colleges throughout the Southern California region, including Long Beach City College, Santa Ana College, Compton College, Golden West College, and Pasadena City College, as well as a Clinical Performance Nursing Examiner for the Excelsior College School of Nursing, Albany, New York.

Stephen G. Stradling

Stephen G. Stradling, BA(Hons), PhD, was Professor of Transport Psychology at the Transport Research Institute at Edinburgh Napier University where he is now an Emeritus Professor. He received an award for Outstanding Contribution to Transport Research in Scotland at the Scottish Transport Awards 2009. He served on the Minister's Expert Panel on Scotland's Road Safety Strategy and is Chair of the Transform Scotland Trust, a sustainable transport charity. He has published over 80 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and government reports on traffic and transport psychology. His research has been funded by the UK and Scottish governments.

Joanne E. Taylor

Joanne E. Taylor, PGDipClinPsych, PhD (Massey University), is a Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology in the School of Psychology at Massey University in Palmerston North, New Zealand. She teaches undergraduate and postgraduate papers in psychopathology and contributes to teaching in the Clinical Psychology training program. Dr Taylor is on the editorial board for the Cambridge journal The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist. Her research program and publications focus on driving fear and traffic psychology, and she has published 22 journal articles and two book chapters. Dr Taylor's research has been funded by the Land Transport Safety Authority and Transport Research and Educational Trust Board.

Geoffrey Underwood

Geoffrey Underwood, BSc, PhD, DSc, FBPsS, FRSA, is Professor of Cognitive Psychology and Director of the Accident Research Unit, School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England. He is a former editor of the British Journal of Psychology, and currently serves on the editorial boards of six other journals. He has acted as a consultant to the UK Department for Transport, the UK Highways Agency, and the UK Driving Standards Agency. In 2004 he was conference Chair of the 3rd International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology. With support from the UK MRC, the UK ESRC, the UK EPSRC, and the UK Department for Transport, he has published more than 150 research articles and 15 books on attention, eye-tracking, scene perception, and the cognitive psychology of driving.

Ronald Van Houten

Ronald Van Houten, PhD, is Professor of Psychology at Western Michigan University. He has conducted numerous studies in traffic safety, including the development of many successful countermeasures to improve pedestrian safety. He also helped develop elements of the Click It or Ticket program in North Carolina. Dr Van Houten additionally has studied speeding and impaired driving. He is currently beginning several large studies for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) on reducing night-time pedestrian crashes, increasing driver seatbelt use, and decreasing driver speeding behavior. He is Past Associate Editor and Board member of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis and is the Former Chair for the Transportation Research Board's Pedestrian Committee. He is a member of the National Committee for Uniform Traffic Control Devices. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed articles. Among several professional awards, he is a Fellow of the Association for Behavior Analysis International. Dr Van Houten has received research support from the Canada Council, The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Federal Highway Administration, NHTSA, General Motors, and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

Jonathon M. Vivoda

Jonathon M. Vivoda is a Research Associate at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI). Mr Vivoda is an expert in organizing and managing field data collection for motor vehicle occupant protection use surveys, and has developed methods of using personal digital assistants (PDAs) for the collection of many types of field data. He has investigated occupant protection use by various demographic and environmental characteristics, and has also conducted studies to investigate the association between safety belt use and cell phone use while driving. Mr Vivoda has developed procedures for observing safety belt use by motorists traveling at night, utilizing specialized night vision equipment. He has performed critical reviews of traffic safety literature, and has managed the collection and organization of various types of complex electronic and hardcopy data from sources such as law enforcement agencies, courts, and prosecutors. Currently, Mr Vivoda serves as the Program Coordinator of the Michigan Center for Advancing Safe Transportation throughout the Lifespan (M-CASTL), a University Transportation Center dedicated to increasing the safety and mobility of both young people and older adults. Mr Vivoda holds a master of public health (MPH) degree in health behavior and health education, and a bachelor degree in psychology, both from the University of Michigan. Mr Vivoda's research interests include age-related driving issues, motor vehicle occupant restraint system use, understanding health behaviors, driver distraction, risk taking,

Reviews for Handbook of Traffic Psychology

[ratko r · Rating: 5 out of 5 stars]

Great book, with lot of examples for practical application.
Warmly recommended.