Basic Airport Management

By Dr. Arjun Singh

Chapter-1: Airports and Aircraft Regulations

Chapter-2 Airports Administration and Management

Chapter-3 Airport Financial Management

Chapter-4 The Economic, Political and Social Role of Airports

Chapter-5 Airport Planning

Chapter-6 Indian Airports and Its Policy

CHAPTER-7: The Airfield Components

Chapter-8: Airspace and Air Traffic Services

Chapter-9: Air-Side Operation & Management

Chapter-10: Airport Terminals and Ground Access

Chapter-11: Airport Security

Chapter-12: Airport Capacity and Delay

Chapter-13: The Future of Airport Management

• Language: English
• Publisher: Zorba Books
• Release date: Jun 5, 2022
• ISBN: 9789393029706

Dr. Arjun Singh

Dr. Arjun Singh is Managing Director of Sakthi Aviation Consulting Services P Ltd, New Delhi since 2013. Prior to that, He was Program Director for US-India Aviation Cooperation Program (ACP) in Indo-American Chamber of Commerce (IACC). During this period publish a book on “Airport Ground Navigation Systems” in the year 2011. During that time India was celebrating Centenary of Indian Civil Aviation. He has enriched experience in Project Monitoring & Implementation, Communication, Navigation and Surveillance /Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) Planning,Installation, Testing, Commissioning and Maintenance of CNS system for the last 25 years’ service in Civil Aviation Department / National Airports Authority / Airports Authority of India in the Indian aviation sector. He was also Secretary to Ajay Prasad’s Committee on “Futuristic Air Navigation System Master Plan” and completed the task in Feb-2008. This report was submitted to Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India, for acceptance and implementation. This report is called “Ajay Prasad Committee Report” which is available on Ministry of Civil Aviation and Airports Authority of India website. He did Bachelor of Engineering from M.M.M. Technical University, Gorakhpur (UP) in the year 1977 and Master of Business Administration – Finance in the year 1993. He also received M.E. degree in Microwave and Radar Engineering from Osmania University, Hyderabad (A.P.) in the year 1995 and received Ph.D. (Electronic and Communication Engineering) degree in the year 2005 from Osmania University, Hyderabad (AP).

Book preview

BASIC AIRPORT MANAGEMENT

Airport Policy, Regulations, Economics, Finance

and

Planning, Operation & Management

BASIC AIRPORT MANAGEMENT

Airport Policy, Regulations, Economics, Finance

and

Planning, Operation & Management

Dr. Arjun Singh

Published by Zorba Books, May 2022

Website: www.zorbabooks.com

Email: [e-mail]

Author Name & Copyright © Dr. Arjun Singh

Title:- BASIC AIRPORT MANAGEMENT

Printbook ISBN :-978-93-93029-69-0

Ebook ISBN :-978-93-93029-70-6

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, except by a reviewer. The reviewer may quote brief passages, with attribution, in a review to be printed in a magazine, newspaper, or on the Web—without permission in writing from the copyright owner.

The publisher under the guidance and direction of the author has published the contents in this book, and the publisher takes no responsibility for the contents, its accuracy, completeness, any inconsistencies, or the statements made. The contents of the book do not reflect the opinion of the publisher or the editor. The publisher and editor shall not be liable for any errors, omissions, or the reliability of the contents of the book.

Any perceived slight against any person/s, place or organization is purely unintentional.

Zorba Books Pvt. Ltd. (opc)

Sushant Arcade,

Next to Courtyard Marriot,

Sushant Lok 1, Gurgaon – 122009, India

Printed By Thomson Press (India) Ltd. B-315, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase 1,

New Delhi- 110020

This book is dedicated to my Grand Children

Miss Anya Singh

Master Udyans Bhagat Singh

Master Adyans Singh

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Preface

Chapter-1: Airports and Aircraft Regulations

1.0 Introduction:

1.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

1.2 Convention and its related acts

1.3 Agreements and Arrangements

1.4. ICAO Rules of Procedure and Administrative Rules of Procedure and Administrative Regulations

1.5 Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation

1.6 Reports and Minutes

1.7 Council

1.8 Air Navigation, Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids (AGA)

1.9 Accident Investigation and Prevention (AIG)

1.10 Aircraft Accident Digests

1.11 Air Traffic Management (ATM)

1.12 Communication, Navigation and Surveillance / Aeronautical Information Resources Services (CNS/AIRS)

1.13 Integrated Safety Management (ISM)

1.14 Meteorology/ Aeronautical Information (MET/ATM)

1.15 Reports of Meeting

1.16 Air Navigation Plan

1.17 Air Transport

1.18 Economics of Airports and Air Navigation Services

1.19 The World of Civil Aviation

1.20 Facilitation Publications

1.21 ICAO Manuals

1.22 Reports and Conferences

1.23 Aviation Security Training Packages (ASTPs) and Courses

1.24 Legal

1.25 Aeronautical Agreements and Arrangements

1.26 Safety Oversight Audit (SOA)

1.27 Civil Aviation Requirement (CAR) - India

1.28 Definitions of Series

Chapter-2 Airports Administration and Management

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Airport ownership and operation

2.1.1 Port Authorities

2.1.2 Airport Authority

2.1.3 State-operated Airports

2.2 Airport Privatization

2.3 The Airport Organization Chart

2.4 Various level job descriptions

2.4.1 Airport Director

2.4.2 General Manager (F&A)

2.4.3 Personnel Manager

2.4.4 General Manager (accountant)

2.4.5 General Manager (Airport Facilities)

2.4.6 Senior Manager (Inventory)

2.4.7 Manager (Public Relations)

2.4.8 Assistant Director (Planning and Engineering)

2.4.9 Assistant Director (operations)

2.4.10 Manager (airside operations)

2.4.11 Manager (landside operations)

2.4.12 Manager (Security)

2.4.13 Manager (Aircraft rescue / firefighting)

2.4.14 Manager (maintenance)

2.4.15 Manager (Buildings and facilities)

2.4.16 Manager (Horticulture)

2.4.17 Manager (E&M)

2.5 Airport Manager as a career

2.5.1 Airport Manager as Controller of airport

2.5.2 Educator and Trainer

2.5.3 Public Relations Officer

2.6 The Airport and its Public

2.7 Public Relations Objectives

Chapter-3 Airport Financial Management

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Airport Infrastructure Development

3.2 Mode of Airport Development

3.2.1 Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT)

3.2.2 Build-Own-Operate (BOO)

3.2.3 Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT)

3.2.3.1 Advantages

3.2.3.2 Disadvantages

3.3 Public Private Partnership (PPP)

3.3.1 Supply and Management Contracts

3.3.2 Turnkey Projects

3.3.3 Affermage / Lease

3.3.4 Concessions

3.3.4.1 Franchise

3.3.4.2 BOT type of contracts

3.3.4.3 Private ownership of Assets

3.4 Airport Financial Accounting

3.4.1 Operating Expenses

3.4.2 Liability Insurance

3.4.3 Airport Liability Coverage

3.4.4 Operating Revenues

3.5 Planning an Operating Budget

3.5.1 Zero-based Budget

3.5.2 Revenue Strategies at Commercial Airports

3.5.2.1 Airport Use Agreement

3.5.2.2 Residual Cost Approach

3.5.2.3 Compensatory Cost Approach

3.6 Net Income

3.6.1 Majority-in-Interest (MII) clauses

3.6.2 Term of Use Agreements

3.6.3 Pricing of Airport Facilities and Services

3.6.4 Pricing on the Airfield Area

3.6.5 Terminal Area Concessions

3.6.6 Variation in the sources of operating revenues

3.6.7 Rise in Airport Financial Burdens

3.7 Airport Funding

3.7.1 Government Grant Programs

3.7.2 Airport Improvement Program (AIP)

3.7.3 Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs)

