Rust In Practice, Second Edition
By Rick Tim, Ralph J and B Anderson
()
About this ebook
Learn to Build Rust Programs, Test Applications and Create Your Own Cargo Packages with latest Rust 1.77
"Rust In Practice, Second Edition" is an updated book that builds on the previous edition's excellent foundation and is intended to help readers progress from novice to proficient Rust developers. This new edition comes with Rust 1.77 version that goes deeper into Rust's core and advanced capabilities, making it suitable for learners at all levels.
Beginning with a basic introduction to Rust syntax and semantics, the Second Edition provides a clearer and more detailed explanation of Rust's distinctive ownership model and type system. Readers will thoroughly explore control flow, error management, and Rust's main data types, laying a solid foundation for more advanced topics. The book includes additional chapters on smart pointers, sophisticated error handling techniques, and the complexities of concurrency and parallelism, which address real-world programming issues. The book covers how to incorporate asynchronous programming features into projects, how to utilize and maintain Cargo, and a more in-depth look at Rust's standard library and the external crates ecosystem.
"Rust In Practice, Second Edition" is intended to serve as both a learning tool and a reference for developing high-performance applications. It is packed with professional advice, clear explanations, and practical examples. This book will not only teach you Rust programming, but it will also help you design software that is strong, simple, efficient, and easily maintainable.
Key Learnings
- Master Cargo and its extensive command suite to streamline project builds and dependency management.
- Deepen your grasp of Rust's type system, emphasizing ownership and borrowing to efficiently manage memory.
- Utilize advanced traits and generics to create flexible, reusable software components.
- Leverage closures, iterators, and asynchronous programming for high-performance, multi-threaded applications.
- Utilize collections, enhance string operations, and execute effective I/O.
- Explore sophisticated macro usage for metaprogramming and strategies to avoid unsafe code.
- 75+ practical examples showcasing Rust's latest features and best practices.
- Apply rigorous testing methods across diverse Rust applications, with new testing frameworks and methodologies.
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Rust In Practice, Second Edition - Rick Tim
Rust In Practice
A Programmers Guide to Build Rust Programs, Test Applications and Create Cargo Packages
(Second Edition)
Rick Tim
Preface
Rust In Practice, Second Edition
is an updated book that builds on the previous edition's excellent foundation and is intended to help readers progress from novice to proficient Rust developers. This new version goes deeper into Rust's core and advanced capabilities, making it suitable for learners at all levels.
Beginning with a basic introduction to Rust syntax and semantics, the Second Edition provides a clearer and more detailed explanation of Rust's distinctive ownership model and type system. Readers will thoroughly explore control flow, error management, and Rust's main data types, laying a solid foundation for more advanced topics.
The book includes additional chapters on smart pointers, sophisticated error handling techniques, and the complexities of concurrency and parallelism, which address real-world programming issues. The book covers how to incorporate asynchronous programming features into projects, how to utilize and maintain Cargo, and a more in-depth look at Rust's standard library and the external crates ecosystem.
Rust In Practice, Second Edition
is intended to serve as both a learning tool and a reference for developing high-performance applications. It is packed with professional advice, clear explanations, and practical examples. This book will not only teach you Rust programming, but it will also help you design software that is strong, simple, efficient, and easily maintainable.
In this book you will learn how to:
Master Cargo and its extensive command suite to streamline project builds and dependency management.
Deepen your grasp of Rust’s type system, emphasizing ownership and borrowing to efficiently manage memory.
Utilize advanced traits and generics to create flexible, reusable software components.
Leverage closures, iterators, and asynchronous programming for high-performance, multi-threaded applications.
Utilize collections, enhance string operations, and execute effective I/O.
Explore sophisticated macro usage for metaprogramming and strategies to avoid unsafe code.
75+ practical examples showcasing Rust's latest features and best practices.
Apply rigorous testing methods across diverse Rust applications, with new testing frameworks and methodologies.
