Emerging Technologies in Materials Science Series

What Is Amorphous Metal An amorphous metal is a solid metallic material, usually an alloy, with disordered atomic-scale structure. Most metals are crystalline in their solid state, which means they have a highly ordered arrangement of atoms. Amorphous metals are non-crystalline, and have a glass-like structure. But unlike common glasses, such as window glass, which are typically electrical insulators, amorphous metals have good electrical conductivity and they also display superconductivity at low temperatures. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Amorphous metal Chapter 2: Bioabsorbable metallic glass Chapter 3: Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals Chapter 4: Liquidmetal Chapter 5: Structure of liquids and glasses Chapter 6: Amorphous brazing foil Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about amorphous metal. (III) Real world examples for the usage of amorphous metal in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of amorphous metal' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of amorphous metal.

What Is Aerogel ‘Aerogel’ is a broad term used to talk about an extraordinary group of materials that have been used since the 1960s in space travel but are now finding uses across a whole range of industries. ‘Aerogel’ is not a specific mineral or material with a set chemical formula-rather, the term is used to encompass all materials with a specific geometrical structure. This structure is an extremely porous, solid foam, with high connectivity between branched structures of a few nanometres across. Though aerogel is technically a foam, it can take many different shapes and forms. The majority of aerogel is composed of silica, but carbon, iron oxide, organic polymers, semiconductor nanostructures, gold and copper can also form aerogel. However, within the aerogel structure, very little is solid material, with up to 99.8% of the structure consisting of nothing but air. This unique composition gives aerogel an almost ghostly appearance; hence it is often referred to as ‘frozen smoke’. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Aerogel Chapter 2: Nanogel Chapter 3: Carbon nanofoam Chapter 4: Fogbank Chapter 5: Silica gel Chapter 6: Materials science Chapter 7: Materials science in science fiction (II) Answering the public top questions about aerogel. (III) Real world examples for the usage of aerogel in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of aerogel' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of aerogel.

What Is Cryogenic Treatment A cryogenic treatment is the process of treating workpieces to cryogenic temperatures in order to remove residual stresses and improve wear resistance in steels and other metal alloys, such as aluminum. In addition to seeking enhanced stress relief and stabilization, or wear resistance, cryogenic treatment is also sought for its ability to improve corrosion resistance by precipitating micro-fine eta carbides, which can be measured before and after in a part using a quantimet. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Cryogenic treatment Chapter 2: Cryogenic hardening Chapter 3: Cryogenic deflashing Chapter 4: Burr (edge) Chapter 5: Cryogenics Chapter 6: Materials science Chapter 7: Materials science in science fiction (II) Answering the public top questions about cryogenic treatment. (III) Real world examples for the usage of cryogenic treatment in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of cryogenic treatment' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of cryogenic treatment.

What Is Bioplastic Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, straw, woodchips, sawdust, recycled food waste, etc. Some bioplastics are obtained by processing directly from natural biopolymers including polysaccharides and proteins, while others are chemically synthesised from sugar derivatives and lipids from either plants or animals, or biologically generated by fermentation of sugars or lipids. In contrast, common plastics, such as fossil-fuel plastics are derived from petroleum or natural gas. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Bioplastic Chapter 2: BioSphere Plastic Chapter 3: Biofuel Chapter 4: Biopolymer Chapter 5: Alkane Chapter 6: Angewandte Chemie Chapter 7: Materials science in science fiction (II) Answering the public top questions about bioplastic. (III) Real world examples for the usage of bioplastic in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of bioplastic' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of bioplastic.

What Is Conductive Polymer Conductive polymers or, more precisely, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is their processability, mainly by dispersion. Conductive polymers are generally not thermoplastics, i.e., they are not thermoformable. But, like insulating polymers, they are organic materials. They can offer high electrical conductivity but do not show similar mechanical properties to other commercially available polymers. The electrical properties can be fine-tuned using the methods of organic synthesis and by advanced dispersion techniques. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Conductive polymer Chapter 2: Organic electronics Chapter 3: Organic semiconductor Chapter 4: Molecular electronics Chapter 5: Conjugated microporous polymer Chapter 6: Materials science Chapter 7: Materials science in science fiction (II) Answering the public top questions about conductive polymer. (III) Real world examples for the usage of conductive polymer in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of conductive polymer' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of conductive polymer.

What Is Fullerene A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecule may be a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or many other shapes and sizes. Graphene, which is a flat mesh of regular hexagonal rings, can be seen as an extreme member of the family. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Fullerene Chapter 2: Buckypaper Chapter 3: Carbocatalysis Chapter 4: Dodecahedrane Chapter 5: Transition metal fullerene complex Chapter 6: Goldberg–Coxeter construction Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about fullerene. (III) Real world examples for the usage of fullerene in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of fullerene' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of fullerene.

