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    Response in the Living and Non-Living
    Response in the Living and Non-Living
    Response in the Living and Non-Living
    Ebook305 pages2 hours

    Response in the Living and Non-Living

    By Jagadis Chandra Bose

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    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherArchive Classics
    Release dateJan 1, 2010
    Response in the Living and Non-Living

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      Book preview

      Response in the Living and Non-Living - Jagadis Chandra Bose

      The Project Gutenberg EBook of Response in the Living and Non-Living, by

      Jagadis Chunder Bose

      This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with

      almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or

      re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included

      with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

      Title: Response in the Living and Non-Living

      Author: Jagadis Chunder Bose

      Release Date: August 3, 2006 [EBook #18986]

      Language: English

      *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RESPONSE IN LIVING AND NON-LIVING ***

      Produced by Bryan Ness, Laura Wisewell and the Online

      Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

      Transcriber’s note: Four likely printer errors have been corrected; these are on pages 46, 115, 176 and 186, marked like this

      . The inconsistent hyphenation of break-down, electro-motive and vibration-head is as in the original. Some of the illustrations had to be moved up or down a few paragraphs from their position in the original; the hyperlinked page numbers in the List of Illustrations point to the original locations, but the hyperlinked figure numbers point to where the figures are now.

      RESPONSE IN THE LIVING

      AND NON-LIVING

      BY

      JAGADIS CHUNDER BOSE, M.A.(

      Cantab.

      ), D.Sc.(

      Lond.

      )

      PROFESSOR, PRESIDENCY COLLEGE, CALCUTTA

      WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

      LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

      39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

      NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

      1902

      All rights reserved

      ‘The real is one: wise men call it variously’

      Rig Veda

      To my Countrymen

      This Work is Dedicated

      PREFACE

      I have in the present work put in a connected and a more complete form results, some of which have been published in the following Papers:

      ‘De la Généralité des Phénomènes Moléculaires produits par l’Electricité sur la matière Inorganique et sur la matière Vivante.’ (Travaux du Congrès International de Physique. Paris, 1900.)

      ‘On the Similarity of Effect of Electrical Stimulus on Inorganic and Living Substances.’ (Report, Bradford Meeting British Association, 1900.—Electrician.)

      ‘Response of Inorganic Matter to Stimulus.’ (Friday Evening Discourse, Royal Institution, May 1901.)

      ‘On Electric Response of Inorganic Substances. Preliminary Notice.’ (Royal Society, June 1901.)

      ‘On Electric Response of Ordinary Plants under Mechanical Stimulus.’ (Journal Linnean Society, 1902.)

      ‘Sur la Réponse Electrique dans les Métaux, les Tissus Animaux et Végétaux.’ (Société de Physique, Paris, 1902.)

      ‘On the Electro-Motive Wave accompanying Mechanical Disturbance in Metals in contact with Electrolyte.’ (Proceedings Royal Society, vol. 70.)

      ‘On the Strain Theory of Vision and of Photographic Action.’ (Journal Royal Photographic Society, vol. xxvi.)

      These investigations were commenced in India, and I take this opportunity to express my grateful acknowledgments to the Managers of the Royal Institution, for the facilities offered me to complete them at the Davy-Faraday Laboratory.

      J. C. Bose.

      Davy-Faraday Laboratory, Royal Institution,

      London:

      May 1902.

      CONTENTS

      ILLUSTRATIONS

      RESPONSE

      IN THE

      LIVING AND NON-LIVING

      CHAPTER I

      THE MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF LIVING SUBSTANCES

      Mechanical response—Different kinds of stimuli—Myograph—Characteristics of response-curve: period, amplitude, form—Modification of response-curves.

      One of the most striking effects of external disturbance on certain types of living substance is a visible change of form. Thus, a piece of muscle when pinched contracts. The external disturbance which produced this change is called the stimulus. The body which is thus capable of responding is said to be irritable or excitable. A stimulus thus produces a state of excitability which may sometimes be expressed by change of form.

      Mechanical response to different kinds of stimuli.—This reaction under stimulus is seen even in the lowest organisms; in some of the amœboid rhizopods, for instance. These lumpy protoplasmic bodies, usually elongated while creeping, if mechanically jarred, contract into a spherical form. If, instead of mechanical disturbance, we apply salt solution, they again contract, in the same way as before. Similar effects are produced by sudden illumination, or by rise of temperature, or by electric shock. A living substance may thus be put into an excitatory state by either mechanical, chemical, thermal, electrical, or light stimulus. Not only does the point stimulated show the effect of stimulus, but that effect may sometimes be conducted even to a considerable distance. This power of conducting stimulus, though common to all living substances, is present in very different degrees. While in some forms of animal tissue irritation spreads, at a very slow rate, only to points in close neighbourhood, in other forms, as for example in nerves, conduction is very rapid and reaches

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