Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship

By Ralph P. Martin and Peter H. Davids

Academy of Parish Clergy Top Ten Books of the Year
Christianity Today's Books of the Year

ECPA Gold Medallion
The third of IVP's critically acclaimed series of dictionaries of the New Testament provides focused study on the often-neglected portions of the New Testament: Acts, Hebrews, the General Epistles, and Revelation. Furthermore, its scope goes beyond the life of the New Testament church to include the work of the apostolic fathers and early Christianity up through the middle of the second century.
The Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments offers a summa of New Testament studies. Designed to bring students, teachers, pastors, and general readers up to date and up to speed, this one-of-a-kind reference volume presents more information than any other single work—dealing exclusively with the theology, literature, background, and scholarship of the later New Testament and the apostolic church.
In-depth, comprehensive articles focus on theological themes, methods of interpretation, background topics, and various other subjects specifically related to the study of New Testament theology and literature. Expert contributors include Darrell Bock, George R. Beasley-Murray, I. Howard Marshall, Ben Witherington III, and James D. G. Dunn. Wide-ranging articles span from the books of James and Jude to household codes, from the Roman emperor cult to gnosticism and docetism, questions of canon to second-century church leaders like Ignatius and Polycarp.
The Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments takes its place alongside the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels and Dictionary of Paul and His Letters in presenting mature evangelical scholarship—committed to the authority of Scripture, utilizing the best of critical methods, and maintaining a dialogue with contemporary scholarship and the challenges facing the church.
Reference volumes in the IVP Bible Dictionary Series provide in-depth treatment of biblical and theological topics in an accessible, encyclopedia format, including cross-sectional themes, methods of interpretation, significant historical or cultural background, and each Old and New Testament book as a whole.

• Language: English
• Publisher: IVP Academic
• Release date: Dec 24, 1997
• ISBN: 9780830867363