What Is Magnetic Nanoparticles Magnetic nanoparticles are a class of nanoparticle that can be manipulated using magnetic fields. Such particles commonly consist of two components, a magnetic material, often iron, nickel and cobalt, and a chemical component that has functionality. While nanoparticles are smaller than 1 micrometer in diameter, the larger microbeads are 0.5–500 micrometer in diameter. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters that are composed of a number of individual magnetic nanoparticles are known as magnetic nanobeads with a diameter of 50–200 nanometers. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters are a basis for their further magnetic assembly into magnetic nanochains. The magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in catalysis including nanomaterial-based catalysts, biomedicine and tissue specific targeting, magnetically tunable colloidal photonic crystals, microfluidics, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic particle imaging, data storage, environmental remediation, nanofluids, optical filters, defect sensor, magnetic cooling and cation sensors. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Magnetic nanoparticles Chapter 2: Nanoparticle Chapter 3: Coprecipitation Chapter 4: Thermal decomposition Chapter 5: Microemulsion Chapter 6: Iron oxide nanoparticle Chapter 7: Magnetic nanoparticles (II) Answering the public top questions about magnetic nanoparticles. (III) Real world examples for the usage of magnetic nanoparticles in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of magnetic nanoparticles' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of magnetic nanoparticles.

What Is Lab on a Chip A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single integrated circuit of only millimeters to a few square centimeters to achieve automation and high-throughput screening. LOCs can handle extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico-liters. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and sometimes called "micro total analysis systems" (mTAS). LOCs may use microfluidics, the physics, manipulation and study of minute amounts of fluids. However, strictly regarded "lab-on-a-chip" indicates generally the scaling of single or multiple lab processes down to chip-format, whereas "mTAS" is dedicated to the integration of the total sequence of lab processes to perform chemical analysis. The term "lab-on-a-chip" was introduced when it turned out that mTAS technologies were applicable for more than only analysis purposes. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Lab-on-a-chip Chapter 2: Assay Chapter 3: Dielectrophoresis Chapter 4: Immunoassay Chapter 5: Electrophysiology Chapter 6: Microfluidics Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about lab on a chip. (III) Real world examples for the usage of lab on a chip in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of lab on a chip' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of lab on a chip.

What Is Dynamic Armour Electric armour or electromagnetic armour is a type of reactive armour proposed for the protection of ships and armoured fighting vehicles from shaped charge and possibly kinetic weapons using a strong electric current, complementing or replacing conventional explosive reacting armour (ERA). How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Dynamic armour Chapter 2: Reactive armour Chapter 3: Active protection system Chapter 4: Shaped charge Chapter 5: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory Chapter 6: Future Rapid Effect System Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about dynamic armour. (III) Real world examples for the usage of dynamic armour in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of dynamic armour' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of dynamic armour.

What Is Metamaterial A metamaterial is any material engineered to have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials. They are made from assemblies of multiple elements fashioned from composite materials such as metals and plastics. The materials are usually arranged in repeating patterns, at scales that are smaller than the wavelengths of the phenomena they influence. Metamaterials derive their properties not from the properties of the base materials, but from their newly designed structures. Their precise shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement gives them their smart properties capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves: by blocking, absorbing, enhancing, or bending waves, to achieve benefits that go beyond what is possible with conventional materials. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Metamaterial Chapter 2: History of metamaterials Chapter 3: Negative-index metamaterial Chapter 4: Negative refraction Chapter 5: Photonic crystal Chapter 6: Electronic band structure Chapter 7: Oscillation (II) Answering the public top questions about metamaterial. (III) Real world examples for the usage of metamaterial in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of metamaterial' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of metamaterial.

What Is High Temperature Superconductivity High-temperature superconductors are operatively defined as materials that behave as superconductors at temperatures above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, one of the simplest coolants in cryogenics. All materials currently known to conduct at ordinary pressures become superconducting at temperatures far below ambient, and therefore require cooling. The majority of high-temperature superconductors are ceramic materials. On the other hand, Metallic superconductors usually work below −200 °C: they are then called low-temperature superconductors. Metallic superconductors are also ordinary superconductors, since they were discovered and used before the high-temperature ones. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: High-temperature superconductivity Chapter 2: Cooper pair Chapter 3: Flux pumping Chapter 4: Macroscopic quantum phenomena Chapter 5: Mixed conductor Chapter 6: Pseudogap Chapter 7: SQUID (II) Answering the public top questions about high temperature superconductivity. (III) Real world examples for the usage of high temperature superconductivity in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of high temperature superconductivity' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of high temperature superconductivity.

