References for chapter 8Robert Schrier proposed a unifying hypothesis to explain the sodium retention seen in edematous states like cirrhosis and heart failure, coining the term effective arterial blood volume (EABV). An open access review in JASN 2007 can be found here:  https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/18/7/2028#ref-3  John P PetersASN Annual Award: https://www.asn-online.org/about/awards/award.aspx?awh_key=0ea83199-f86d-4506-9507-d7e4ce688cb4Short article discussing contributions of Dr. Peters by mentees Dr. Franklin Epstein and Dr. Donald Seldin: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2588700/ and https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12097739/Epstein FH et al. Studies of the antidiuresis of quiet standing: the importance of changes in plasma volume and glomerular filtration. JCI 1950. In this classic report, investigators studied their own sodium excretion supine, standing and with a variety of maneuvers (saline or albumin infusion)  and  showed that urinary sodium excretion is limited in the upright position compared to supine position. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC436228/pdf/jcinvest00414-0077.pdfAn interesting review of early concepts on hypertension feature notes on John J Hay and Paul Dudley White. The former was known to say, “The greatest danger to a man with high blood pressure lies in its discovery because then some fool is certain to try and reduce it!” and the latter has been quoted as saying that hypertension might be compensatory but apparently, these quotes are out of context. To find out what they really said, check out:  Elias MF and Goodell AL. Setting the record straight for two heroes in hypertension John J Hay and Paul Dudley White. J Clin Hypertens 2019 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jch.13650 VA Cooperative Trial was an important study to establish the hypertension should, in fact, be treated The VA Cooperative Study and the Beginning of Routine Hypertension Screening, 1964-1980 This study was stopped after only 18 months because of an excess of deaths in the untreated group who had a mean diastolic BP of 115 mmHg. For a long time, only the diastolic BP was felt to be important until the Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Patients (“SHEP study”) clarified that treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is also importantPrevention of Stroke by Antihypertensive Drug Treatment in Older Persons With Isolated Systolic HypertensionWe continued to try to grapple with the work of Jens Titze on sodium which turns many of our assumptions about sodium upside down. His team studied astronauts on a long term high sodium diet and found an unexpected weekly (circaseptan) rhythm seemingly related inversely to aldosterone and directly with cortisol. His work also probes our notion of body sodium content. For a great first hand read, check out Dr TItze’s review in Kidney International 2014 which he aptly dubs, “Spooky Sodium Balence.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815562807Epstein M. The cardiovascular and renal effects of head-out of water Immersion in Man. Circulation Research 1976 Cardiovascular and renal effects of head-out water immersion in man: application of the model in the assessment of volume homeosSpace flight is an exaggeration of the water immersion experiments. Astronauts on either a low or normal sodium diet had a reset of natriuetic peptides. A Salty Tale: Study Examines Sodium Regulation in Space and Natriuretic Peptide Resetting in Astronauts | CirculationBaroreceptors feature mechanically activated ion channels called PIEZO1 and PIEZO2. Zeng W, Marshall KL, Min S, Daou I, Chapleau MW, Abboud FM. PIEZOs mediate neuronal sensing of blood pressure and the baroreceptor reflex. Science 2018 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5102061/We also relearned an unfortunate truth: lots of folks pee in pools. De Laat et al. Water Res. 2011.  Concentration levels of urea in swimming pool water and reactivity of chlorine with urea At the Ame