Book preview

couverture

Dictionary

of the Later New

Testament

& Its Developments

EDITED BY

Ralph P. Martin

Peter H. Davids

InterVarsity Press

Executive Director

Robert Fryling

---

Editorial Staff

Editorial Director

Andrew T. Le Peau

Managing Editor

James Hoover

Reference Book Editor

Daniel G. Reid

Editorial Assistants

Gloria Duncan-Bevilacqua

Melinda Syens

Proofreaders

Drew Blankman

David Zimmerman

---

Production Staff

Production Manager

Nancy Fox

Production Coordinator

Don Frye

Design

Kathy Lay Burrows

Design Assistant

Andrew Craft

Typesetters

Gail Munroe

Audrey Smith

Marjorie Sire

Programming Consultant

Andy Shermer

Contents

Preface

How to Use This Dictionary

Abbreviations

Transliteration of Hebrew and Greek

Contributors

A

ABBA

ABRAHAM

ABYSS

ACTS OF ANDREW

ACTS OF JOHN

ACTS OF PETER

ACTS OF PETER AND THE TWELVE APOSTLES

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES

ACTS OF THOMAS

ADOPTIONISM

ADULTERY

ADVERSARIES

AGAPE, THE

ALEXANDRIA, ALEXANDRIAN CHRISTIANITY

ALLEGORY

ALLUSIONS, OLD TESTAMENT

AMEN

AMORAIM

ANCESTORS

ANGELS, HEAVENLY BEINGS, ANGEL CHRISTOLOGY

ANOINTING

ANTICHRIST

ANTIOCH ON THE ORONTES

APOCALYPSE, THE

APOCALYPSE OF PETER

APOCALYPSE OF THOMAS

APOCALYPTIC, APOCALYPTICISM

APOCALYPTIC ESCHATOLOGY

APOCALYPTICISM

APOCRYPHAL AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHAL WRITINGS

APOSTASY

APOSTLE, APOSTLESHIP

APOSTLE’S CREED

APOSTOLIC FATHERS

APOSTOLIC TRADITION

ARCHITECTURE, EARLY CHURCH

ARMY, ROMAN

ASCENSION

ASCENSION OF ISAIAH

ASSURANCE

ASTROLOGY

ATONEMENT

AUTHORITY

B

BABYLON

BAPTISM, BAPTISMAL RITES

BAR KOKHBA

BARNABAS, EPISTLE OF

BASILIDES

BEASTS, DRAGON, SEA, CONFLICT MOTIF

BENEDICTIONS

BENEFACTORS

BIBLICAL THEOLOGY

BISHOPS

BLESSING

BODY

BORN AGAIN

BOWLS

BROTHERS OF JESUS

C

CAIN

CANON

CATECHETICAL SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA

CELIBACY

CENTERS OF CHRISTIANITY

CERINTHUS

CHILDREN, CHILDREN OF GOD

CHRIST

CHRISTIANITY AND JUDAISM: PARTINGS OF THE WAYS

CHRISTOLOGY

CHRONOLOGY

CHURCH

CHURCH AS ISRAEL, PEOPLE OF GOD

CHURCH ORDER, GOVERNMENT

CIRCUMCISION

CITY

CIVIC CULT

CIVIL AUTHORITY

CLAUDIUS, EDICT OF

CLEAN AND UNCLEAN

1 CLEMENT

2 CLEMENT

CLEMENT OF ROME

CLEMENTINE LITERATURE

COMMANDMENTS

CONFESSIONAL FORMS

CONFLICT MOTIF

CONSCIENCE

CONVERSION

COPTIC APOCALYPSE OF PETER

CORINTH

CORNELIUS

CORNERSTONE

COSMOLOGY

COVENANT, NEW COVENANT

CREATION, COSMOLOGY

CREEDS, CONFESSIONAL FORMS

CROSS, THEOLOGY OF THE

CULT, EMPEROR

CURSE

D

DARKNESS

DAVID

DAY OF THE LORD

DEACONS

DEAD SEA SCROLLS

DEATH

DEATH OF CHRIST

DECONSTRUCTION

DELAY OF PAROUSIA

DEMONS

DESPOSYNOI

DESTRUCTION

DEVIL

DIASPORA JUDAISM

DIDACHE, THE

DIDACHE

DIOGNETUS, EPISTLE TO

DISCIPLINE

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

DIVINE PRESENCE

DIVORCE

DOCETISM

DOXOLOGY

DRAGON

DUALISM

E

EARLY CATHOLICISM

EBIONITES

ECSTATIC EXPERIENCE

EDESSA

ELDERS

ELECTION

ELKESAITES

EMPEROR, EMPEROR CULT

END TIMES

ENDURANCE, PERSEVERANCE

ENTHRONEMENT

EPHESUS

EPISTLES

ESAU

ESCHATOLOGY

ESSENES

ETERNAL LIFE

ETERNITY, ETERNAL

ETHICS

ETHIOPIAN EUNUCH

EUCHARIST

EVANGELISM IN THE EARLY CHURCH

EVIL ONE

EVIL SPIRITS

EXALTATION, ENTHRONEMENT

5 EZRA AND 6 EZRA

F

FAITH, FAITHFULNESS

FAITH AND WORKS

FALSE PROPHETS

FALSE TEACHERS

FAMILY

FASTING

FEAR

FELLOWSHIP

FLESH

FLOCK

FOOD, FOOD LAWS, TABLE FELLOWSHIP

FORGIVENESS

FREEDOM, LIBERTY

FULFILLMENT

G

GALILEAN CHRISTIANITY

GENTILES, GENTILE MISSION

GEONIM

GIFTS

GLORY

GLOSSOLALIA

GNOSIS, GNOSTICISM

GNOSTICISM

GOD

GOD-FEARERS

GOSPEL

GOSPEL OF PETER

GOSPEL OF THOMAS

GRACE

GUESTS

H

HALLELUJAH

HAUSTAFEL

HEALING, ILLNESS

HEART

HEAVEN, NEW HEAVENS

HEAVENLY ASCENT

HEAVENLY BEINGS

HEBREWS

HELL, ABYSS, ETERNAL PUNISHMENT

HELLENISTIC CHRISTIANITY

HELLENISTIC-JEWISH CHRISTIANITY

HELLENISTS, HELLENISTIC AND HELLENISTIC-JEWISH CHRISTlANITY

HERESY

HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF

HERMENEUTICS

HIGH PRIEST

HOLINESS

HOLY, HOLINESS

HOLY CITY

HOLY SPIRIT

HOMILY GENRE

HOMOSEXUALITY

HOPE

HOSPITALITY

HOUSE CHURCHES

HOUSE OF GOD

HOUSE, SPIRITUAL HOUSE

HOUSEHOLD, FAMILY

HOUSEHOLD CODES