3.7.4 Other Government funding sources

3.7.4.1 Facilities and Equipment Program

3.7.4.2 Government letters of intent (LOI)

3.7.5 State Grant Programs

3.7.6 Grant Assurances

3.8 Airport Financing

3.8.1 General Obligation Bonds (GOB)

3.8.2 General Airport Revenue Bonds (GARB)

3.8.3 Special Facilities Bonds (SFB)

3.8.4 Financial and Operational Factors

3.8.5 Airline Rates and Charges

3.8.6 Community Economic Base

3.8.7 Current financial status and debt level

3.9 Bond Ratings

3.10 Interest Costs

3.10.1 Defaults

3.10.2 Private Investment

3.10.3 Full Privatization

3.11 General Background on Airport Financial Operations

3.11.1 Legal Organization of Airports

3.11.2 Factors Governing Airport Financial Operations

3.11.3 Government Regulations and Policies

3.11.4 Authorizing Legislation

3.11.5 Bond Indenture

3.11.6 Airline Agreements

3.11.7 Concession Agreements

3.11.8 Airport Capital Needs

3.11.9 Airport Sources of Funding

3.11.10 Proceeds of Bonds and Other Forms of Debt

3.11.11 Passenger Facility Charges

3.12 AIP Grants from Airport and Airway Trust Fund

3.12.1 Internally Generated Capital Resulting from Retained Airport Revenues

3.12.2 State Grants and Local Financial Support

3.12.3 Using Sources of Funding Strategically

3.13 Airport Bonds

3.14 Passenger Facility Charge (PFC) Bonds

3.14.1 Combined flow of funds

3.14.2 Direct debt service offset

3.14.3 Back-up pledge of subordinate airport revenues-

3.14.4 Stand-alone PFC bonds

3.14.5 Convertible lien PFC bonds

3.15 Bonds Backed by Customer Facility Charges (CFC)

3.15.1 Single-Tenant Special Facility Bonds

3.15.2 Multi-Tenant Special Facility Bonds

3.15.3 Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) Issues

3.15.4 Tax Credit Bonds (TCB) for Baggage Screening Infrastructure

3.16 Type of Airport Financing

3.16.1 Commercial Paper

3.16.2 Bond Anticipation Notes (BAN)

3.16.3 Grant Anticipation Notes (GAN)

3.16.4 Pooled Credit

3.16.5 Capital Leases

3.17 Revenue Sources: Airport Practices and Innovations

3.17.1 Airport Parking Revenue

3.17.2 Parking Operational Enhancements

3.17.3 Off-Airport Parking Percentage (or Privilege) Fees

3.18 Rental Car Revenues

3.18.1 Percentage (or Privilege) Fees

3.18.2 Terminal Rentals

3.18.3 Land Leases

3.18.4 Customer Facility Charge (CFC) or Transportation Fee (TF)

3.18.5 Contingent Rent

3.19 Terminal Concessions

3.19.1 Modifying Terminal Concessions Programs

3.19.2 Recognizing the Consumer

3.19.3 Inviting shopping experience

3.19.4 Providing an accommodating dining opportunity

3.19.5 Product preferences

3.19.6 Branding

3.20 Terminal Concessionaire Contracts

3.20.1 Revisit percentage fees

3.20.2 Control minimum annual guarantees

3.20.3 Establish point of sale procedures

3.20.4 Monitor pricing and inventory

3.21 Advertising Programs

3.21.1 Touch-screen directories

3.21.2 Wi-Fi applications

3.21.3 Internet-based Flight Information Display Systems (IFIDS)

3.21.4 Sponsorship Opportunities

3.21.5 Maximize Exposure

3.22 Commercial Development and Land Use

3.22.1 Commercial Property Development

3.22.2 Land Use Plans

3.22.3 Service plan

3.22.4 Financing plan

3.22.5 Marketing plan

3.22.6 Development Guidelines

3.23 Large Land Mass

3.23.1 Government Restrictions on Land Development

3.23.2 Airport layout plan and airport property map issues

3.23.3 Revenue Diversion Issues

3.24 Innovative Revenue Enhancement Concepts

3.24.1 On-Line Auctions of Airport Equipment

3.24.2 Conservation Easements

3.24.3 Carbon Sequestration

3.24.4 Energy and Utility Services

3.24.5 Shared Services

3.25 Alternative Ways of Doing Business

3.25.1 Joint Venture

3.25.2 Partial Privatization

3.25.3 Full Privatization

3.26 Internal Financing

3.27 External Financing

3.27.1 Short Term Financing

3.27.2 Medium Term Financing

3.27.3 Long-term Financing

Chapter-4 The Economic, Political and Social Role of Airports

4.0 Introduction

4.1 The Economic Role of Airports

4.1.1 Economic Oversight of Airports

4.1.2 Objectives of Economic Oversight

4.1.3 Possible Types of Economic Oversight

4.1.4 Selecting Appropriate Types of Economic Oversight

4.1.5 Implementation of Economic Oversight

4.1.6 Dispute Resolution

4.1.7 Impact Analysis on Economic

4.1.8 Cost-Benefit Analysis

4.1.9 Economic Activities at Airport

4.2 Transportation Role

4.3 Stimulating Economic Growth

4.4 Political Roles

4.5 Airport-Airline Relations

4.6 Airport Concessionaire Relations

4.7 Airport–General Aviation Relations

4.8 Environmental Impacts of Airports

4.9 Airport Noise Impacts

4.10 Measurement of Noise

4.11 ICAO Regulation

4.12 FAA Regulation

4.13 CAR – India Requirement

4.13.1 Airports

4.13.2 Aircraft Operators

4.14 Air Quality

4.15 Water Quality

4.16 Hazardous Waste Emissions

4.17 Externalities

Chapter-5 Airport Planning

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Airport Planning Concept

5.1.1 Airport Facilities Planning

5.1.2 Airport Financial Planning

5.1.3 Airport Economic Planning

5.1.4 Environmental Planning

5.1.5 Airport Organizational Planning

5.1.6 Airport Strategic Planning

5.2 Airport Planning Horizon

5.2.1 Airport System Planning

5.2.2 The Airport Master Plan

5.2.3 Project Planning

5.3 Master Plan Parameters

5.3.1 Inventory

5.3.2 Background review of airports and facilities

5.3.3 Airspace structure and NAVAIDs

5.3.4 Land use related to Airport

5.3.5 Aeronautical activity

5.3.6 Socio-economic factors

5.4 The Airport Layout Plan

5.5 Forecasting

5.5.1 Qualitative methods

5.5.2 Quantitative Methods

5.6 Airport Demand Forecast

5.6.1 Civil Airport Users

5.6.2 Operational activity

5.6.3 Aircraft Operations

5.6.4 Facilities Requirements

5.7 Aircraft Operational Requirements

5.7.1 Airfield Capacity Analysis

5.7.2 Design Alternatives

5.7.3 Site selection

5.7.4 Runway orientation and wind direction analysis

5.8 Aerodrome Reference Code

5.8.1 Aerodrome Reference Codes and Aeroplane Characteristics

5.8.2 Analyzing historical wind data for the airfield

5.8.3 CNS/ATM analysis

5.8.4 Terminal area plans

5.9 Space Requirements

5.9.1 Estimate passenger demand levels

5.9.2 Estimate demand for facilities

5.9.3 Determine space for operational requirements

5.10 Airport Access Plans

5.11 Financial Plans

5.12 Economic Evaluation

5.12.1 Break-even need

5.12.2 Potential Airport Revenue

5.12.3 Final Economic Evaluation

5.13 Land Use Planning

5.13.1 Land uses on the airport

5.13.2 Land uses around the airport

5.14 Environmental Planning

Chapter-6 Indian Airports and Its Policy

6.0 Introduction

6.1 Indian Airports - An overview

6.1.1 Enplanements (or enplaned passengers)

6.1.2. Deplanements (or deplaned passengers)

6.1.3 Total passenger’s movements

6.2 Aircraft Operation

6.2.1 Based Aircraft Operation

6.2.2 Airside Operation

6.3 The National Administrative Structure of Civil Aviation

6.4 Ministry of Civil Aviation-A Background

6.4.1 Organizations under Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA)

6.4.2 Background

6.4.3 Recent Developments in Civil Aviation Sector

6.5 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)