What Is Graphene Graphene is an allotrope of carbon consisting of a single layer of atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice nanostructure. The name is derived from "graphite" and the suffix -ene, reflecting the fact that the graphite allotrope of carbon contains numerous double bonds. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Graphene Chapter 2: Bilayer graphene Chapter 3: Bismuth Chapter 4: Borophene Chapter 5: Cadmium arsenide Chapter 6: Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about graphene. (III) Real world examples for the usage of graphene in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of graphene' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of graphene.

What Is Programmable Matter Programmable matter is matter which has the ability to change its physical properties in a programmable fashion, based upon user input or autonomous sensing. Programmable matter is thus linked to the concept of a material which inherently has the ability to perform information processing. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Programmable matter Chapter 2: Metamaterial Chapter 3: Electropermanent magnet Chapter 4: Self-reconfiguring modular robot Chapter 5: Claytronics Chapter 6: Cellular automaton Chapter 7: Quantum well Chapter 8: Synthetic biology (II) Answering the public top questions about programmable matter. (III) Real world examples for the usage of programmable matter in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of programmable matter' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of programmable matter.

What Is Magnetorheological Fluid A magnetorheological fluid is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid. Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity. The upshot is that the fluid's ability to transmit force can be controlled with an electromagnet, which gives rise to its many possible control-based applications. Extensive discussions of the physics and applications of MR fluids can be found in a recent book. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Magnetorheological fluid Chapter 2: Smart fluid Chapter 3: Ferrofluid Chapter 4: Electrorheological fluid Chapter 5: Rheology Chapter 6: Rheometry Chapter 7: Brownian motion (II) Answering the public top questions about magnetorheological fluid. (III) Real world examples for the usage of magnetorheological fluid in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of magnetorheological fluid' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of magnetorheological fluid.

What Is Superfluidity Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a superfluid forms vortices that continue to rotate indefinitely. Superfluidity occurs in two isotopes of helium when they are liquefied by cooling to cryogenic temperatures. It is also a property of various other exotic states of matter theorized to exist in astrophysics, high-energy physics, and theories of quantum gravity. The theory of superfluidity was developed by Soviet theoretical physicists Lev Landau and Isaak Khalatnikov. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Superfluidity Chapter 2: Superfluid vacuum theory Chapter 3: Boojum (superfluidity) Chapter 4: Condensed matter physics Chapter 5: Macroscopic quantum phenomena Chapter 6: Quantum hydrodynamics Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about superfluidity. (III) Real world examples for the usage of superfluidity in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of superfluidity' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of superfluidity.

What Is Metal Foam A metal foam is a cellular structure consisting of a solid metal with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed or interconnected. The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: typically only 5–25% of the volume is the base metal. The strength of the material is due to the square–cube law. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Metal foam Chapter 2: Ceramic foam Chapter 3: Nanofoam Chapter 4: Reticulated foam Chapter 5: Aluminium foam sandwich Chapter 6: Titanium foam Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about metal foam. (III) Real world examples for the usage of metal foam in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of metal foam' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of metal foam.

What Is Microfluidics Microfluidics refers to the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids that are geometrically constrained to a small scale at which surface forces dominate volumetric forces. It is a multidisciplinary field that involves engineering, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. It has practical applications in the design of systems that process low volumes of fluids to achieve multiplexing, automation, and high-throughput screening. Microfluidics emerged in the beginning of the 1980s and is used in the development of inkjet printheads, DNA chips, lab-on-a-chip technology, micro-propulsion, and micro-thermal technologies. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Microfluidics Chapter 2: Droplet-based microfluidics Chapter 3: Digital microfluidics Chapter 4: Paper-based microfluidics Chapter 5: Microfluidic cell culture Chapter 6: Electroosmotic pump Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about microfluidics. (III) Real world examples for the usage of microfluidics in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of microfluidics' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of microfluidics.

What Is Silicene Silicene is a two-dimensional allotrope of silicon, with a hexagonal honeycomb structure similar to that of graphene. Contrary to graphene, silicene is not flat, but has a periodically buckled topology; the coupling between layers in silicene is much stronger than in multilayered graphene; and the oxidized form of silicene, 2D silica, has a very different chemical structure from graphene oxide. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Silicene Chapter 2: 2D silica Chapter 3: Borophene Chapter 4: Germanene Chapter 5: Stanene Chapter 6: Plumbene Chapter 7: Allotropy Chapter 8: Silicon Chapter 9: Graphite oxide (II) Answering the public top questions about silicene. (III) Real world examples for the usage of silicene in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of silicene' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of silicene.