HUMILITY

HYMNS, SONGS

I

IDOLATRY

IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH

ILLNESS

IMITATION

IMMORTALITY

IMPERIAL CULT

IMPURITY

INCARNATION

INTERCESSION

INTERTEXTUALITY IN EARLY CHRISTIAN LITERATURE

ISAAC

ISRAEL, TWELVE TRIBES

J

JAMES, LETTER OF

JAMES THE JUST

JERUSALEM, ZION, HOLY CITY

JESUS TRADITIONS

JEWISH CHRISTIANITY

JEWISH WARS

JOHANNINE COMMUNITY/SCHOOL

JOHN, LETTERS OF

JOSEPH THE PATRIARCH

JOSEPHUS

JOY

JUDAISM, POST-A.D. 70

JUDE

JUDGMENT

JUSTIFICATION

K

KERYGMA AND DIDACHE

KINGDOM OF GOD

KNOWLEDGE

KOINONIA

L

LAMB

LAND IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY

LAST DAYS

LAW

LAWLESSNESS

LETTER OF PETER TO PHILIP

LETTER, LETTER FORM

LIBERTY

LIFE AND DEATH

LIGHT AND DARKNESS

LITURGICAL ELEMENTS

LITURGY

LOGOS CHRISTOLOGY

LORD

LORD’S DAY

LORD’S SUPPER, LOVE FEAST

LOT

LOVE

LOVE FEAST

LUKE-ACTS

LUST

M

MAGIC AND ASTROLOGY

MAN

MANDATES OF HERMAS

MARANATHA

MARCION

MARK, SECRET GOSPEL OF

MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND ADULTERY

MARTYRDOM

MARTYRDOM OF POLYCARP

MARY

MATTHEAN COMMUNITY

MELCHIZEDEK

MELITO OF SARDIS

MERCY

MESSIAH

MIDRASH

MILK, SOLID FOOD

MILLENNIUM

MIND

MINISTRY

MIRACLES IN ACTS

MISHNAH

MISSION, EARLY NON-PAULINE

MONARCHICAL BISHOP

MONOTHEISM

MONTANISM

MORALITY

MORTALITY AND IMMORTALITY

MOSES

MYSTERY

MYSTERY RELIGIONS

N

NAG HAMMADI TEXTS

NAME

NARRATIVE CRITICISM

NATIONS

NAZOREANS

NEW BIRTH

NEW COVENANT

NEW HEAVENS

NEW TESTAMENT THEOLOGY

NOAH

NONCANONICAL WRITINGS, CITATIONS IN THE GENERAL EPISTLES

O

OBEDIENCE AND LAWLESSNESS

ODES OF SOLOMAN

OFFERINGS

OLD TESTAMENT IN ACTS

OLD TESTAMENT IN APOSTOLIC FATHERS

OLD TESTAMENT IN GENERAL EPISTLES

OLD TESTAMENT IN HEBREWS

OLD TESTAMENT IN REVELATION

OPPONENTS

ORACLES

P

PARABLES OF HERMAS

PARAENESIS

PAROUSIA

PASCHAL HOMILY

PASCHAL LAMB

PASTORAL THEOLOGY

PAUL AND PAULINISMS IN ACTS

PAULINE LEGACY AND SCHOOL

PEACE

PELLA, FLIGHT TO

PENTECOST

PERSECUTION

PERSEVERANCE

1 PETER

2 PETER

PETER, GOSPEL OF

PHILIP THE EVANGELIST

PHILO

POLEMIC, JEWISH-CHRISTIAN

POLYCARP OF SMYRNA

POSTMODERNISM

POSTSTRUCTURALISM

POVERTY

POWER

PRAYER

PRAYER ACCLAMATIONS

PREACHING, APOSTOLIC

PREACHING FROM ACTS, HEBREWS, GENERAL EPISTLES AND REVELATION

PREACHING OF PETER

PREEXISTENCE

PRESBYTERS

PRIDE AND HUMILITY

PRIEST, HIGH PRIEST

PRISCILLA

PROMISE

PROPHECY, PROPHETS, FALSE PROPHETS

PROPHETS

PROSELYTISM, JEWISH

PROVIDENCE

PSEUDEPIGRAPHAL WRITINGS, CHRISTIAN NONCANONTCAL

PSEUDEPIGRAPHAL WRITINGS, JEWISH

PSEUDEPIGRAPHY

PSEUDO-CLEMENTINES

PSYCHOLOGY

PUNISHMENT

PURITY AND IMPURITY

Q

QUMRAN

QUOTATIONS OF OLD TESTAMENT

R

RABBINICAL SCHOOLS

RAHAB

READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM

REDEMPTION

REIGN OF GOD

RELATIVES OF JESUS

RELIGIONS, GRECO-ROMAN

REPENTANCE, SECOND REPENTANCE

REST

RESURRECTION

REVEAL, REVELATION

REVELATION

REVELATION, BOOK OF

REVERENCE

REWARDS

RHETORIC, RHETORICAL CRITICISM

RICHES AND POVERTY

RIGHTEOUS ONE

RIGHTEOUSNESS

ROMAN ADMINISTRATION

ROMAN CHRISTIANITY

ROMAN EMPIRE, CHRISTIANS AND THE

ROME AND ROMAN CHRISTIANITY

RULE OF FAITH

RULER OF THIS AGE

S

SABBATH

SABORAIM

SACRED SPACE

SACRIFICE, OFFERINGS, GIFTS

SALVATION

SAMARIA

SANCTUARY

SATAN, DEVIL

SAVIOR

SCROLLS, SEALS

SEA

SEALS

SECOND APOCALYPSE OF JAMES

SECOND REPENTANCE

SECRET GOSPEL OF MARK

SERMONIC GENRE

SERVANT, SERVICE

SERVICE

SEVEN, THE

SEXUAL ETHICS

SEXUALITY, SEXUAL ETHICS

SHALOM

SHEEP

SHEKINAH

SHEPHERD, FLOCK

SHEPHERD OF HERMAS

SIBYLLINE ORACLES

SIGNS AND WONDERS

SIMILITUDES OF HERMAS

SIMON MAGUS

SIN, WICKEDNESS

SISTERS OF JESUS

SLAVE, SLAVERY

SOCIAL SETTING OF EARLY NON-PAULINE CHRISTIANITY

SOLID FOOD

SON OF GOD

SONGS

SONSHIP, CHILD, CHILDREN

SOUL

SPEAKING IN TONGUES

SPEECHES OF ACTS

SPIRITS

SPIRITUAL HOUSE

STEPHEN

STONE, CORNERSTONE

STRANGERS

STRUCTURALISM AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

SUFFERING

SYNAGOGUE

SYNCRETISM

SYRIA, SYRIAN CHRISTIANITY

T

TABERNACLE, SANCTUARY

TABLE FELLOWSHIP

TALMUD

TANNAIM

TARGUM

TEACHING, PARAENESIS

TEACHINGS OF SILVANUS

TEMPLE

TEMPTATION

TER SANCTUS

TESTAMENTARY LITERATURE

TEXTUAL CRITICISM

THEOLOGY OF THE CROSS

THOMAS, APOSTLE

THOMAS, GOSPEL OF

TONGUES

TORAH

TRADITION

TRAVEL AND COMMERCE

TRIBULATION, MESSIANIC WOES

TRUMPETS

TRUTH

TWELVE, THE

TWELVE TRIBES

TWO WAYS

TYPOLOGY

U

UNCLEAN

UNIVERSALISM

V

VALENTINUS

VIALS

VICES

VIRTUES AND VICES

VISIONS, ECSTATIC EXPERIENCE

VISIONS OF HERMAS

VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS, GRECO-ROMAN

W

WATCHFULNESS

WICKEDNESS

WIDOWS

WISDOM

WITNESS

WOES, MESSIANIC

WOMAN AND MAN

WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

WORKS

WORLD

WORSHIP AND LITURGY

WRATH, DESTRUCTION

Z

ZION

Scripture Index

Subject Index

Articles Index

Praise for Dictionary of the Later New Testament & Its Developments

About the Editors

The IVP Bible Dictionary Series

More Titles from InterVarsity Press

Copyright Page

Preface

In the previous two companion volumes, dedicated to the parts of the New Testament called Gospels and Pauline Epistles, an attempt was made to introduce readers to those documents with which the readers would be familiar. Hence the respective prefaces acknowledged the foundational character of what the early church called the Gospel and the Apostle.

A different kind of introduction is called for in this third yet complementary reference work. Here—in the remaining books of the New Testament canon—the reader is more than likely to be on a terra incognita. Features such as the complex arguments of the letter to the Hebrews, the moralizing tendency of James the Just, the fierce denunciations sounded in the epistle of Jude as well as the more accessible First Peter and the Acts of the Apostles will come to mind as representing books which cry out for elucidation. And who has not felt the need for scholarly and sympathetic guidance while patiently, if with puzzlement, reading the final book, called the Revelation? This Dictionary will, we hope, be among the first resources a student, teacher and communicator will turn to when seeking assistance.

It is to offer such help that the contributions to the present full-scale Dictionary of the Later New Testament and Its Developments were conceived, assembled, composed—and now are offered to the public. The editors are bold to surmise that this volume, perhaps more than the two earlier dictionaries, will fill a perceived gap in the field of reference books on the New Testament. It is designed to come to the aid of preachers, ministers, Christian laypeople and hard-pressed students of theology no less than the editors’ colleagues in the academy when called on to teach these often neglected books of the canon.

Mention of the New Testament canon calls to mind a recent (1983, 1995) pronouncement of the doyen scholar C. K. Barrett. Writing on The Centre of the New Testament and the Canon (in his collected essays Jesus and the Word [Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1995] 259-76), he states in support of his position that the norma normans of New Testament theology, the means of testing theological propositions (or better, he would say, the church’s proclamation), is a nuanced version of the slogans sola fide, solus Christus, the "claim that in practice no harm but good results [follow] if we look at all the literary products of the apostolic and subapostolic ages (his emphasis). To respond to this remark would involve a discussion of the ongoing debate regarding the center of the New Testament" and the limits and definition of canonical authority. It is sufficient here to note that the coverage in this Dictionary will, we trust, put the readers in a position to see the ways the formulation of the Christian message developed from the Synoptic Gospels and Paul to the remaining New Testament books and then up to about the middle of the second century. Commitment to a determinative canon (embracing the twenty-seven books in our New Testament) should make room for (1) a frank admission that books often thought to be peripheral to the alleged center are still held to be normative, for as Dr. Barrett remarks, there cannot be degrees of canonicity; and (2) an equally frank acknowledgment that Christian thinking did not cease with the last New Testament book, and it developed in those writings usually called the apostolic fathers.

