What does the body of evidence say on the topic of osteoporosis? Plus: we look at a genuinely breakthrough therapy for metastatic melanoma, and Chris lets you in on a troubling “secret” when it comes to travel health insurance! You will also learn what a “dowager’s hump” is and hear Chris sing, and for that we formally apologize.   Block 1: (2:01) Osteoporosis: what it is; bone cells and how they are assessed   Block 2: (9:02) Osteoporosis: bone mineral density, T-score and Z-score; can doctors see signs of osteoporosis in the clinic; causes of osteoporosis; treating it: lifestyle changes, supplements, bisphosphonates, and Prolia; screening guidelines   Block 3: (32:04) Breakthrough therapy for metastatic melanoma: TILs (vs. ipilimumab)   Block 4: (47:53) Travel insurance caveat     * Theme music: “Fall of the Ocean Queen“ by Joseph Hackl. * Assistant researcher: Nicholas Koziris   To contribute to The Body of Evidence, go to our Patreon page at: http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/.   To make a one-time donation to our show, you can now use PayPal! https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE   Patrons get a bonus show on Patreon called “Digressions”! Check it out!     References:   1) Estrogen does reduce the risk of hip fracture from osteoporosis: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.3.321   2) Exercise increases bone mineral density in post-menopausal women: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-108-6-824 & https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.18.2300   3) Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19344   4) Medications can reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2685995   5) Screening guidelines from the US Preventive Services Task Force: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening   6) Results from the phase III clinical trial comparing TILs to ipilumumab in advanced melanoma: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2210233     It’s Not Twitter, But It’ll Do:   1) Jonathan on the Martial Culture Podcast: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-martial-culture-podcast/episode/combating-pseudoscience-unscientific-thinkings-in-martial-arts-w-jonathan-jarry-209989826   2) Jonathan’s article on the Healy: https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical-thinking-pseudoscience/healy-old-woo-new-clothes   3) The Hard Fork Podcast: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/podcasts/hard-fork-technology.html   4) The CTV Montreal News website: https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/video?binId=1.1332485   5) The CBC Player: https://www.cbc.ca/player/news   6) The CJAD website: https://www.iheartradio.ca/cjad   7) Odyssey TV: http://odysseytv.ca/   8) Chris on the CBC, interviewed about mpox: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mpox-outbreak-canada-plateau-1.6696842     Time Machine:   1) Our episode on childbirth: https://bodyofevidence.ca/042-childbirth-and-crowdfunding-quackery   2) Our interview on conspirituality: https://bodyofevidence.ca/interview-matthew-remski-on-conspirituality     Music Credits:   The following music was used for this media project: Music: 3am Glowsticks by Tim Kulig Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/9166-3am-glowsticks License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license