What Is Nanomaterials Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit small sized between 1 and 100 nm. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Nanomaterials Chapter 2: Nanoporous materials Chapter 3: Nanoparticle Chapter 4: Characterization of nanoparticles Chapter 5: Applications of nanotechnology Chapter 6: Nanometrology Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about nanomaterials. (III) Real world examples for the usage of nanomaterials in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of nanomaterials' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of nanomaterials.

What Is Quantum Dot Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having optical and electronic properties that differ from larger particles due to quantum mechanics. They are a central topic in nanotechnology. When the quantum dots are illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy by the emission of light. This light emission (photoluminescence) is illustrated in the figure on the right. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band, or transition between discretized energy states when band structure is no longer a good definition in QDs. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Quantum dot Chapter 2: Quantum dot solar cell Chapter 3: Light-emitting diode Chapter 4: Quantum dot display Chapter 5: Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials Chapter 6: Nanotoxicology Chapter 7: Photocatalysis Chapter 8: Potential well (II) Answering the public top questions about quantum dot. (III) Real world examples for the usage of quantum dot in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of quantum dot' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of quantum dot.

What Is Multi Function Structure Multi-function material is a composite material. The traditional approach to the development of structures is to address the loadcarrying function and other functional requirements separately. Recently, however, there has been increased interest in the development of load-bearing materials and structures which have integral non-load-bearing functions, guided by recent discoveries about how multifunctional biological systems work. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Multi-function structure Chapter 2: Composite material Chapter 3: Functionally graded material Chapter 4: Electrical resistivity and conductivity Chapter 5: Thermal conductivity Chapter 6: Carbon nanotube Chapter 7: Biological system Chapter 8: Biodegradation (II) Answering the public top questions about multi function structure. (III) Real world examples for the usage of multi function structure in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of multi function structure' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of multi function structure.

What Is Translucent Concrete Translucent concrete is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive properties due to embedded light optical elements — usually optical fibers. Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore, the fibers have to go through the whole object. This results in a certain light pattern on the other surface, depending on the fiber structure. Shadows cast onto one side appear as silhouettes through the material. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Translucent concrete Chapter 2: Bottle wall Chapter 3: Glass brick Chapter 4: LiTraCon Chapter 5: Daylighting Chapter 6: Concrete Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about translucent concrete. (III) Real world examples for the usage of translucent concrete in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of translucent concrete' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of translucent concrete.

What Is Superalloy A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. Several key characteristics of a superalloy are excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion or oxidation. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Superalloy Chapter 2: Oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy Chapter 3: Titanium aluminide Chapter 4: Alloy Chapter 5: Strength of materials Chapter 6: Creep (deformation) Chapter 7: Corrosion Chapter 8: Redox (II) Answering the public top questions about superalloy. (III) Real world examples for the usage of superalloy in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of superalloy' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of superalloy.

What Is Time Crystal In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive motion. The system cannot lose energy to the environment and come to rest because it is already in its quantum ground state. Because of this the motion of the particles does not really represent kinetic energy like other motion, it has "motion without energy". Time crystals were first proposed theoretically by Frank Wilczek in 2012 as a time-based analogue to common crystals whereas the atoms in crystals are arranged periodically in space, the atoms in a time crystal are arranged periodically in both space and time. Several different groups have demonstrated matter with stable periodic evolution in systems that are periodically driven. In terms of practical use, time crystals may one day be used as quantum memories. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Time crystal Chapter 2: Time translation symmetry Chapter 3: Crystal structure Chapter 4: Spontaneous symmetry breaking Chapter 5: Condensed matter physics Chapter 6: Quantum mechanics Chapter 7: Zero-point energy (II) Answering the public top questions about time crystal. (III) Real world examples for the usage of time crystal in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of time crystal' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of time crystal.

What Is Synthetic Diamond Lab-grown diamond is diamond that is produced by a manufacturing process, as contrasted with natural diamond created by geological processes and extracted by mining. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Synthetic diamond Chapter 2: Detonation nanodiamond Chapter 3: Crystallographic defects in diamond Chapter 4: Diamond (gemstone) Chapter 5: Diamond Chapter 6: Gemstone Chapter 7: Materials science (II) Answering the public top questions about synthetic diamond. (III) Real world examples for the usage of synthetic diamond in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technologies in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of synthetic diamond' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of synthetic diamond.