The decision to take the lines of development up to A.D. 150 was a matter of convenience, since a cut-off point was clearly needed if the volume was to be of manageable size. A certain editorial latitude, however, was granted to contributors who felt it needful to include material from the later patristic period. One reason for this inclusion is to allow developments that come to fuller fruition in the late second and subsequent early centuries to cast their light backward on the obscurities of the period A.D. 100-150. To change the metaphor, germination and flowering of a Christian truth often requires a considerable length of time to appear.

The editors and publisher struggled to find a suitable title for this volume that would do justice to its diverse subject matter and yet stand in continuity with the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels and the Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. No prejudicial judgment should be read into the part-title, The Later New Testament. As will be clear, the case for dating Jude or James anterior to the Pauline letters still continues to be made, even if the tendency is to place these letters in a subsequent decade. By general consensus, however, the bulk of the literature covered in this volume was written chronologically after the Pauline chief letters and, in some cases, after the publication of the Synoptics. Again, the adjective later is one of convenience, just as the term Developments is in no way intended to blur the line of demarcation the church has accepted (since Athanasius) between canonical and noncanonical, even if the story of the canonization of the New Testament has the ragged edges admitted by Eusebius.

Once more the editors are quick to recognize their debts and pay tribute to all who have made this volume possible. Secretarial help in the production processes and the ready cooperation of our team of contributors, drawn from around the world and across the boundaries of church affiliation, ethnicity and gender, are gratefully acknowledged.

It remains to send out the third member of this ambitious series (which will eventually include a Dictionary of New Testament Background and four volumes on the Old Testament) in the hope that it may, with its partners, serve the interests of readers. It is designed to assist those who seek to understand the remaining books of the New Testament in their historical, literary and religious setting and to observe the flow of church life, thought and history across a diverse spectrum of geography and culture, from Paul and the Synoptic Gospels to Justin in Rome.

Ralph P. Martin

Peter H. Davids

How to Use This Dictionary

Abbreviations

Comprehensive tables of abbreviations for general matters as well as for scholarly, biblical and ancient literature may found on pages xiii-xxv.

Authorship of Articles

The authors of articles are indicated by their first initials and last name at the end of each article. A full list of contributors may be found on pages xxvii-xxx, in alphabetical order of their last name. The contribution of each author is listed alphabetically.

Bibliographies

A bibliography has been appended to each article. The bibliographies include works cited in the articles and other significant related works. Bibliographical entries are listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, and where an author has more than one work cited, they are listed alphabetically by title. In some types of articles (e.g., articles on specific NT literature and apostolic fathers) the bibliographies are divided into categories. Abbreviations used in the bibliographies appear in the tables of abbreviations.

Cross-references

The Dictionary has been extensively cross-referenced in order to aid readers in making the most of material appearing throughout the volume. Five types of cross-referencing will be found:

1. One-line entries appearing in alphabetical order throughout the Dictionary direct readers to articles where a topic is discussed:

Abba. See God; Son of God.

2. An asterisk after a single word in the body of an article indicates that an article by that title appears in the Dictionary. For example, Christ* directs the reader to an article entitled Christ.

3. A cross-reference appearing within parentheses in the body of an article also directs the reader to an article by that title. For example, (see Church Order) directs the reader to an article entitled Church Order, Government. Such cross-references are used either to prevent the confusion an asterisk might introduce (i.e., Son of God* could refer to either an article on God or Son of God) or to direct the readers attention to an article of related interest.

4. Cross-references have been appended to the end of articles, immediately preceding the bibliography, to direct readers to articles significantly related to the subject:

See also HYMNS; LITURGICAL ELEMENTS; WORSHIP, LITURGY.

5. Where appropriate, references are made to articles in the companion volumes, the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels and the Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. These references are found within the body of the text of articles and never in bibliographies. For example, a reference such as (see DJG, Gentiles) refers to the article on Gentiles in the Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, and a reference such as (see DPL, Righteousness of God §2.4) refers to a specific section within the article on Righteousness of God found in the Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. The purpose of these references is both to assist readers in exploring related topics in Jesus and Paul as well as to provide contrasting or alternative points of view.

Indexes

Since most of the Dictionary articles cover broad topics in some depth, the Subject Index is intended to assist readers in finding relevant information on narrower topics that might, for instance, appear in a standard Bible dictionary. For example, while there is no article entitled Nazoreans, the subject index might direct the reader to pages where the Nazoreans are discussed in the articles on Jewish Christianity, Ebionites or elsewhere.

A Scripture Index is provided to assist readers in gaining quick access to the Scriptures referred to throughout the Dictionary.

