Ancient Scholars about the Turks and the Turkic Nations. (The Mega Edition - Volumes 1, 2.)

By Dr. A. Sanducci

The book brings a fresh perspective into a stagnated view of the Turkic nations and their past. 

Primarily based on the genetic findings, backed by the archeological, historical, linguistic facts and testimonies of the ancient scholars, historians, and geographers, this work reveals breaking new evidence about the biblical origin

• Language: English
• Publisher: World Scholarly Press
• Release date: Jul 27, 2023
• ISBN: 9798985923704

Dr. A. Sanducci

Tədqiqatçı haqqında bir neçə kəlmə. Türkşünaslıq üzrə geniş akademik təcrübəyə malik, ABŞ-ın Berkli Universitetinin keçmiş qonaq professoru, bu 2 cildlik tədqiqatın və bir çox digər maarifləndirici kitab və məqalələrin müəllifi dünyanın bir çox nüfuzlu Universitetlərində, o cümlədən Stanford Universitetində və UC Davis-də çıxışlar və mühazirələr oxuyub.

Book preview

Ancient Scholars

about the Turks and the Turkic Nations

The MEGA EDITION.

Volumes 1, 2.

Copyright © 2022 A. Sanducci

All rights reserved.  No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.

For feedback, please email at [e-mail]

Imprint—World Scholarly Press, Los Angeles, USA

ISBN 979-8-9859237-0-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2022936297

Title: Ancient Scholars about the Turks and the Turkic Nations.

(The Mega Edition – Volumes 1, 2.)

Author: A. Sanducci

Digital distribution | 2022

A. Sanducci

Ancient Scholars

about the Turks and the Turkic Nations

Volume 1.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Preface.

The Turkic Alphabet.

VOLUME 1.

Chapter I.

§1. The biblical origins of the Turkic nations.

§2. The ancient Turkic nation of Az and the biblical land of Uz.

§3. The biblical Tyrians and the Medes are the ancient Turks.

§4. The Turkic origin of the biblical Hittites, the Kheta, the Khitai of Central Asia and China.

§5. The Akkadians, the Sumerians, the Susians, the Kassites, the Caanites – the Turkic nations of biblical proportions.

§6. The biblical Philistines' ties to the Turkic nations.

CHAPTER II.

§1. The Turkic pedigree of the Arian nations.                      

§2. The Turkic origin of Odin – the god of all gods.

§3. Troy, the same as Asgard – the ancient land of the Turks.

§4. The Turkic nations — Az, Asir, Azeri, and Azerbaijanis.

§5. The striking similarities between the Germanic and Turkic peoples.

CHAPTER III.

§1. The Tatars and the Mongols are closely related to each other Turkic nations.

§2. The genetic research that established the Turkic forefather of a billion humans worldwide.

CHAPTER IV.

§1. The Medes and Media.

§2. The Turkic names of the Median cities with the capital of Media – Akbatana.

§3. The nations and tribes of Media.

§4. The Turkic names of the Medes.

§5. The Median language of Turkic origin – the analysis based on the Behistun inscription.

§6. 65 grammatical pointers, attesting that Median was a Turkic language.

CHAPTER V.

§1. The Scythians and Scythian tribes.

§2. The primary Scythian tribes, located in Scythia.

§3. The As tribe and its derivatives.

§4. The Sacai and their derivative tribes.

§5. The Parthians, the Bactrians, and their subsidiary tribes.

§6. The Huns, aka the Khounoi.

§7. The Sarmatai and the Sarmatian tribes, including the Turcae.

§8. The Getai family.

§9. The Celts, the Gauls, the Iberians, and the Germanic tribes.

§9-1. The Celtic, the Iberian, the Kelto-Scythian tribes and nations.

§9-2. The Gauls, aka the Galliae, aka the Galli.

§9-3. The Germanic tribes.

§10. The Thracians.

VOLUME 2.

§11. The Trojan nations.

§11-1. The Dardanii and the Illyrian tribes.

§11-2. The Teucri, or the Teucrians, and their derivatives.

§11-3. The Leleges and their derivatives.

§11-3-1. 45 grammatical pointers, attesting that Etruscan was a Turkic language.

§11-4. The Phrygians and their derivative tribes.

§11-4-1. The lexico-grammatical similarities between the Phrygian and the Turkic languages.

§11-4-2. 37 grammatical pointers, attesting that Phrygian was a Turkic language.

§11-4-3. The Phrygian tribes: the Berecyntes, Cerbesii, Peloponnesians, Dorians, Leucadians, Lacedemonians, Armenians.

§11-5. The Pelasgi and their posterity.

§11-5.1. Pelasgian cities and districts.

§11-5.2. Pelasgian origins of Theseus, Hercules, Achilles, and Alexander the Great.

§11-5-3. Pelasgian mythology and pantheon of gods.

§11-5-4. The Turkic word Tatar, or Tartar, used by the Greeks, Romans, Hittites, Armenians.

§11-6. The Solymi, Milyae, Termilae, Lycians, Xanthioi, Aphneii.

§11-7. The Paphlagonians, Cauconians, Mariandyni, Ligues, Matienoi, Cappadocians, Heneti.

§11-8. The Halizones, Chalybes, Armenochalybes, Amazones.

