A UNITARY THEORI OF NUCLEAR, ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITAIONAL FIELDS

By BALTATEANU TRAIAN

This book presents a unified fields theory in the sense intended by Einstein.

This theory physically explains: relativity, gravity, mass, inertia, the notion of antiparticle and antimatter, gravitational waves, the fine structure constant, the formation and

• Language: English
• Publisher: BALTATEANU TRAIAN
• Release date: Mar 11, 2024
• ISBN: 9786303122717

Book preview

A UNITARY THEORY OF THE

NUCLEAR, ELECTROMAGNETIC

AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

RASNOV 2024

CONTENT

1.MATTER AND INTERACTIVITY

2.THEOREMS AND LAWS OF INTERACTIONS

2.1.Theorems

2.2.Laws of interactions

3.DIMENSIONAL UNIFICATION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC CALIBRATION

3.1Electromagnetic quantities expressed in the unified system of measurement units

3.2.Postulates of electromagnetic calibration

3.3.Consequences of postulates of electromagnetic calibration

3.4.Units of measurement for electromagnetic quantities

4.THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ELECTRIC CHARGE AND PLANCK'S CONSTANT

5.SOURCES OF INTERACTIVITY

5.1.The maxwell Lorentz type equations for the four subatomic interactivities, in unified units of measure

6.THE FUNDAMENTAL CORPUSCULAR ENTITY OF MATTER, THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLE

6.1.Laws of interactions in spinor

6.2.Monopolar interactivity of the particle

6.3.The dipolar interactions of the particle

6.4.The magnetic interactivity of the particle

6.5.The electromagnetic interactivity of the spinor

6.6.Nuclear particle interactivity

6.7.Centralizer of particle formulas and their values in the unified system of units, required for interactions and coupling

7.THE FUNDAMENTAL ENTITY OF MATTER. THE PHOTON

8.CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS, OF THE MATTER

9.PARTICLES INTERACTIONS. COUPLINGS

9.1.Heterogeneous couplings. the free neutron and THE HYDROGEN ATOM

9.2.The free neutron

9.3.Electron-proton interaction at long distance, the hydrogen atom

9.4.The connection between the fine structure constant

9.5.Homogeneous couplings, particle-antiparticle ANNIHILATION

10.NUCLEAR STRUCTURES

11.THE EFFECT OF THE KINETIC MOMENT

11.0.Particle kinetic moment and its effect

11.1.Static precession of particles

11.2.The ponderostatic interactivity

11.3.The law of gravity

11.4.Energies in static precession

11.5.Gravitational energy

12.DYNAMIC PRECESSION OF THE PARTICLE. INERTIA

12.1.Dynamical particle precession

12.2.The ponderal field of dynamic precession

12.3.Gravitational waves

12.4.The relativistic effect of gravity

13.APPLICATIONS OF THE UNITARY FIELD THEORY

13.1.Static precession in nuclear field

13.2.The effect of nuclear or magnetic polarization on the inertia and weight of bodies

13.3.The relativistic effect of polarization in the nuclear field

14.GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

14.1Theoretical aspects

14.2.Practical aspects

14.3.Remarkable relationships revealed in this work

14.4.Comparisons between the interactivities defined in the paper

14.5.Maxwell's equations for pairs of covariant fields

14.6.Comparisons of the unitary theory of fields with other theories

14.6.1Comparisons with the Standard Model

14.6.2.Compatibility with the Theory of Relativity

ANNEXES

A.1.Dictionary of new physical terms and quantities

A.2.Sizes and units of measure

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Current physics is divided into distinct fields in terms of principles, laws, units of measurement and even the mathematical apparatus used [5].

The properties of matter at the macroscopic level must be a cumulative consequence of the properties of the microscopic components.

To understand the nature and properties of matter in its entirety, we need principles, laws and a system of units of measurement, unique to all areas of physics, from the nuclear to the cosmic level.

The value of the electric, magnetic and gravitational fields tends to infinity in the center of the sources, as it follows from current physics, which for subatomic structures is an obstacle in the study of interactions at intra-nuclear distances.

The electric field and the magnetic field have different, empirically defined units of measurement, and the currently defined gravitational field is an acceleration.

The currently defined gravitational field is an acceleration and the electric field is not an acceleration.

A unitary law for all types of interaction can be valid only if one accepts a single definition of the quantities: charge, field and potential, for all types of interaction.

The Bohr-Sommerfeld-Schrödinger-Dirac atomic model is based on the law of electrical interaction between the proton and the electron and has been verified by comparison with the photon emission spectra of the atoms, but due to the neglect of the nuclear interactivity between the proton and the electron, the fine structure of spectra.

The currently unanimously accepted Standard Model does not provide us with a law of the interactions between the components of the nucleus and was built around the observation of nuclear emissions.

To build a solid model for the structure of nuclei, it is not enough to know only the emissions, but a law of nuclear interactions is needed.

The Theory of Relativity starts from the hypothesis that photons do not interact with matter, from which the postulate of the constancy of the speed of light in the module, direction and sense resulted.

To explain the real effect of the interaction of light with matter, Einstein was forced to change reference systems to TRR or to change Euclidean geometry to TRG.

In this way Einstein assumes that it is not photons that interact with matter but space is influenced by the existence of matter, concluding that space and time are deformed in the presence of matter. The results of these theories, already verified experimentally, must also be demonstrated through physical interactions.

The present paper attempts to solve some of the problems listed above. For this we need to specify the principles on which we rely.