An Articles Index found at the end of the Dictionary allows readers quickly to review the breadth of topics covered and select the ones most apt to serve their interests or needs. For those who wish to identify the articles written by specific contributors, they are listed with the name of the contributors in the list of contributors.

Transliteration

Hebrew and Greek words have been transliterated according to a system set out in the front matter. Greek verbs appear in their lexical form (rather than infinitive) in order to assist those with little or no knowledge of the language in using other reference works.

Abbreviations

General Abbreviations

Translations of the Bible

Books of the Bible

The Apocrypha and Septuagint

The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

Apostolic Fathers

Other Early Christian Literature

Classical and Hellenistic Writers and Sources

Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Texts

Targumic Material

Orders and Tractates in the Mishnah, Tosefta and Talmud

Same-named tractates in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Babylonian Talmud and Jerusalem Talmud are distinguished by m., t., b. and y. respectively.

Other Rabbinic Works

Nag Hammadi Tractates

Periodicals, Reference Works and Serials

Transliteration of Hebrew and Greek

HEBREW

Consonants

א = י

בּ = b

ב = ḇ

גּ = g

ג = ḡ

ךּ = d

ך = ḏ

ה = h

ו = w

ז = z

ח = ḥ

ט = ṭ

י = y

כּ = k

כ = ḵ

ל = l

מ = m

נ = n

ס = s

ע = ‘

פּ = p

פ = p̄

צ = ṣ

ק = q

ר = r

שׂ = ś

שׁ = š

תּ = t

ת = ṯ

Long Vowels

(ה) ָ  = â

יֵ   = ê

יִ  = î

וֹ  = ô

וּ  = û

ָ   = ā

ֵ   = ē

ׄ   = ō

Short Vowels

ַ   = a

ֶ  = e

ׅ   = i

ָ   = o

ֻ   = u

Very Short Vowels

ֲ  = a

ֱ   = e

ְ   = e (if vocal)

ֳ   = o

GREEK

Α = A

α = a

Β = B

β = b

Γ = G

γ = g

Δ = D

δ = d

Ε = E

ε = e

Ζ = Z

ζ = z

Η = Ē

η = ē

Θ = Th

θ = th

Ι = I

ι = i

Κ = K

κ = k

Λ = L

λ = l

Μ = M

μ = m

Ν = N

ν = n

Ξ = X

ξ = x

Ο = O

ο = o

Π = P

π = p

Ρ = R

ρ = r

Σ = S

σ/ς = s

Τ = T

τ = t

Υ = Y

υ = y

Φ = Ph

ϕ = ph

Χ = Ch

χ = ch

Ψ = Ps

ψ = ps

Ω = Ō

ω = ō

Ῥ = Rh

ῥ = rh

͑ = h

γξ = nx

γγ = ng

αυ = au

ευ = eu

ου = ou

υι = yi

Contributors

Allison, Dale C., Jr., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA: Land in Early Christianity; Melchizedek; Moses.

Arnold, Clinton E., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament, Talbot School of Theology, La Mirada, California, USA: Centers of Christianity; Magic and Astrology; Power; Satan, Devil; Syncretism.

Baker, William R., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament and Greek and Biblical Division Chair, Saint Louis Christian College, Florissant, Missouri, USA: Endurance, Perseverance; Temptation.

Barnett, Paul W., Ph.D. Bishop of North Sydney, Anglican Church, Diocese of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Apostasy; Salvation.

Bartchy, S. Scott, Ph.D. Director, UCLA Center for the Study of Religion and Adjunct Professor of Christian Origins and History of Religions, Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA: Narrative Criticism; Slave, Slavery.

Barton, Stephen C., Ph.D. Lecturer in New Testament, University of Durham, Durham, UK: Hospitality; Social Setting of Early Non-Pauline Christianity.

Bauckham, Richard J., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament Studies, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews,

UK: Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Writings; 2 Peter; Relatives of Jesus.

Beagley, Alan J., Ph.D. Pastor, Williston Park Reformed Church, Williston Park, New York, USA: Babylon; Beasts, Dragon, Sea, Conflict Motif; Bowls; Scrolls, Seals; Trumpets.

Beale, Gregory K., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament and Director of the Th.M. in Biblical Theology Program, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts, USA: Eschatology.

Beasley-Murray, George R., D.D., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament Emeritus, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky, USA: Revelation, Book of.

Blackburn, Barry L., Ph.D. Professor, Atlanta Christian College, East Point, Georgia, USA: Stephen.

Blue, Bradley B., Ph.D. Instructor in Aerospace, Marcy Open, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: Architecture, Early Church; Food, Food Laws, Table Fellowship.

Bock, Darrell L., Ph.D. Research Professor for New Testament Studies, Dallas Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, USA: Old Testament in Acts.

Burge, Gary M., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, USA: John, Letters of.