Prologue
As the proud author of Rust In Practice, Second Edition,
I am overjoyed to take you on a journey through the updated and enlarged review of Rust, a programming language that has had a profound impact on the world right now. This book expands on the topics covered in the first edition, going deeper into practical applications and exploring new features that help Rust mature into a strong tool for system-level programming and beyond.
From the start, my goal was to provide both novice and seasoned developers with a complete overview of Rust's possibilities through a practical lens. We begin by covering Rust's fundamentals—ownership, borrowing, and the type system—which are critical to understanding how Rust achieves memory safety without a garbage collector. Each chapter is designed to build on previous knowledge, ensuring that you understand both the theory and application of Rust's key principles.
We then progress to more difficult topics such as error handling, smart pointers, concurrency, and advanced characteristics. Each topic is supported by real-world examples that show how Rust may be used to build efficient, reliable, and maintainable applications. I've also added a new section on asynchronous programming, which reflects Rust's continued progress in handling concurrent processes more smoothly and effectively.
A key addition to this edition is the in-depth look at Rust's ecosystem, which includes Cargo, Crates, and the huge standard library. Understanding these tools will
help you realize Rust's full potential, whether you're creating basic utilities or big software systems.
As we conclude with smart pointers and reference cycles, I highlight Rust's distinct approach to memory management, which is both a problem and an asset in learning the language. In the latter chapters, you will find examples and exercises that will help you understand Rust better and give you the confidence to use it in your own projects or as part of your contributions to open-source software.
Rust In Practice, Second Edition
is more than simply a guidebook; it's an exploration of a language that stresses safety, speed, and concurrency. It is intended for developers who are interested in furthering their Rust knowledge, as well as those who are just getting started but want to go deep. As we conclude, I hope it serves not just as an educational resource, but also as an illustration to which you will return as you progress in your Rust adventure. The future of system programming is bright, so long as we continue to produce stable software that challenges conventional wisdom.
Copyright © 2024 by GitforGits
All rights reserved. This book is protected under copyright laws and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or transmission of this work may result in civil and criminal penalties and will be dealt with in the respective jurisdiction at anywhere in India, in accordance with the applicable copyright laws.
Published by: GitforGits
Publisher: Sonal Dhandre
www.gitforgits.com
support@gitforgits.com
Printed in India
First Printing: April 2024
Cover Design by: Kitten Publishing
For permission to use material from this book, please contact GitforGits at support@gitforgits.com.
Content
Preface
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1: Why Rust?
Why Rust?
Rust Over Other Programming Languages?
Why Choose Rust Over Python?
Performance
Concurrency
Memory Management
Safety
Why Rust Over C++?
Memory Safety
Modern Tooling
Concurrency
Community and Modern Practices
Why Rust Over Go?
