n general, average income is the single most important factor that determines consumer preferences to spend on transport or to buy private vehicles. However, lower income cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Vilnius and Athens are among the top ten cities with the highest ratio of passenger car ownership in the world.

In these cities, passenger cars are a necessity due to inadequate transportation infastructure. Unfortunatley, poor quality vehicles tend to flood these cities, leading to air pollution and traffic.