Calvert-Koyzis, Nancy, Ph.D. Professor of New Testament, Ontario Theological Seminary, North York, Ontario, Canada. Ancestors; Abraham.

Campbell, William S., Ph.D. Reader in Religious and Theological Studies, Westhill College, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK: Church as Israel, People of God.

Canales, Isaac J., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of New Testament and Director of Hispanic Church Studies, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California, USA: Mercy.

Capes, David B., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Houston Baptist University, Houston, Texas, USA: Preexistence.

Caragounis, Chrys C., Th.D. Associate Professor of New Testament Exegesis, Department of Theology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden: Reveal, Revelation; Stone, Cornerstone.

Carson, D. A., Ph.D. Research Professor of New Testament, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Illinois, USA: New Testament Theology.

Casurella, Anthony, Ph.D. Associate Professor, George Fox University, Portland, Oregon, USA: Fellowship; Gospel; Grace; Israel, Twelve Tribes.

Charles, J. Daryl, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Religion, Taylor University, Upland, Indiana, USA: Noncanonical Writings, Citations in the General Epistles; Old Testament in General Epistles.

Chilton, Bruce D., Ph.D. Bernard Iddings Bell Professor of Religion and Chaplain of the College, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York, USA: Purity and Impurity; Synagogue; Temple.

Comfort, Philip W., Ph.D., D. Litt. et Phil. Senior Editor, Tyndale House Publishers, and Adjunct Professor, Trinity Episcopal Seminary, Pawleys Island, South Carolina, USA: Textual Criticism.

Davids, Peter H., Ph.D. Director of Studies, Schloss Mittersill Study Center, Mittersill, Austria: Anointing; Faith and Works; Healing, Illness; Miracles in Acts; Tongues; Signs and Wonders.

Davies, Glenn N., Ph.D. Rector, St. Luke’s Anglican Church, Miranda, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia: Sacrifice, Offerings, Gifts; Tabernacle, Sanctuary.

De Lacey, Douglas R., Ph.D. Faculties of Divinity and Oriental Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK: Circumcision.

deSilva, David A., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of New Testament, Ashland Theological Seminary, Ashland, Ohio, USA: Exaltation, Enthronement; Heaven, New Heaven; Repentance, Second Repentance; Visions, Ecstatic Experience.

Dodd, Brian J., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Leadership, and Associate Director, Doctor of Ministry Program, Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky, USA: Millennium; Universalism; World.

Drane, John W., D.D. Directory, Centre for the Study of Christianity and Contemporary Society, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK: Son of God; Sonship, Child, Children.

Dunn, James D. G., D.D. Lightfoot Professor of Divinity, University of Durham, Durham, UK: Pseudepigraphy; Pauline Legacy and School.

Eastman, Brad J., Ph.D. Instructor, Regent College, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Faith, Faithfulness; Hope; Name.

Evans, Craig A., Ph.D. Director of Graduate Program in Biblical Studies and the Dead Sea Scrolls Institute, Trinity Western University, Langley, British Columbia, Canada: Christianity and Judaism: Partings of the Ways; Judaism, Post-A.D. 70; Thomas, Gospel of.

Ferguson, Everett, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas, USA: Old Testament in Apostolic Fathers; Religions, Greco-Roman.

Fowl, Stephen E., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Theology, Loyola College in Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Paul and Paulinisms in Acts.

Fuller, Ruth M., Ph.D. Adjunct Professor, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California, USA: Rewards.

Giles, Kevin N., Th.D. Vicar, St. Michael’s Church, North Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Church; Church Order, Government; Prophecy, Prophets, False Prophets.

Graham, David J., Ph.D. Lecturer in New Testament and Greek, Glasgow Bible College, and Honorary Lecturer in Theology and Religious Studies, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK: Watchfulness; Witness.

Green, Joel B., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament Interpretation, Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky, USA: Acts of the Apostles; Cornelius; Peter, Gospel of.

Guthrie, George H., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Christian Studies, Union University, Jackson, Tennessee, USA: Old Testament in Hebrews; Promise.

Hagner, Donald A., Ph.D. George Eldon Ladd Professor of New Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California, USA: Apostolic Fathers; Jewish Christianity.

Hansen, G. Walter, Th.D. Director of the Global Research Institute and Associate Professor of New Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California, USA: Authority.

Hawthorne, Gerald F., Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Greek, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois, USA: Holy, Holiness; Holy Spirit; Joy; Melito of Sardis.

Hertig, Paul A., Ph.D. Instructor in New Testament and Mission, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California, USA: Galilean Christianity.

Hill, Craig C., D.Phil. Associate Professor of New Testament, Wesley Theological Seminary, Washington, D.C., USA: Hellenists, Hellenistic and Hellenistic-Jewish Christianity.

Holmes, Michael W., Ph.D. Professor of Biblical Studies and Early Christianity, Bethel College, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Barnabas, Epistle of; Clement of Rome; Didache; Hermas, Shepherd of; Ignatius of Antioch; Polycarp of Smyrna.

Hunt, Steven A., M.C.S., Ph.D. Cand. Adjunct Professor of Biblical Studies, Bethel College, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: Light and Darkness.

Hurst, Lincoln D., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Religious Studies, University of California, Davis, California, USA: Priest, High Priest; Qumran.

Hurtado, L. W., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament Language, Literature and Theology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK:Christology.

Johnson, David H., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament, Providence Theological Seminary, Otterburne, Manitoba, Canada: Assurance; Blessing; Flesh.

Keener, Craig S., Ph.D. Visiting Professor of New Testament, Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Lamb; Marriage, Divorce, Adultery; Shepherd, Flock; Woman and Man.

Kim, Seyoon, Ph.D. Professor of New Testament, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California, USA: Kingdom of God.

Klein, William W., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament and Associate Academic Dean, Denver Seminary, Denver, Colorado, USA: Election.

Knight, Jonathan M., Ph.D. Research Assistant to the Bishop of Ely, Ely, Cambs, UK: Alexandria, Alexandrian Christianity.

Kreitzer, Larry J., Ph.D. Tutor of New Testament, Regent’s Park College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK: Apocalyptic, Apocalypticism; Parousia.

Kroeger, Catherine C., Adjunct Associate Professor of Classical and Ministry Studies, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts, USA: Women in the Early Church.

Kruse, Colin G., Ph.D. Lecturer in New Testament, Bible College of Victoria, Lilydale, Victoria, Australia: Apostle, Apostleship; Ministry; Servant, Service.

Laansma, Jon C., Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Bible, Moody Bible Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA: Lord’s Day; Peace.

Lane, William L., Th.D. Paul T. Walls Professor of Biblical Studies, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA: Hebrews.

Larkin, William J., Jr., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament and Greek, Columbia Biblical Seminary and Graduate School of Missions, Columbia, South Carolina, USA: Ascension.

Lim, David S., Ph.D. Executive Director, China Ministries International—Philippines, Quezon City, Metro-Manila, Philippines: Evangelism in the Early Church.

Lincoln, Andrew T., Ph.D. Senior Professor of New Testament, Wycliffe College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Pentecost.

Losie, Lynn A., Ph.D. Associate Professor of New Testament, Haggard Graduate School of Theology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California, USA: Mark, Secret Gospel of.

Luter, A. Boyd, Jr., Th.D. Associate Professor of Bible, Cedarville College, Cedarville, Ohio, USA: Martyrdom; Savior.

Maier, Paul L., Ph.D. Professor of History, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA: Chronology.

Marshall, I. Howard, D.D. Professor of New Testament Exegesis, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK: Redemption.

Martin, D. Michael, Ph.D. Professor of New Testament Studies, Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary, Mill Valley, California, USA: Philo.

Martin, Ralph P., Ph.D. Distinguished Scholar in Residence at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California; Haggard Graduate School of Theology, Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California; and Logos Evangelical Seminary, El Monte, California, USA: Early Catholicism; Worship and Liturgy.

Maynard-Reid, Pedrito U., Th.D. Professor of Biblical Studies and Missiology, Walla Walla College, College Place, Washington, USA: Forgiveness; Samaria.

McCartney, Dan G., Ph.D. Associate Professor of New Testament, Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Conscience; House, Spiritual House; Household, Family.

McDonald, Lee M., Ph.D. Senior Pastor, First Baptist Church, Alhambra, California, and Adjunct Professor of New Testament Studies, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California, USA: Canon.

McKnight, Scot, Ph.D. Karl A. Olsson Professor in Religious Studies, North Park University, Chicago, Illinois, USA: Gentiles, Gentile Mission; Matthean Community.

Michaels, J. Ramsey, Th.D. Professor Emeritus, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA: Old Testament in Revelation; 1 Peter.

Morris, Leon L., Ph.D. Retired, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Love.

Mott, Stephen C., Ph.D. Pastor, Cochesett United Methodist Church, West Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA: Civil Authority.

Motyer, Stephen, Ph.D. Lecturer, London Bible College, London, UK: Cross, Theology of the.

Newman, Carey C., Ph.D. Research Professor of New Testament, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky, USA: Covenant, New Covenant; Glory; God; Jerusalem, Zion, Holy City; Righteousness.

Noll, Stephen F., Ph.D. Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Professor of Biblical Studies, Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry, Ambridge, Pennsylvania, USA: Angels, Heavenly Beings, Angel Christology.

Nystrom, David P., Ph.D. Chair, Department of Biblical and Theological Studies, North Park University, Director of Institute for Christian Studies, Chicago, Illinois, USA: Josephus.

Osborne, Grant R., Ph.D. Professor of New Testament,