Zero-Cost Abstractions
Memory Safety and Fine-Grained Control
Type System and Generics
Advanced Features
Rust Syntax
Variables
Functions
Control Flow
Structs
Traits
Writing ‘Hello world’
My First Program: A Simple Calculator
Setting up the Project
Writing Main Program
Implementing Calculation Logic
Testing the Calculator
Summary
Chapter 2: Getting Ready with Rust Environment
Introduction
Setting up Rust on Windows
Downloading and Installing Rust
Verifying the Installation
Setting up Development Environment
Creating first Rust Project
Building and Running Project
Setting up Rust on Linux
Updating System
Installing Build Essentials
Installing Rust using Rustup
Verifying Rust Installation
Setting up Environment Path
Installing Crates and Cargo on Windows
Installing Rust Compiler
Setting up Rust Environment
Verifying Cargo Installation
Using Cargo to Install Crates
Include Crates in Project
Installing Crates and Cargo on Linux
Installing Crate with Cargo
Using Crate in Project
Installing Visual Studio (VS) Code on Window
Downloading and Installing VS Code
Installing Rust Extension in VS Code
Configuring Rust Extension
Testing Setup
Installing VS Code on Linux
Downloading VS Code
Installing VS Code
Installing Rust Extension
Configuring Rust Extension
Testing Installation
Using Crate ‘clap’ for Calculator Program
Setting up the Project
Adding Dependencies
Writing Calculator Program
Running the Program
Summary
Chapter 3: Most Essentials of Rust
Introduction
Variables
Immutable Variables
Mutable Variables
Delayed Assignment
Specifying Type Annotations
Variable Shadowing
Constants
Example of Constants
Characteristics of Constants
Constants Vs Immutable Variables
Sample Program
Shadowing Vs Mutability
Shadowing
Mutability
Choosing Between Shadowing and Mutability
Functions
Types of Functions
Free Functions
Method Functions
Closure Functions
Generator Functions
Writing a Rust Function
Calling the Function
Coding a Function with an Iterator
Sample Program: Summing Values with an Iterator
Passing Function As Arguments
Function as Arguments
Using Function
Nested Function (Function Within Function)
Overview
Sample Program
Built-In Functions
Overview
Built-In Functions/Macros In Use
Sample Program
If Statements
Overview
Sample Program
How It Works?
Random Number Generation
Conditional Branching
Execution Flow
Loop Statements
Overview
Sample Program
While Statements
Overview
Sample Program
Example 1: Counting from 1 to 10
Example 2: Calculating the Sum of a Vector
Key Points
For Statements
Overview
Sample Program: Iterate through Range
Sample Program: Iterating Over an Array
Advantages
Match Expression
Overview
Sample Program
Advantages
Traits Basics
Overview
Working of Traits
Trait Usage
Advantages
Sample Program: Traits for Dynamic Dispatch
Types of Traits
Basic Traits
Marker Traits
Generic Traits with Associated Types
Operator Overloading Traits
Trait Objects for Dynamic Dispatch
Do’s and Don'ts
Do’s of Traits
Define Common Behaviors
Utilize Associated Types
Specify Type Bounds
Implement Traits with impl
Don'ts of Trait
Overuse Single-Method Traits
Misuse Traits as Types
Inappropriately Use Traits in Function Signatures
Avoid Mutable Methods in Traits
Sample Program: Using Traits Effectively
Unions
Defining Unions
Types of Unions
Enumerations
Structs
Arrays
Implementing Unions
Define the Union
Create an Instance
Access the Union Fields
Modify the Fields
Implementation Summary
Summary
Chapter 4: Structs
Introduction
Understanding Structs
Definition and Usage
Advantages
Types of Structs
Tuple Structs
Unit-Like Structs
Classic C-Style Structs
Writing Program Using Struct
Using Custom Structs
Writing Custom Struct Program
Sample Program: Custom Struct for Rectangle
Key Features and Advantages
Writing a Nested Structs
Example of Nested Structs in Rust
Benefits
Struct Inheritance
Sample Program: Composition for Struct Inheritance
Using Traits for Inheritance-like Behavior
Do’s and Don'ts
Do's of Using Structs
Use Structs for Fixed Data Structures
Use Named Fields for Clarity
Add Behavior with Methods
Use Associated Functions for Construction
Implement Impl Blocks
Consider Composition for Reuse
Use Trait Objects for Flexibility
Don'ts of Using Structs
Avoid Structs for Variable Data Structures
Avoid Anonymous Fields
Avoid Unnecessary Mutation
Manage Lifetime of References Carefully
Summary
Chapter 5: Enums and Pattern Matching
Introduction
Enum Basics
Definition
Enum with Associated Data
Enum Methods
Pattern Matching
Overview
Key Features
Advantages of Enum and Pattern Matching
Type Safety
Readability
Conciseness
‘match’ Expression
Matching Multiple Patterns
Matching Ranges
Destructuring for Pattern Matching
Guards in Match Arms
Matching on References
Using Control Flow
Using if let
for Simple Matching
Using match for Comprehensive Pattern Matching
Control Flow with Enums having Associated Data
Do's and Don'ts
Do's of Enum and Pattern Matching
Use Enums for Defined States
Leverage Pattern Matching for Clarity
Use a Catch-All Pattern
Use if let for Single Matches
Don'ts of Enum and Pattern Matching
Don't Omit the Catch-All Pattern
Avoid Side Effects in Match Arms
Summary
Chapter 6: Exploring Ownership and Borrowing
Introduction
Ownership Basics
What is Ownership?
Features of Ownership
Memory Safety without Garbage Collection
Prevention of Data Races
Efficient Memory Use
Ownership Transfer
Copy Trait
Borrowing Overview
Immutable Borrowing
Mutable Borrowing
Rules of Borrowing
Lifetimes
Stack-allocated Variables and References
Stack-Allocated Variables
Characteristics of Stack-Allocated Variables
References
Sample Program
Libraries adopting Ownership and Borrowing
The Rust Standard Library
Serde
Rayon
Tokio
Diesel
Summary
Chapter 7: Cargo, Crates and Packages
Introduction
Understanding Cargo
Cargo's Key Features
Crate Dependencies Management
Build Automation
Testing Facilitation
Documentation Generation
Package Publishing
Sample Program
Crates Basics
Binary Crates
Library Crates
Sample Program: Using a Crate
Understanding Packages
Key Components of a Rust Package
Cargo.toml
src Folder
Target Directory
Creating and Configuring a Package
Sample Program: Using Package and Adding Dependency
Cargo vs Crates vs Packages
Cargo
Crates
Packages
Creating My First Crate
Sample Program: Creating a Library Crate
Creating the Crate
Project Structure
Developing Your Crate
Testing and Document
Publishing the Crate
Best Practices
Build My First Package
Basic Build
Release Build
Checking Build Feasibility₹
Understanding the Build Output
Debugging Build Issues
Incremental Compilation
Package and Dependency Management
Publish the Package
Cargo.toml Configuration
Documentation and Readme
Authentication
Testing and Validation
Versioning
Publishing the Crate
Post-Publication
Role of Modules and Paths
Understanding Modules in Rust
Using ‘use’ Keyword
Nested Modules
Understanding Paths
Summary
Chapter 8: Cargo Commands
Introduction
General Commands
Creating and Initializing Projects
Checking and Building Projects
Running Projects
Testing Projects
Cleaning up Build Files
Viewing Documentation Locally
Build Commands
cargo build
cargo build --release
cargo check
cargo clean
Manifest Commands
cargo metadata
cargo pkgid
cargo tree
cargo vendor
Package and Publish Commands
cargo package
cargo publish
Custom Commands
Creating Custom Commands
Deploying Custom Commands
Integrating with Build Processes
Summary
Chapter 9: Rust Standard Library
Introduction
Rust Standard Library (std)
Modules and Functionalities
std::collections
Initialization and Insertion
Accessing Values
Updating Entries
Handling Missing Entries
Iteration
Sample Program
std::error
Simplifying Error Handling
Sample Program
std::net
Setting up a Listener
Handling Incoming Connections
Reading and Writing
Responding to Clients
Error Handling
Sample Program
std::sync
Arc and Mutex
Sample Program
std::time
Key Components
Sample Program
Key Concepts
std::env
Key Functions
Sample Program
How It Works?
Sample Program
std::fmt
Customizing Textual Output
Sample Program
Key Elements
std::str
Key Functions
Sample Program
std::iter
Core Concepts
Sample Program
std::ops
Overview
Sample Program
Key Learning
std::fs
Basic File Reading
Writing to a File
Handling Errors with ?
Modifying File Metadata
Primitive Types
Understanding Rust's Primitive Types
Boolean (bool)
Characters (char)
Integer Types
Floating-Point Types (f32,