Ancient History of Mars

By Jagdish Krishanlal Arora

The ancient history of Mars is a tale of cosmic evolution, shaped by eons of geological, climatic, and potentially even biological processes. Billions of years ago, Mars likely had a more Earth-like environment, with flowing water, a thicker atmosphere, and possibly the conditions necessary for life to emerge. Evidence from Martian geology, such as dry river valleys and ancient lake beds, hints at a planet once teeming with liquid water. However, over time, Mars underwent a dramatic transformation, with its atmosphere thinning and surface water disappearing, leaving behind a harsh, arid landscape marked by deserts and enormous canyons. Understanding this ancient history provides crucial insights into the potential habitability of Mars and the search for signs of past life on the Red Planet.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Jagdish Arora
• Release date: Oct 3, 2023
• ISBN: 9798223761488

Book preview

Introduction

The purpose of this book is to give all information on Mars as much as possible by talking about everything we have got to know about Mars from ancient times to all the exploratory missions taken till the present time. There is now a huge competition to find out more about Mars. Different unmanned space missions to Mars by several space agencies of various countries have collected a lot of information on the Red planet. They have explored the terrain of Mars, its atmosphere and tried to find past traces of life, water, oxygen, and any traces of fossils. Mars is mentioned in ancient history as the God of War and is part of the folk tales of several ancient civilizations including the Greek, Roman, Sumerian, Mesopotamian, Incas, and several other civilizations of the past including Babylon and others.

We are not only exploring the terrain of Mars and its atmosphere, there is a huge interest to send manned missions to Mars. All of this is not easy and manned missions to Mars are much more difficult and hazardous for the reason that the astronauts on this mission have to remain healthy; they should have a sufficient amount of oxygen to survive in travel as well as to survive the seven months-long journey.  In addition to reaching Mars, they have to wait for two years when the distance between the Earth and Mars reduces and they can come back. Very few missions have been successful on the first attempt on Mars. But this must not make us afraid to send humans to Mars, and it is very important that our first human mission succeeds on its first attempt. There will not be a single spacecraft for the human mission but it will have several of them going together which will include one for housing the astronauts, another for carrying necessary supplies, third for carrying equipment, several Landers or rovers for construction activity, and others for scientific equipment, communication pieces of equipment and many other things.

Chapter 1

Early History on Mars

The Sumerians, Romans , Greeks, Mesopotamians and many other ancient civilizations believed that Mars was the God of war and related to diseases. Mars has been recorded by many of our ancient civilizations before 1500 BC by the Mesopotamians and the Babylonians who made several observations on the movement of Mars and its behavior.

They even made calculations on its orbit and movements on the zodiac and invented mathematical methods for correcting errors in judgments on the orbits of planets that require to study and also access information from large number of sources and help of calculators and computers to arrive at figures. Some astronomers from our ancient civilizations have also prepared detailed texts on Mars, which I have yet to study which includes one by Ptolemy, from the Greek civilization who studied the orbits of Mars written in his book called Almagest. The Chinese also had lot of information on Mars during the 4th century BC. There have been several other observations since then and also include visualization of canals by some Western astronomers.  Galileo Galilee, the famous Italian astronomer was the first one to see Mars through a telescope and Christian Huygens was a Dutch astronomer who prepared the first terrain map of Mars.

As the quality of the telescopes increased, through its resolution the surfaces of Mars could be identified and we need not spend billions of dollars to go there and see it for ourselves. In 1877, Giovanni Schiaparelli an Italian astronomer made a detailed map of Mars using observations from his 8.7 inches telescope in Milan, Italy in which he showed canals on Mars and compared them to the rivers on Earth.

Percival Lowell in the 1890s made an observatory which had 12 inches and 18 inches telescopes in it and took several observations and wrote several things about Mars and life on Mars. I also remember the Chinese building observatories in ancient times but don’t know what happened to them. Giving all those information will be difficult for me and I will stick to what is known at present now as in 2021 the current year of writing my book.

Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin and Louis Thollon both of whom were French astronomers found canals on Mars using the telescopes available during that time in the 1900s in Nice, France and now what the orbiters and Landers are confirming starting from the missions in the 1960s and till now in 2021 was already know though observations by these astronomers as well as others.

The atmospheric changes in the polar caps and the dark areas formed on Mars during the summer are also the same information reported by the modern day orbiters around Mars. The only difference is that the orbiters reported these phenomena around the poles as I saw and not on the Equator as reported by the astronomers, so will have to see if the dark patched appear on the Equator on Mars as well. It may well be true since Mars contains 95-96 % carbon dioxide and this amount of concentration in air can cause dark patched on Mars.

So, if these dark patches are formed in winter on Mars at the polar caps they may shift to the equator in summers or something similar.

Further research by telescopes as they grew bigger showed less number of canals but since the resolution of the telescopes was limited life on Mars could not be confirmed and also no observations could be done as to any green areas being there on Mars. To detect water on Mars spectroscopes were available in the 1900s but they were unable to detect water vapor as the composition of it on Mars was almost negligible less than 0.1 percent in the thin atmosphere of Mars. This was confirmed by

American astronomers William Campbell and Vesto Slipher repeated the study in 1909 and got the same results and this was confirmed by W. S. Adams in 1925 that life did not exist on Mars now.

Throughout my book, I am focusing on nuclear war on Mars. This war took place between two large galactic armies who fought on Mars as well as in space. Bit the galactic armies had large as well as small spaceships and had all kinds of advanced technologies.

The existing galactic army in our solar system was ruling us for an infinite number of years maybe in thousands of years then. While I think the other army was from other solar system, but the aliens from that army say they are from another galaxy. The aliens say they destroyed the galactic army which was ruling our solar system and all the other solar systems in our Milky Way. The Milky Way is our galaxy, which contains several solar systems like ours, but while aliens have been visiting us from other galaxies, we have not seen visitors from other solar systems which are much closer. The alien visitors to Earth also have not mentioned about other solar systems near to Earth. Surprisingly our solar system has no name to differentiate it from other solar systems.

When we are able to observe other stars easily, we are not able to observe other solar systems. This has not been explained by any scientist or astronomer till now as to why he can observe stars in other galaxies but cannot see the stars in nearby solar systems. You need to read my book Journey of Mankind from Earth to Mars written in 2018 to know differences between solar systems, galaxies and the universe and dimensions and time travel.

The stories around Mars are interesting and people are more interested in fictional stories of Mars. I have the entire thing what people want on Mars. While this will be a scientific book and the next one will be a follow up of this book, it will give an entire picture of Mars that you will not find in other books. What exactly happened on Mars will be revealed to the readers in story as well as scientific form.

If I go through all the information with ancient civilizations, I can tell a lot about Mars, but those texts are written in a primitive way. In modern language, we simply had a galactic command of our own which operated from Mars. If I were to believe the aliens, who say they destroyed the galactic command on Mars as well