6.5.1 US-India Aviation Cooperation Program (2005)

6.5.2 India – France civil aviation co-operation

6.5.3 Amendments of Air Services Agreements (ASAs) with foreign countries

6.5.4 Technical co-operation agreements with Nepal and Afghanistan

6.5.5 India – EU civil aviation co-operation program

6.5.6 India – US Aviation Joint Working Group on Security

6.5.7 India – EU ATM Symposium

6.5.8 Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement (BASA)

6.6 Passenger Growth

6.6.1 Growth of the domestic passenger traffic

6.6.1. (a) Scheduled Operators

6.6.2. (b) Non-Scheduled Operators

6.6.3. (c) Regional Airlines

6.6.2 Guidelines for Passenger Facilitation

6.6.2. (a) Guidelines for Computer Reservation System / Global Distribution System

6.6.3 The guidelines for payment of compensation to passengers in case of denied boarding due to overbooking

6.6.4 Guidelines for refund of airline ticket

6.6.5 Guidelines on Carriage by Air of persons with disability and / or persons with reduce mobility

6.6.6 Guidelines on deceptive advertisement of airlines

6.6.7 Instruction to airlines to issue row seat numbers to all passengers on their boarding passes

6.7 Policy for Greenfield Airports

6.7.1 Bengaluru International Airport, Devenahalli, Bengaluru

6.7.2 Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Shamshabad, Hyderabad

6.8 Streamlining and promoting Cargo Operations

6.9 Development of Non-metro airports by Airports Authority of India (AAI)

6.10 Restructuring of Delhi and Mumbai airports

6.10.(a) Modernization of Delhi Airport

6.10.(b) Modernization of Mumbai Airport

6.11 Development of Airports Infrastructure by Airports Authority of India

6.12 Modernization of Kolkata International Airport

6.13 Modernization of Chennai International Airport Chennai

6.14 National Flying Training Institute Private Limited, Gondia in Maharashtra

6.15 Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Uran Akademi (IGRUA)

6.16 National Aviation Company of India Ltd. (Air India)

6.16.1 Hotel Corporation of India

6.16.2 Air India Express

6.16.3 Alliance Air

6.17 Pawan Hans Helicopters Limited (PHHL)

6.18 FDI in Civil Aviation Sector

6.19 Bifurcation of DGCA function

6.20 Commercialization / Privatization of Airports

6.21 Commercialization / privatization: Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP)

6.22 Economic Oversight Airports

6.23 Regulating Airports on an international level

6.24 The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems

6.25 Categories of Airport

6.25.1 Commercial Service Airports

6.25.2 Major Commercial Service Airports

6.25.3 General Aviation (GA) Airports

6.25.4 Reliever Airports or Standby Airports

6.26 The rules to govern airport management

Chapter-7: The Airfield Components

7.0 Introduction

7.1 Segment of the Airports

7.2 The Airfield Component

7.2.1 Runways

7.2.2 Runway orientation

7.2.3 Runway length and width

7.2.4 Runway pavements

7.2.5 Runway markings

7.3 Approach Lighting Systems (ALS)

7.3.1 Lead-in-Light System (LDIN)

7.3.2 Runway Alignment Indicator Lights (RIAL)

7.3.3 Omni-directional Approach Lighting System (ODALS)

7.3.4 Visual Glide-slope indicators

7.3.4.1 Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

7.3.4.2 Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

7.3.4.3 Tricolor visual approach slope indicators

7.3.4.3 Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicators

7.4 Other Airfield Lighting

7.4.1 Obstruction Lights

7.4.2 Airport and Heliport Beacons

7.5 Alignment of Element Systems

7.5.1 Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)

7.5.2 Runway Edge Light Systems (RELS)

7.5.3 In-runway lighting (IRL)

7.5.4 Runway Centerline Lighting Systems (RCLS)

7.5.5 Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL)

7.5.6 Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)

7.6 A Runway’s Imaginary Surfaces

7.6.1 Primary Surface

7.6.2 Horizontal Surface

7.6.3 Conical Surface

7.6.4 Approach Surface

7.6.5 Transitional Surface

7.7 Taxiways

7.7.1 Taxiway Markings

7.7.2 Taxiway Edge Marking

7.7.3 Taxiway Shoulder Markings

7.7.4 Surface Movement Guidance Control System (SMGCS)

7.7.5 Taxiway Lighting

7.7.6 Taxiway Edge Lights

7.7.7 Clearance Bar Lights

7.7.8 Runway Guard Lights

7.7.9 Stop Bar Lights

7.8 Other Airfield Markings

7.8.1 Vehicle Roadway Markings

7.8.2 VOR Receiver Checkpoint Markings

7.8.3 Non-movement Area Boundary Markings

7.8.4 Permanently Closed Runways and Taxiways Markings

7.9 Other Airfield Areas

7.9.1 Holding Areas

7.9.2 Holding Bays

7.10 Airfield Signage

7.10.1 Mandatory Instruction Signs (MIS)

7.10.2 Runway Holding Position (RHP)

7.10.3 Runway Approach Area Holding Sign

7.10.4 ILS critical area holding position sign

7.10.5 No- Entry

7.10.6 Location Signs

7.10.7 Taxiway Location Signs

7.10.8 Runway Location Signs

7.10.9 Runway Boundary Signs

7.10.10 Direction Signs (DS)

7.10.11 Destination Signs

7.10.12 Runway Distance Remaining Signs (RDRS)

7.10.13 Information Signs

7.11 Navigational aids (NAVAIDS) located on airfields

7.11.1 Non-directional Beacons (NDB)

7.11.2 Very-high-frequency omni-directional range (VOR) radio beacons

7.11.3 Doppler VOR (DVOR)

7.11.4 Instrument Landing Systems (ILS)

7.11.5 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)

7.11.6 Runway Visual Range (RVR)

7.11.7 Microwave Landing Systems (MLS)

7.11.8 Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)

7.12 ATC located in the Airfield

7.12.1 Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCT)

7.12.2 Surveillance Facility

7.13 Weather Reporting Facilities

7.13.1 Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS)

7.13.2 Wind Indicators

Chapter-8: Airspace and Air Traffic Services

8.0 Introduction

8.1 Air Traffic Services (ATS)

8.2 Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC)

8.3 Fundamental of Air Traffic Services (ATS)

8.3.1 Flight Rules

8.3.2 Airspace Classes

8.3.2.1 Class- A Airspace Rules

8.3.2.2 Class B Airspace Rules

8.3.2.3 Class C Airspace Rules

8.3.2.4 Class D Airspace Rules

8.3.2.5 Class E airspace

8.3.2.9 Class G Airspace Rules

8.4 Victor Airways and Jet Ways

8.5 Type of Airspace

8.6 Flight Service Stations (FSS)

8.7 Current and Future Enhancements to Air Traffic Control

8.7.1 Global CNS/ATM

8.7.2 Seamless Sky Concept

8.7.3 Indian Airspace Modernization

8.7.4 Free flight

8.8 Indian Airspace Modernization (IAM)

8.8.1 Communications

8.8.2 Navigation

8.8.3 Surveillance

8.8.4 Weather

8.9 Air Traffic Management (ATM)

8.10 Terminal Radar Approach Control Automation System (TAS)

8.11 Initial Conflict Probe (ICP)

8.12 Increasing civilian access to special-use airspace (SUA)

8.13 Terminal area enhancements

Chapter-9: Air-Side Operation & Management

9.0 Introduction

9.1 Runway Elements

9.2 Airport Certification Manual (ACM)

9.2.1 Airport Certification Specification (ACS)

9.2.2 Pavement Management

9.3 Type of Runway Pavement

9.4 Runway Descriptions

9.4.1 Flexible (asphalt)

9.4.2 Rigid (concrete)

9.5 Pavement Failure Reason

9.5.1 Pavement Maintenance

9.5.2 Pavement Rehabilitation

9.5.3 Pavement Reconstruction

9.5.4 Non-destructive Testing (NDT)

9.6 Runway Surface Friction

9.6.1 Dynamic or Viscous Hydroplaning

9.6.2 Runway Grooving

9.7 Runway Grooving Deposit Removal

9.7.1 High Pressure Water Method

9.7.2 Chemical Solvent

9.7.3 High Velocity Impact Method

9.8 Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)

9.9 Snow and Ice control

9.9.1 Time Schedule

9.9.2 Equipment and Procedures

9.9.3 Ice Accumulation

9.9.4 Aircraft Deicing

9.10 Safety Inspection Programs

9.10.1 Aircraft Parking Areas (Ramp /Apron)

9.10.2 Taxiways

9.10.3 Runways

9.10.4 Fueling Facilities

9.10.5 Buildings and Hangars

9.11 Bird and Wildlife Hazard Management

9.11.1 Bird hazards

9.11.2 Wildlife Hazard

Chapter-10: Airport Terminals and Ground Access

10.0 Introduction

10.1 Development of Airport Terminals

10.1.1 Unit Terminal Concepts

10.1.2 Combined Unit Terminal

10.1.3 Multiple Unit Terminals

10.1.4 Gate Arrival Concept

10.1.5 Linear Terminal Concepts

10.1.6 Curvilinear Terminal Concepts

10.1.7 Pier Finger Terminals

10.1.8 Pier Satellite and Remote Satellite Terminals

10.1.9 The Mobile Lounge or Transporter Concept

10.1.10 Hybrid Terminal Geometries

10.2 The Airside-Landside Concept

10.2.1 Off Airport Terminals

10.2.2 Present Airport Terminals

10.2.3 Airport Terminal Components

10.3 The Apron and Gate System

10.3.1 Nose-In Parking

10.3.2 Angled nose-in parking

10.3.3 Angled nose-out Parking

10.3.4 Parallel Parking

10.3.5 Remote Parking

10.4 Aircraft Gate Management

10.4.1 An Exclusive-Use Agreement

10.4.2 Shared Use Agreements

10.4.3 Preferential-Use Agreements

10.4.4 Gantt charts

10.5 The Passenger Handling System

10.5.1 Flight interface

10.5.2 Passenger Facilities

10.5.3 Access / Processing Interface

10.5.4 Access / Egress Interface

10.6 Passengers Processing Facilities

10.6.1 Segment of Itinerary

10.6.2 Purpose of Trip

10.6.3 Passenger Baggage Handling

10.6.4 Ticketing

10.6.5 Exclusive-Use ticket counters

10.6.6 Common Use Terminal Equipment (CUTE)

10.6.7 Common Use Self Service (CUSS)

10.6.8 Security Screening

10.7 Govt. Immigration and Custom Services

10.8 Ancillary Passenger Terminal Facilities

10.8.1 Vertical distribution of flow

10.8.2 Baggage Handling

10.8.3 Baggage claim

10.9 Airport Ground Access

10.9.1 Access from the CBD and suburban areas to the airport boundary

10.9.2 Access Modes

10.9.3 Factors influencing demand for Ground Access

10.9.4 Ground Access Infrastructure

10.10 Vehicle Parking Facilities

10.10.1 Off-airport Parking

10.11.2 Employee Parking

10.11.3 Car Rental Parking

10.10.4 Terminal Curbs

10.10.5 Ground Access to Airports by Technologies

Chapter-11: Airport Security

11.0 Introduction

11.1 History of Terrorism Act in the Indian Civil Aviation Sector

11.2 Need of Security Regulation

11.3 The Security Administration

11.3.1 Air Operations Area (AOA)

11.3.2 Secure Area

11.3.3 Sterile Area

11.3.4 Security Identification Display Area (SIDA)

11.3.5 Exclusive Area

11.4 Security at Commercial Service Airports

11.4.1 Passenger Screening

11.4.2 Passenger Screening Facilities

11.4.3 Checked-Baggage Screening

11.4.4 Employee identification

11.4.5 Controlled Access

11.4.6 Biometrics

11.5 Security Infrastructure on Airfields

11.5.1 Perimeter Security

11.5.2 Airport Perimeter Fencing

11.5.3 Type of Perimeters fencing

11.5.4 Controlled Access Gates

11.6 Security Lighting

11.7 Security at General Aviation Airports

11.8 The Future of Airport Security

11.8.1 CAPPS II

11.8.2 Trusted Traveler Program

Chapter-12: Airport Capacity and Delay

12.0 Introduction

12.1 Defining Airport Capacity

12.1.1 Throughput Capacity

12.1.2 Practical Capacity

12.2 Factors Affecting Capacity and Delay

12.2.1 Estimating Capacity

12.2.2 Capacity with a time-space diagram

12.3 Analysis of Capacity and Delay

12.3.1 Capacity Analysis Parameters

12.4 Procedure for determining Hourly Capacity of the Runways

12.5 Procedure for determining hourly capacity of a TWY crossing an active RWY

12.6 Procedure for determining hourly capacity of gate

12.7 Procedure for determining hourly capacity of the Airfield

12.8 Procedure for determining Annual Service Volume of RWY

12.9 Calculate weighted hourly capacity

12.10 Procedure for determining hourly delay to aircraft on RWY, TWY, Gates and Airfield

12.11 Procedure for determining daily delay to aircraft on RWY, TWYs, gates and airfield

12.12 Procedure for determining annual delay to aircraft on RWY, gate and Airfield

12.13 Capacity Analysis Approximation Charts

12.14 Simulation models

12.14.1 Airport and Airspace Simulation Model (SIMMOD™)

12.14.2 Total Airport and Airspace Modeler (TAAM™)

12.15 Defining Aircraft Operation Delay

12.15.1 Acceptable delay

12.15.2 Estimating Aircraft Operation Delay

12.15.3 Analytical estimates of delay

12.16 Other measures of delay

12.16.1 Air Traffic Operations Network System (OPSNET)

12.16.2 Consolidated Operations and Delay Analysis System (CODAS)

12.16.3 Approaches to reducing delay

12.16.4 Creating New Airport Infrastructure

12.16.5 Military Airfields into Commercial Airfields

12.17 Administrative and Demand Management

12.17.1 Administrative Management

12.17.2 Demand Management

12.17.3 Slot Allotment

12.17.4 Factors affecting the use of demand management alternatives

Chapter-13: The Future of Airport Management

13.0 Introduction

13.1 Restructuring of Commercial Airlines

13.2 New Large Aircraft

13.3 Small Aircraft Transportation Systems

13.3.1 Visual approach procedures during IFR conditions

13.3.2 Multiple instrument approaches at airports

13.3.3 Permissible land and hold short operations on a broader range of environments, including under IFR conditions

13.3.4 Simultaneous operations on a single runway

13.4 The Green Airport

13.4.1 Internal Infrastructure

13.4.2 External Infrastructure

13.4.3 Surroundings and Environment

13.5 The Sustainable Airport

13.6 Continuous Descent Approach (CDA)

13.7 Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen)

13.8 Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR)

13.9 System Wide Information Management (SWIM)

Annexure-I

Annexure-II

Annexure-III

Annexture-IV

Annexure-V

Abbreviations

References

Index

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am aviation professional and worked in Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Airports Authority of India. My last assignment was as Program Director of US-India Aviation Cooperation Program for five years.

I was the visiting faculty of University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES) in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India for Aviation Management Courses. There is not single integrated book the Basic Aviation Management which deals in Airport Policy, Regulations, Economics, Finance and Planning, Operation & Management for Aviation Management courses. This book will help the students / professionals about the various units / paraments requires for airlines/ airport operation.

This point was always behind my mind, why not have integrated book on the subject, which deals almost all the basic parameters required for aviation management. Slowly gained the hand on experience on the few topics and started writing a book and drawn the final plan for it and discussed with my friend Professor K. C, Gandhi, Adjunct Professor at UPES Dehradun and incorporated his valuable suggestions in this book. I am highly grateful to his suggestions and guidance for contents.

Further to my experience on ICAO documents helped me to explain various topic which is not generally covered by various authors. Finally, and most importantly, the greatest thanks to my beloved wife Mrs. Suchitra Singh who have supported me endless in the writing of this book. Heartily thanks to Sakthi Aviation Consulting Service P Ltd for support of publishing the manuscript on Basic Airport Management.

PREFACE

This book is primarily intended for Aviation management students, airport operation managers and airport/ airline professionals but not limited to graduate and postgraduates professional intending to work in this area. This book is further intended to those professionals who are handling the airport operation i.e., airside & city side operation. This has been written in a very simple language but basic in manner. This book opens the Pandora box of the airport operational management to the aircraft in all phases of flights and lot more scattered material on the subject has been integrated in this book.

The author has been involved in this area since last 25 years in aviation field and discussed upcoming technique and concept in the field of airport operation in details. The author felt the requirement of such book indeed and put up the topics under one folder which would help the aviation professional working in aviation sector without fail.

The objective of the writing of this book to present the topic in very simple manner and covers the concepts, references, technique and technology and financial aspect for development of airport and its operation covered in thirteen chapters.

Chapter-1 covers important topics of the ICAO product & services catalogue which are related to airport management and operations. This chapter provide the ready-made reference to the student / airport professionals. Furthermore DGCA (CAR) also referred for various aspect of the Indian regulations and policies related to Indian airports which is parallel to ICAO documents.

Chapter-2 covers type of ownership of the airports and discussed by privatization. Further, discussed the pyramidical hierarchy of the airport operation personnel and its job requirements for functional requirement. It also discusses functional requirement of the manpower and explains about relation between airport and public in respect of operational requirement of the airports.

Chapter-3 covers airport financial management through various methods/ways to finance for development of airport in the any country subject to availability of funds in the proposed method. Airport funding and airport financing is clearly spell out for shake of clarity to the readers. In addition, further discussed for various methods of airport revenue generation head wise. Further increasing the non-aeronautical revenue generation ways / methods has been discussed.

Chapter -4 covers the economics, pollical and social role of the airport. The content of this chapter is taken from ICAO Doc -9562 which is discussed about the topic, available in public domain. Airport role for development of country economic are clearly spell out. Another role of the airport transportation role, political role and relation between airport-airlines are discussed. This chapter covers the airport noise impact, regulations, air quality, water quality hazardous waste disposal which affect the habitants near airports.

Chapter-5 covers airport planning of any category of the airports with basic concept of facilities, finance, economics, environmental, organizational, and strategic planning for operationalization of airport with the requisite compliances. Further, it discusses about the land use planning as to develop airside and city side to ease out the passenger movement and facility like car parking, car rental, taxi city bus service etc.

Chapter-6 covers about Indian airport and policy governing to operate the airport by compliance of DGCA (CAR). The management of majority airports is done by Airports Authority of India, but CNS/ATM facility is maintained operated by AAI to cover the navigation / surveillance of the entire Indian airspace. The commercialization of airports, privatization of the airport and privatization of CNS/ATM services has been discussed in detail. The national plan of Integrated airport system, category of airport and rule to govern airport management has been highlighted.

Chapter-7 covers the air-side requirements of the airports e.g., runway components, taxiway, approach lighting system and other airfield lighting has been discussed. In this, runway signage, marking as per ICAO Annex-14 runway imaginary surface also covered. In addition, the brief about all CNS/ATM facilities, ATC tower, weather report facilities have been covered.

Chapter-8 covers concept of airspace and air traffic control. In this chapter also discussed about air traffic command center, basic of air traffic services, type of airspace, current and future upgradation of ATS and modernization of Indian airspace i.e., CNS /ATM and weather technology, air traffic management, terminal radar approach automation and upgradation of terminal area.

Chapter-9 covers air-side operation and management. In this area about, runway elements, type of runways, type of runway pavement, runway surface friction, deposit on runway removal, aircraft rescue and firefighting, safety inspection program and bird and hazardous management has been discussed.

Chapter-10 covers type of terminal building access from city side. Various type of terminals, concept of air side and city side has been discussed. In addition, Apron and gate system, aircraft gate management, airport ground access and passenger facilities has been elaborated. Further ancillary passenger terminal facilities and type of vehicle parking available on the airport has been discussed.

Chapter -11 covers with airport security explain about needs of security regulation and administration. Security is required at various entry point of the airport e.g., air-side area, passenger frisking area, security identification and display area. Security at commercial airport needs at passenger enter point, check-in baggage area, passenger, and employee identification etc. The requisite security screening machine has been discussed in detail. The security infrastructure of airfield i.e., Various type of perimeters has been discussed.

Chapter-12 deals on airport capacity which has been defined throughput capacity, practical capacity estimated capacity, capacity with time-space diagram and analyzing capacity Parameters, the reason for delay in aircraft arrival and departure discussed in detail. Further, administrative and demand management, slot allotment and other alternative methods to cater the demand management.

Chapter-13 covers, the future airport management through advent of new technology to reduce the operating cost of the airport to make more viable venture. The concept of green airport, sustainable terminal building has been discussed. Concept like Continuous decent approach, seamless sky, single sky concept and SWIM will be implemented in the up coming year.

I will be grateful to reader who points out errors or suggestions and offer ideas for improvement of book, may send to my email address: [e-mail]

CHAPTER-1

AIRPORTS AND AIRCRAFT REGULATIONS

1.0 Introduction:

Aviation growth had picked up after World War –II and various countries had started looking seriously for development of Aviation as it was fast mode of transportation compare mode of transportation. Airlines started expanding throughout the world and manufacturer started developing various types of aircrafts with different capacity and speed. Keeping this in view, the need of regulations was felt, and every country has developed their own Rules and Regulation but when airlines crossing their country boundary need to follow the other countries Rules and Regulations. At this point, Aviation professionals had felt that there should be a universal agency for all counties for improvement of globally accepted Rules and Regulations.

1.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO):

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations and was created with the signing in Chicago, on December 7, 1944, of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. ICAO is the permanent body charged with the administration of the principles laid out in the Convention. It sets the standards for aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, as well as for aviation environmental protection.

ICAO’s membership comprises 192 Contracting States. It headquarters is in Montréal, and it has regional offices in Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi and Paris. The aims and objectives of ICAO, as contained in Article 44 of the Chicago Convention, are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport to:

i. ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world.

ii. encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes.

iii. encourage the development of airways, airports and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation.

iv. meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport.

v. prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition.

vi. ensure that the rights of Contracting States are fully respected and that every Contracting State has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines.

vii. Avoid discrimination between Contracting States.

viii. Promote safety of flight in international air navigation; and

ix. Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics.

The constitution of ICAO is the Convention on International Civil Aviation to which each ICAO Contracting State is a party. The Organization has a sovereign body, the Assembly, and a governing body, the Council. The chief officer is the President of the Council and the Secretary General.

The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting States, meets every three years, reviewing in detail the complete work of the Organization and setting policy for the coming years. It also decides on a triennial budget. The Council, composed of representatives from 36 States, is elected by the Assembly for a three-year term and provides continuing direction to the work of ICAO. One of the major duties of the Council is to adopt International Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and to incorporate these into the Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Council is assisted by its subsidiary bodies

i. the Air Transport Committee,

ii. the Committee on Joint Support of Air Navigation Services,

iii. the Finance Committee,

iv. the Committee on Unlawful Interference,

v. the Human Resources Committee

vi. the Technical Cooperation Committee and

vii. the Air Navigation Commission.

The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, has five main divisions: the Air Navigation Bureau,

i. the Air Transport Bureau,

ii. the Technical Co-operation Bureau,

iii. the Legal Bureau, and

iv. the Bureau of Administration and Services.

v. ICAO works in close collaboration with other specialized agencies of the United Nations such as the International Maritime Organization, the International Telecommunication Union, and the World Meteorological Organization. The International Air Transport Association, the Airports Council International, the International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations, and other international organizations participate in many ICAO meetings.

1.2 Convention and its related acts:

This paragraph deals with international conventions and acts of conferences relating to civil aviation.

A. Group 101 Convention on International Civil Aviation and Related Acts

i. Doc-7300: Convention on International Civil Aviation : Signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944 and amended by the ICAO Assembly.

ii. Doc-7500: International Air Services Transit Agreement : Signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944

iii. Doc-8970: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 50(a))

iv. Doc-8971: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to Article 56 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 56)

v. Doc-9123: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 50 (a))

vi. Doc-9208 : Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation [Final paragraph, Russian Text]

vii. Doc-9217: Protocol on the Authentic Quadrilingual Text of the Convention on International Civil Aviation

viii. Doc-9318: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 83 bis)

ix. Doc-9436: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 3 bis)

x. Doc-9544: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Article 56)

xi. Doc 9561: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation ( Article 50(a))

xii. Doc 9633: Protocol on the Authentic Quinquelingual Text of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944)

xiii. Doc-9664: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation [Final Paragraph, Arabic Text]

xiv. Doc 9721: Protocol on the Authentic Six-Language Text of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944)

xv. Doc 9722: Protocol Relating to an Amendment to the Convention on International Civil Aviation [Final Paragraph, Chinese Text]

B. Group 102: International Conventions

i. Doc-7620 : Convention on the International Recognition of Rights in Aircraft: Signed at Geneva on 19 June 1948.

ii. Doc-7364: Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface

iii. Doc-8181 : Convention, Supplementary to the Warsaw Convention, for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Performed by a Person Other than the Contracting Carrier: Signed at Guadalajara on 18 September 1961

iv. Doc-8364: Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft. Signed at Tokyo on 14 September 1963

v. Doc-8920: Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. Signed at The Hague on 16 December 1970

vi. Doc-8966: Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation: Signed at Montreal on 23 September 1971

vii. corresponding document.

viii. Doc-9571: Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection: Done at Montreal on 1 March 1991

ix. Doc-9740: Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air: Done at Montreal on 28 May 1999

x. Doc- 9793: Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment. Signed at Cape Town on 16 November 2001

C. PROTOCOLS:

i. Doc-7632 : Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929: Signed at The Hague on 28 September 1955

ii. Doc-8932 : Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929 as Amended by the Protocol Done at The Hague on 28 September 1955 . Signed at Guatemala City on 8 March 1971 and 2 nd edition, incorporating the authentic text of the Protocol in the Russian language as approved by the Council of ICAO on 9 October 1975

iii. Doc-9145 : Additional Protocol No. 1 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed At Warsaw on 12 October 1929 : Signed at Montreal on 25 September 1975

iv. Doc- 9146: Additional Protocol No. 2 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929 as Amended by the Protocol Done at The Hague on 28 September 1955 . Signed at Montreal on 25 September 1975

v. Doc-9147 : Additional Protocol No. 3 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929 as Amended by the Protocols Done at The Hague on 28 September 1955 and at Guatemala City on 8 March 1971. Signed at Montreal on 25 September 1975

vi. Doc-9148 : Montreal Protocol No. 4 to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on 12 October 1929 as Amended by the Protocol Done at The Hague on 28 September 1955. Signed at Montreal on 25 September 1975

vii. Doc-9257 : Protocol to Amend the Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface Signed at Rome on 7 October 1952 . Signed at Montreal on 23 September 1978

viii. Doc-9518 : Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, Done at Montreal on 23 September 1971. Signed at Montreal on 24 February 1988

ix. Doc-9794 : Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Aircraft Equipment. Signed at Cape Town on 16 November 2001

1.3 Agreements and Arrangements:

A. Group 105 International and Multilateral Agreements

i. Doc-7695 : Multilateral Agreement on Commercial Rights of Non-Scheduled Air Services in Europe. Signed at Paris on 30 April 1956

ii. Doc-8056 : Multilateral Agreement relating to Certificates of Airworthiness for Imported Aircraft . Signed at Paris on 22 April 1960

B. Group 107 Joint Financing Agreements

i. Doc-9585 : Agreement on the Joint Financing of Certain Air Navigation Services in Greenland (1956) as amended by the Montreal Protocol of 1982

ii. Doc-9586: Agreement on the Joint Financing of Certain Air Navigation Services in Iceland (1956) as amended by the Montreal Protocol of 1982

C. Group 109 Agreements between ICAO and other Organizations

i. Doc-7970 : Agreement between the United Nations and the International Civil Aviation Organization . Reproduced from the United Nations publication entitled Agreements between the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies

ii. Doc-7475 : Working Arrangements between the International Civil Aviation Organization and the World Meteorological Organization: Approved by the Council of ICAO and the Executive Committee of WMO on 21 May 1953 and 23 October 1953 respectively, for implementation on 1 January 1954

1.4. ICAO Rules of Procedure and Administrative Rules of Procedure and Administrative Regulations

This group containing the rules of procedure approved for the use of the various recognized deliberative bodies of ICAO, directives to ICAO meetings and ICAO administrative regulations.

1. Doc- 7984: Directives for Panels of the Air Navigation Commission

2. Doc-9482: Directives for Panels of the Air Transport Committee

3. Doc-7986: Directives of the Council concerning the Conduct of ICAO Meetings

4. Doc-8143: Directives to Divisional-type Air Navigation Meetings and Rules of Procedure for their Conduct

5. Doc-8144: Directives to Regional Air Navigation Meetings and Rules of Procedure for their Conduct

6. Doc-7231: ICAO Publications Regulations: This booklet explains the various kinds of publications and the authority under which each is issued. The format and the languages in which publications are issued, pricing and distribution policy, and copyright issues are also explained.

7. Doc-7669: Legal Committee: Constitution — Procedure for Approval of Draft Conventions — Rules of Procedure

8. Doc-8146: Rules of Procedure for Standing Committees of the Council

9. Doc-8229: Rules of Procedure for the Air Navigation Commission

10. Doc-7559: Rules of Procedure for the Council: 8th edition, incorporating all amendments approved by the Council prior to 17 March 2007

11. Doc 7782: Rules for the Settlement of Differences: This document contains the rules governing the settlement of disagreements between ICAO Contracting States which may be referred to the ICAO Council in relation to the interpretation or application of the Chicago Convention and its Annexes, the International Air Services Transit Agreement and the International Air Transport Agreement.

12. Doc-7600: Standing Rules of Procedure of the Assembly of the International Civil Aviation Organization:

13. Adopted by the Assembly in 1952 and amended by the Assembly in 1953, 1959, 1962, 1971, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1989 and 2007

14. Doc-8683: Standing Rules of Procedure for Meetings in the Air Transport Field

15. Doc- 7515: The ICAO Financial Regulations

1.5 Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation:

International Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) adopted by the Council in accordance with Articles 54, 37 and 90 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Associated with the SARPs, which for convenience are designated as Annexes to the Convention, are explanatory forewords, notes and, in some cases, additional guidance material approved by the Council for inclusion within the covers of the individual Annexes and intended to assist in the implementation of the SARPs. The Annexes carry Supplements listing the differences which Contracting States have informed ICAO exist between their regulations and practices and the corresponding international SARPs.

Annex 1: Personnel Licensing

Annex 2: Rules of the Air

The rules consist of general rules, visual flight rules and instrument flight rules and apply without exception over the high seas and over national territories to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules of the State being overflown.

Annex 3: Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation

i. Part I - Core SARPs and

ii. Part II -Appendices and Attachments

This Annex comprises the Standards, Recommended Practices and certain guidance material governing the provision of meteorological services to international air navigation.

Annex 4: Aeronautical Charts

The Standards and Recommended Practices applicable to Aeronautical Charts

Annex 5: Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations

This Annex comprises the SARPs for dimensional units to be used in air and ground operations. The Annex deals with the standard application of units of measurement and termination of the use of non-SI units. Attachments to the Annex contain material describing the development of the International System of Units (SI) and guidance on the application of the SI, conversion factors, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and presentation of date and time in all-numeric form.

Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft.

Part I — International Commercial Air Transport - Aeroplanes.

This document specifies international SARPs for aeroplanes used in international commercial air transport operation carrying passengers or freight. The Annex addresses flight operations; performance operating limitations; aeroplane instruments, equipment and flight documents; aeroplane communication and navigation equipment; aeroplane maintenance; flight crew; flight operations officers/ flight dispatchers; manuals, logs and records; cabin crew; security; lights to be displayed in the air and on the ground during operations; contents of an operations manual; and flight time and flight duty period limitations.

Part II — International General Aviation — Aeroplanes.

This document specifies international SARPs for aeroplanes used in international general aviation operations. The part addresses flight preparation and in-flight procedures; performance operating limitations; aeroplane instruments and equipment; aeroplane communication and navigation equipment; aeroplane maintenance; flight crew; lights to be displayed in the air and on the ground during operations; flight recorders; and carriage and use of oxygen.

Part III — International Operations — Helicopters

This document is divided into three sections. The first section deals with definitions and applicability, the second section with international SARPs governing international commercial air transport operations, and the third section with international Standards and Recommended Practices governing international general aviation operations.

Annex 7: Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks

This Annex contains standards adopted by ICAO as the minimum standards for the display of marks to indicate appropriate nationality and registration marks which have been determined to comply with Article 20 of the Convention. The provisions in the Annex provide definitions, location and measurement of nationality and registration marks as well as the standard form for the certificate of registration.

Annex 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft

This Annex contains the Standards and Recommended Practices for the airworthiness of aircraft.

i. Part I of the Annex provides definitions.

ii. Part II contains general airworthiness procedures applicable to all aircraft together with the standard format for the certificate of airworthiness.

iii. Part IIIA contains the minimum airworthiness characteristics of aeroplanes over 5 700 kg for which application for certification was submitted on or after 13 June 1960.

iv. Part IIIB contains the minimum airworthiness characteristics of aeroplanes over 5 700 kg for which application for certification was submitted on or after 2 March 2004.

v. Part IVA contains the minimum airworthiness characteristics of helicopters for which application for certification was submitted on or after 22 March 1991.

vi. Part IVB contains the minimum airworthiness characteristics of helicopters for which application for certification will be submitted on or after 13 December 2007.

vii. Part V contains the minimum airworthiness characteristics of aeroplanes over 750 kg but not exceeding 5 700 kg for which application for certification will be submitted on or after 13 December 2007.

Annex 9: Facilitation

It contains SARPs, and related definitions and appendices concerning the facilitation of international air transport. They are the outcome of Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation which requires to adopt international SARPs dealing with, inter alia, customs and immigration procedures and such other matters concerned with the safety, regularity and efficiency of air navigation.

Annex 10: Aeronautical Telecommunications

The five volumes of this document contain Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs), Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) and guidance material on aeronautical communication, navigation and surveillance systems.

Volume I: Radio Navigation Aids

It contains SARPs and guidance material for the global navigation satellite system (GNSS), navigation aids such as instrument landing system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR), non-directional radio beacon (NDB) and distance measuring equipment (DME).

Volume II: Communication Procedures including those with PANS status

It contains general, administrative and operational procedures pertaining to aeronautical fixed and mobile communications.

Volume III: Communication Systems (Part I — Digital Data Communication Systems; Part II — Voice Communication Systems).

It contains SARPs and guidance material for various air-ground and ground-ground voice and data communication systems, including aeronautical telecommunication network (ATN), aeronautical mobile-satellite service (AMSS), secondary surveillance radar (SSR) Mode S air-ground data link, very high frequency (VHF) air-ground digital link (VDL), aeronautical fixed telecommunication network (AFTN), aircraft addressing system, high frequency data link (HFDL), aeronautical mobile service, selective calling system (SELCAL), aeronautical speech circuits and emergency locator transmitter (ELT).

Volume IV: Surveillance and Collision Avoidance Systems

It contains Standards and Recommended Practices and guidance material for secondary surveillance radar (SSR) and airborne collision avoidance systems (ACAS), including SARPs for SSR Mode A, Mode C and Mode S, and the technical characteristics of ACAS.

Volume V: Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization

It contains Standards and Recommended Practices and guidance material on the utilization of aeronautical frequencies.

Annex 11: Air Traffic Services

It defines air traffic services and specifies the worldwide Standards and Recommended Practices applicable in the provision of these services.

Annex 12: Search and Rescue

This Annex sets forth the provisions applicable to the establishment, maintenance and operation of search and rescue services by Contracting States in their territories and over the high seas. Annex 12 is complemented by the three-volume International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (Doc 9731) which provides guidelines for a common aviation and maritime approach to organization and provision of search and rescue services.

Annex 13: Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation

It contains the international Standards and Recommended Practices for aircraft accident and incident investigation.

Annex 14: Aerodromes

Volume I: Aerodrome Design and Operations

It contains SARPs that prescribe the physical characteristics, obstacle limitation surfaces and visual aids to be provided at aerodromes, as well as certain facilities and technical services normally provided at an aerodrome.

Volume II: Heliports

It contains SARPs covering aspects of heliport planning, design and operations.

Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services

The Standards and Recommended Practices applicable to Aeronautical Information Services

Annex 16: Environmental Protection.

Volume I: Aircraft Noise

This volume contains the SARPs for aircraft noise certification, and international specifications relating to noise evaluation methods. It also covers noise measurement for monitoring purposes, the assessment of airport noise and criteria for the application of noise abatement operating procedures.

Volume II: Aircraft Engine Emissions

This volume contains SARPs relating to aircraft engine emissions certification and certification related to intentional fuel venting.

Annex 17: Security

This is a comprehensive document for implementation of security measures. An Attachment there to reproduces extracts from other Annexes, Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, and Procedures for Air Navigation Services, bearing about action to be taken by States to prevent unlawful interference with civil aviation, or when such interference has been committed.

Annex 18: The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air

This Annex contains the broad principles governing the international transport of dangerous goods by air. To assist in achieving compatibility with other modes of transport, the provisions of this Annex are based on material developed by the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Doc-8400: ABC — ICAO Abbreviations and Codes

Abbreviations and Codes approved by the Council of ICAO for worldwide use in the international aeronautical telecommunication service and in aeronautical information documents, as appropriate, and uniform abbreviated phraseology for use in pre-flight information bulletins.

Doc-4444: ATM — Air Traffic Management

These procedures are complementary to the SARPs contained in Annex 2 and Annex 11 and specify, in greater detail than in the SARPs, the actual procedures to be applied by ATS units in providing the various air traffic services to air traffic.

Doc-8168: OPS — Aircraft Operations

Volume I — Flight Procedures

This volume describes operational procedures recommended for the guidance of flight operations personnel. It also outlines the various parameters on which the criteria in Volume II are based to illustrate the need for operational personnel including flight crew to adhere strictly to the published procedures in order to achieve and maintain an acceptable level of safety in operations.

Volume II — Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures

This volume is intended for the guidance of procedures specialists and describes the essential areas and obstacle clearance requirements for the achievement of safe, regular instrument flight operations. It provides the basic guidelines to States, and those operators and organizations producing instrument flight charts that will result in uniform practices at all aerodromes where instrument flight procedures are carried out.

Doc-9868: Training

These PANS contain material that provides for the uniform implementation of the training required for the pilot licences and ratings found in Annex 1, including the multi-crew pilot licence (MPL). This document is complementary to the SARPs contained in Annex-1 Personnel Licensing and specifies, in greater detail than in the SARPs, the actual procedures to be applied by training organizations in providing training for aeronautical personnel.

Doc-7030: Regional Supplementary Procedures

Operating procedures supplementary to the Annexes and PANS developed for the greater part through the ICAO regional air navigation meetings to meet the needs of a specific ICAO Region. They deal with matters affecting the safety and regularity of international air navigation. They are published in a single document covering all Regions. The ICAO Regional Supplementary Procedures form part of the Air Navigation Plan developed by Regional Air Navigation Meetings to meet those needs of specific areas which are not covered in the worldwide provisions. They complement the statement of requirements for facilities and services contained in the Air Navigation Plan publications.

Doc-9902: ICAO Assembly Resolutions in Force

This document contains the texts of all resolutions of the ICAO Assembly in force at the close of its 36th Session (September 2007). In addition to the text of the resolutions in force, the document contains reservations which were recorded by some delegations to resolutions adopted by the Assembly (with effect from the 36th Session); a list of resolutions or parts thereof declared no longer in force; a list of resolutions resulting from consolidations, with an indication of their origin; a list of resolutions that have been consolidated, with an indication of the resulting resolution; a subject index of resolutions in force; and an index of resolutions in force.

1.6: Reports and Minutes

These documents provide a record, in the form of reports and/or minutes, of the deliberations of the various Assembly Sessions. The reports and minutes of the 1st to the 33rd Sessions are out of print and documents of the 32nd Session are available on CD-ROM.

i. Doc-9820: Plenary Meetings — Resolution and Minutes of 2003

ii. Doc-9850: Minutes of the Plenary Meetings of 2007

iii. Doc 9843: Report and Minutes of the Executive Committee of 2007

iv. Doc 9844: Report of the Administrative Commission of 2006

v. Doc-9847: Report of the Economic Commission of 2005

vi. Doc- 9846: Report of the Legal Commission of 2006

vii. Doc-9845: Report of the Technical Commission of 2005

viii. Doc-9901: Report of the Economic Commission of 2009

1.7: Council:

The council prepares the annual report and report of the committee is as follows

A. Annual Reports to the Assembly: The Annual Report of the Council of ICAO provides the world aviation community with comprehensive insight into the programmes, activities and achievements of the Organization in support of its mission as defined by the Convention on International Civil Aviation, namely, the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation.

i. Doc-9862: Annual Report of the Council — 2005

ii. Doc-9876: Annual Report of the Council — 2006

iii. Doc-9898: Annual Report of the Council — 2007

B. Group 167 Council Committees

i. CAEP — Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection

ii. Doc-9720: Report of the Fourth Meeting

iii. Doc-9777: Report of the Fifth Meeting

iv. Doc- 9836: Report of the Sixth Meeting

v. Doc-9886: Report of the Seventh Meeting

1.8: AIR NAVIGATION; AERODROMES, AIR ROUTES AND GROUND AIDS (AGA)

Doc-9157: Aerodrome Design Manual

Part 1: Runways

It provides guidance on the geometric design of runways and the aerodrome elements normally associated with runways. It discusses runway configuration, runway length, aeroplane performance parameters affecting runway length, and planning to accommodate future aircraft.

Part 2: Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays

It contains on the general layout and description of the design criteria for taxiway physical characteristics, including taxiway fillets, shoulders and strips, as well as typical apron layouts and their design requirements. Holding bays, dual or multiple taxiways and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. In addition, guidance is given on taxiway fillet design and planning for future aircraft.

Part 3: Pavements

It provides guidance on the design of pavements including their evaluation and reporting of their bearing strength as well as detailed information concerning overload operations. Background information on the ACN/PCN method of reporting pavement bearing strength is also provided. Best Practices of some Contracting States have also been included.

Part 4: Visual Aids

Proper design and installation of visual aids are prerequisites for the safety of airport operations. It provides information on the characteristics of visual aids used at airports. Some of the topics covered are functional requirements of visual ground aids; surface marking and markers; approach lighting systems; light characteristics for precision approach runways and taxiways; runway lead-in lighting systems; runway and taxiway lighting; surface movement guidance and control systems; taxiing guidance signs and obstacle lighting.

Part 5: Electrical Systems

It discusses the general features of electrical practices and installations and also addresses those features which are of special significance for aerodrome installations. It is assumed the readers of the manual will be familiar with electrical circuits and design concepts but may not be familiar with certain features of aerodrome installations which are less frequently encountered in other installations.

Part 6: Frangibility

At airports, various visual and non-visual aids are located near runways, taxiways and aprons where they may present a hazard to aircraft in the event of accidental impact during landing, take-off or ground manoeuvring. All such equipment and their supports shall be frangible and mounted as low as possible to ensure that impact will not result in loss of control of the aircraft. This manual provides guidance on the design, testing and installation of frangible structures at airports and heliports. Much of the material is closely associated with the specifications on frangibility of visual and non-visual aids contained in Annex 14 — Aerodromes, Volume I — Aerodrome Design and Operations and Volume II — Heliports.

Doc-9184: Airport Planning Manual

Part 1: Master Planning

It provides airport authorities with guidance on the development of airport master plans. Included are sections on the airport planning process, air side development, land side development and airport support elements.

Part 2: Land Use and Environmental Control

The purpose of Part 2 is to provide guidance on land use planning in the vicinity of airports. The manual addresses the ecological considerations of choosing a site, environmental control measures, land use planning, and land use administration.

Part 3: Guidelines for Consultant/Construction Services

It provides a general overview on contracting for designing or construction services. The manual outlines the various steps that should be taken, from the conception of the idea, to contracting for services, to the completion of the contract.

Doc-9137: Airport Services Manual

Part 1: Rescue and Fire Fighting

It provides guidance for the implementation of the Annex 14, Volume I, specifications relating to rescue and firefighting (RFF). It includes material concerning the level of protection to be provided at an airport, the critical area concept and the method by which the number of extinguishing agents has been related to the critical area. The manual also contains information on RFF vehicle specifications, extinguishing agent characteristics, siting of fire stations and operating procedures for dealing with an emergency.

Part 2: Pavement Surface Conditions

The purpose of Part 2 is to assist States to ensure that adequate measures are taken to overcome problems resulting from contaminants on, or weathering of, the movement area. This manual includes material concerning basic factors affecting friction, the correlation between friction measuring devices on paved surfaces, descriptions of some friction measuring devices, and practices for measuring and reporting friction on snow, ice and water-covered surfaces. It also provides information on the collection and dissemination of pavement surface condition information, and clearance and removal of contaminants and debris from the movement area.

Part 3: Bird Control and Reduction

It is intended to provide airport personnel with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective bird control programme for their airport. The manual stresses the importance of good organization and planning in the creation of such a programme, and it details the roles and responsibilities of those involved in airport bird control. To assist States wishing to establish a national bird strike committee, the manual contains information describing how such a committee is organized. In addition, the manual includes material which describes why birds are attracted to an airport, and it explains some of the concepts used to make the airport less attractive to birds.

Part 5: Removal of Disabled Aircraft

The purpose of Part 5 is to assist States to establish a plan for the removal of a disabled aircraft from the airport movement area. The manual discusses the responsibility for removing a disabled aircraft, emphasizes the need for pre-arranged agreements with operators, companies with heavy-lift equipment and other airports for the expeditious removal of a disabled aircraft. The manual also describes some of the methods used to remove disabled aircraft.

Part 6: Control of Obstacles

It includes information intended to provide guidance on the control of obstacles in the vicinity of an airport. This part of the manual includes information on obstacle surfaces; controlling obstacles at an airport; temporary hazards; obstacle surveys; and airport equipment and installations which might constitute obstacles.

Part 7: Airport Emergency Planning

The material in Part 7 relates to the pre-planning for handling airport emergencies, as well as coordination between different airport agencies (or services) and those agencies in the surrounding communities that could be of assistance in responding to an emergency. Some of the topics dealt with by the manual are the preparation of an airport emergency plan; agencies involved including their responsibilities and roles; emergency operations centre and mobile command post; offices to be contacted; triage and medical centre; care of ambulatory survivors; care of fatalities; communications; airport emergency exercises; and review of the airport emergency plan.

Part 8: Airport Operational Services

It brings together the various technical functions that are required to be fulfilled