The fundamental principle, unanimously accepted in materialism, is the deterministic principle in material processes, according to which every material process has a cause and an effect, and the cause precedes and determines the effect.

Apart from this zero-principle of materiality, we must state the connection between matter and energy, define from a material point of view the interaction and its effects.

A definition of the role of time and space in the existence of matter is needed. For this reason, we must start this work by establishing some principles by which we are guided.

Chapter 1.

MATTER AND INTERACTIVITY

The working method addressed in this physics paper is the study of matter from the point of view of interactions.

By this, the present work falls into a chapter of physics: Physics of interactions.

The definition of the object of study, the materiality is done through principles.

PRINCIPLE 1, of materiality

An entity is material if and only if it has the ability to interact.

Interaction is a process by which energy is transferred.

PRINCIPLE 2, of cyclicity

The fundamental particle of matter is a reversible cyclic process, resulting from the synchronized propagation of an oscillation and a rotation.

When the oscillation is a nuclear-electromagnetic wave (photon) and the circulation is made on a circle with the length equal to the wavelength, (to fulfill the condition of synchronization of the circulation with the oscillation). The entity formed is an electron, a proton or their antiparticles.

An oscillation propagating on a cyclic-circular trajectory satisfies both the repeatability condition and the stability condition in space and time.

A fundamental particle is temporally defined by the duration of its two synchronized cycles (oscillation and rotation). So, a fundamental particle is a wave propagating on a circle. Oscillation, which propagates linearly as a wave, is a cyclic process, but its energy is not localizable in a confined space to form structures. A linearly propagating wave is just an interaction vehicle, carrying the transferred energy.

PRINCIPLE 3, of the uniqueness of the system of measurement units

A physical quantity that characterizes a property of matter has a unique unit of measure for any type of interactivity. For the measurement of all physical quantities, a system of units of measurement that measures energy, space, and time is necessary and sufficient.

PRINCIPLE 4, of the generalization of Maxwell's equations.

This system of equations that quantitatively defines the interaction between different sources of interactivity plays a defining role for the way of approaching the knowledge of matter in this work. Moreover, this system of equations is defined as universally valid for all pairs of fields that satisfy the complementarity condition. The charge current can be a linear movement of monopolar charges or it can be a rotation of a semi-polar charge, if the dipole moment has a precession motion.

In the particular case where the mode of the inductor field is constant in time, its rotor induces a constant current in time, and the Maxwell-Lorentz law of induction takes the form of the Biot-Savart-Laplace law.

PRINCIPLE 5, of interaction velocities

The interaction occurs at a distance, with a finite speed, specific to each type of interactivity.

Each interaction speed has a maximum value in absolute vacuum (absence of any field) which is a universal constant.

This principle represents the reformulation and generalization of the second principle of Einsteinian relativity. The speed of electromagnetic waves is the speed of electromagnetic interaction and has a maximum value in vacuum. This speed is at the same time speed of interaction of electromagnetic interactivity but also speed of propagation of e-m waves. Propagation is the displacement in space of a cyclic process (which is a material entity-the Principle of Cyclicity).

The speed of electromagnetic waves is a speed of movement of a material entity.

The speed of electrical interaction is greater than the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves by 120π times, but the speed of interaction is not a speed of movement of a material entity. Therefore, the second principle of relativity is not violated, but it is only a special case referring only to electromagnetic waves.

In this work, we do not study the movement of material elements, but focus on the structure of material elements, as a quasi-stationary state. For this reason, we will not use the Hamilton Lagrange formalism, which studies the evolution in time and space of material elements.

In the first part of this paper, we will analyze, the subatomic interactions.

At the subatomic level there are 4 different interactivities:

electrical interactivity

magnetic interactivity

electromagnetic interactivity

nuclear interactivity

Electric and magnetic interactions are complementary (covariant) interactions, known and completely described by current physics, which is why we will not insist on their description.

Electromagnetic interactivity is a cumulative interactivity between electrical interactivity and magnetic interactivity when they are variable in time and space.

The electromagnetic field is the geometric vector average of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave.

(The vector geometric mean of two vectors is a vector whose modulus is equal to the geometric mean of modules of the vectors, and has the direction and sense of the vector product of the two vectors.)

The nuclear interactivity is a nuclear-corpuscular type of interactivity, induced by the circulation of a photon on a closed contour, which we will call the photonic orbit in this paper.

The nuclear field is a field induced by the circulation of the electromagnetic field of an electromagnetic wave.

Electromagnetic and nuclear interactions are complementary (covariant) to each other, i.e., they respect a Maxwell-Lorentz type system of equations.

Chapter 2

THEOREMS AND LAWS OF INTERACTIONS

2.1 Theorems

The charge theorem

An interactivity source is a distribution of charges on a source-specific surface .

The charges are the source of a field.

The field theorem

The potential field of a source is directly proportional to the interaction speed and the source charge, and inversely proportional to the sum of two surfaces: the surface containing the site of interaction and the surface containing the charge distribution of the source of interactivity.

__(211)

__(212)

As a result, the value of the field in the center of the source is finite, i.e. particle overlap is possible.

In nature there are two possibilities for the surface of the source:

1_The surface is closed when the source is monopolar

2_The surface of the source is open, when the source is dipolar

1_The surface is a closed (spheric), the field is divergent or convergent and the source is monopolar. This is the case of the elementary electric charge, where the surface is spherical with the value:

The source potential difference is between the centrum of the sphere and the surface of the sphere. The electric field in this case obeys the generalized law of interactions and becomes:

.

For electrical interactivity we have the electric field: