What is AI or Artificial Intelligence?

By Onofre Quezada

Artificial intelligence (AI), in the context of computer science, is the set of systems or combination of algorithms, whose purpose is to create machines that imitate human intelligence to perform tasks and can improve based on the information they collect. Artificial intelligence is not intended to replace humans, but rather to significantly enhance human capabilities and contributions. It became present shortly after World War II, and the name was coined in 1956 by computer scientist John McCarthy, at the Dartmouth Conference.

Today, artificial intelligence encompasses a wide variety of subfields. These range from general purpose areas, learning and perception, to more specific ones such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry and diagnosing diseases. Artificial Intelligence synthesizes and automates tasks that are in principle intellectual and, therefore, is potentially relevant to any field of various human intellectual activities. In this sense, it is a genuinely universal field.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Onofre Quezada
• Release date: Jan 4, 2024
• ISBN: 9798224063758

Book preview

What is AI or Artificial Intelligence?

Onofre Quezada

Copyright © 2023 Onofre Quezada

All rights reserved.

DEDICATION

This book is dedicated to all lovers of reading and knowledge of new technologies.

Chapter 1

What is Artificial Intelligence and how does it work?

In the context of computing, artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of systems or algorithms that aim to create machines that imitate human intelligence to perform tasks that can be improved based on the information collected. AI is not intended to replace humans, but rather to significantly enhance human capabilities and contributions. It appeared shortly after World War II and computer scientist John McCarthy coined the name at a Dartmouth conference in 1956.

Today, artificial intelligence covers a large number of subfields. These range from the general domains of learning and perception to more specific domains, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, and diagnosing diseases. The synthesis and automation of artificial intelligence are tasks primarily of the intellect, and therefore can be related to any of the various areas of human intellectual activity. In this sense, it is a truly universal field.

Regarding the definition of the term

Colloquially, the term artificial intelligence refers to machines that imitate cognitive functions that humans associate as human abilities, such as: perception, reasoning, learning and problem solving. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define artificial intelligence as the ability of a system to correctly interpret external data and therefore learn and use this knowledge and achieve specific tasks and objectives through flexible adaptation. As machine capabilities become more and more powerful, it was once considered necessary. Smart technologies are by definition.

For example, optical character recognition is no longer considered an example of artificial intelligence becoming mainstream technology. Technological advances that are still classified as artificial intelligence include autonomous systems or systems that can play chess or Go.

Artificial intelligence is a new way to solve

problems, includes expert systems, command and control of robots and processors, and tries to integrate knowledge into these systems, that is, an intelligent system that can

write your own programs. An expert system is defined as a programming structure capable of storing and exploiting domain knowledge that can be translated into its ability to learn. Similarly, AI can be thought of as the ability of machines to use

algorithms, learn from data and use that knowledge to make decisions, just like humans, and it is one of the

Main AI challenges. is machine learning, the ability of a computer or machine to learn without programming.

According to Takeyas (2007), artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science responsible for the study of computer models capable of performing human-like actions based on two main human characteristics: reasoning and behavior.

In 1956, John McCarthy coined the term intelligence.

artificial, defining it as the science and ingenuity of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs."

There are also different types of perception and action that can be achieved and produced by physical and mechanical sensors in machines, electrical or light pulses in computers, and bit input and output in software and its software environment, respectively. Some examples are in the areas of system control, automated programming, the ability to respond to diagnostics and consumer inquiries, handwriting recognition, voice recognition, and pattern recognition. Artificial intelligence systems have become everyday systems in economics, medicine, engineering, transportation, communication and the military today, and have been widely used in various computer programs and strategy games (such as chess computer, etc.). Computer games.

Types

Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig distinguish between several types of artificial intelligence:

Systems that think like humans: These systems try to imitate human thinking; like neural networks

artificial. We automate activities related to human thought processes, such as decision making, problem solving and learning.

Systems that behave like humans: These systems try to behave like humans; that is, they imitate human behavior; such as robotics (the study of how to make computers do things that humans currently do better).

Systems that think rationally: that is, logically (ideally), they try to imitate human rational thinking; for example, expert systems (the study of the calculations that make perception, reasoning and action possible). Rational operating systems: attempts to rationally imitate human behavior; such as intelligent agents associated with intelligent behavior in artifacts.

Schools of thought

AI is divided into two schools of thought: Conventional artificial intelligence.

Computational intelligence.

Conventional artificial intelligence

It is also called deductive symbolic artificial intelligence. It is based on a formal and statistical analysis of human behavior when faced with various problems:

Justification of the case: It helps you make decisions and solve a specific problem, and it must be very important, it must also work well. Expert Systems: They derive solutions by applying and using prior knowledge about the context of certain rules or conditions. Bayesian networks: recommending solutions using probabilistic reasoning. Behavioral AI: This type of intelligence includes autonomy, which is the ability to self-regulate and control oneself to improve. Intelligent process management: Facilitates complex decision making, recommends solutions to specific problems, as an expert in the previous activities.

Computational artificial intelligence

Computational intelligence (also known as subsymbolic inductive AI) involves interactive development or learning (e.g., interactive modification of parameters in connected systems). Knowledge is obtained from empirical facts. Computational intelligence has two objectives. On the one hand, its scientific objective is to understand the principles that allow intelligent behavior (both in natural and artificial systems), and on the other hand, its technical objective is to identify methods to design intelligent systems.

History

The term artificial intelligence was officially introduced at the Dartmouth Conference in 1956, but by then it had been in