§11-9. The Cilicians, or Hypachaeans, Pisidians, Selgeis, Sagalasseis, Clitae, Tracheiotae.

§11-10. Mitochondrial DNA data connect the Trojans, the Scythians, the Etruscans, the Turrenians, the Pelasgians to the Turkic nations.

Chapter VI.

The ancient Turkic alphabet and its close similarity to the Pelasgian, Lydian, Lycian, Phrygian, Carian, Etruscan/Turrenian, Scythian scripts.

Chapter VII.

§1. The ancient Turkic tamgas.

§2. The political tamgas, indicating statehood, the level of independence of a state, and its subjects.

§3. The religious tamgas, indicating mystical, magical, spiritual signs.

§4. The tamgas, indicating military and state attributes.

§5. The tamgas, representing nature and animals.

Chapter VIII.

§1. The Turkic Nations in the Americas.

§2. The names of the Native American Tribes that have a Turkic origin.

§3. Religion and the kurgan building culture of the Native Americans.

§4. The geographical names of the Turkic origin in the Americas.

§5. The Turkic etymology of the Mayan vocabulary.

§6. The Native American words of Turkic origin.

§7. The Turkic tamgas, petroglyphs, and Native American artifacts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREFACE.

"Masters of Persia, they sit upon the throne of Cyrus and Hystaspes. They have subdued Muscovy {Russia}. Under the name of Turks, they have made immense conquests in Europe, Asia, and Africa; and they are the dominant power in these three-quarters of the earth. In more remote times, from them issued forth some of those races who overthrew the Roman Empire. What are the conquests of Alexander compared with those of Chingis Khan? Nothing is wanting to this – victorious nation except historians to celebrate its achievements. What immortal deeds have been buried in oblivion! Of how many empires founded by them is the origin unknown to us! This warlike nation occupied exclusively with its immediate glory, and certain of conquest in every age, gave no thought to the commemoration of its fame." [Charles de Secondat baron de Montesquieu. "Persian Letters". Vol.2. Letter 82.]

The famous French diplomat of the 18th c., baron de Montesquieu also added:

"Of all the nations of the world… none has excelled that of the Tartars in the splendour and magnitude of its conquests. This people is the veritable ruler of the earth: all the others seem to be intended for its service; it is alike the founder and the destroyer of empires; in all times, it has afforded the world signs of its prowess; in every age it has been the scourge of the nations. Twice, the Tartars conquered China, and they still keep it in subjection. They rule over those vast territories which form the Mogul’s empire." [Idem ibid]

Turks who were also known as the Turs, Tatars, Moguls, Scythians, Pelasgians, Thracians, Basques, Alemanni, Suevi, Galatai, Phrygians, Hittites, Medes, Akkadians, Trojans, Spartans, Lacedaemonians,Parthians, Bactrians, Huns, and other Turkic nations, were the creators of the ancient and medieval history. Not a single significant event in world history up until the beginning of the 20th c. took place without the intervention or direct participation of the Turkic people. However, Turkic nations had a very unforgivable flaw that served them poorly throughout the centuries – they left a few written artifacts and records about their glory and grandeur for future generations. And later, other nations, who were once conquered by the Turkic peoples and then turned into their oppressors, set up a sole agenda – to erase the glorious history of the Turkic world and replace it with their own fairy tales, to destroy the historical monuments and artifacts of the Turkic nations, and in some cases, even worse, pass them off as their own.

The sad truth is that if you don’t record your story, somebody will write it for you or against you. The word ‘history’ literally means ‘His Story’ – the story of the person who wrote it, interpreting the event their way, to their liking. Though Turkic people had their own alphabet since times immemorial and used it primarily for religious purposes to communicate with the heavenly entities, they were too proud or maybe, busy conquering new lands and nations and left the history to be written by the defeated. Clearly, heroes never write history. As such, their notable achievements, the splendor of the military mind, and nobility towards the vanquished were utterly ignored, removed from the records, or worse – in most cases, were wrongfully credited to the people who were once conquered by the Turkic nations. And it is up to us, the new millennium generation, to track down and unearth the crumbs of facts one by one, put them all together, bring to the surface the truth, the verifiable proof about the Turkic nations of the ancient and medieval times. It is especially challenging to do in view of hundreds of books containing the distorted truth and predominantly outright lies about the Turkic peoples, written by dishonest scholars who catered exclusively to the needs of the ruling nations. As Napoleon once famously said: History is a set of lies agreed upon.

The sole purpose of this opinionated book is to refute the centuries-long piled-up lies and undeserved animosity against the Turkic nations by invoking the testimony of the ancient and medieval authors – the architects of the unbiased and unsullied records, by stating the matter of facts without taking any sides, without glorifying one nation and disparaging the other.

Despite many years, countless hours of research and development, significant financial injections from private sources, and in an effort to continue a glorious tradition of the ancient scholars who did not charge for their works, this book is offered free to make the information accessible to everyone. As some platforms do not allow free distribution, any proceeds from the sale of the book will be given to charity.

"The Central Intelligence Agency has not approved or endorsed the contents of this publication."

              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The Turkic Alphabet.

Chapter I.

§ 1. The  Biblical Origins of the Turkic nations.

A

prominent Turkic linguist of the 11th c., the founder of the Turkic Studies, Mahmud Kashgari in his 3-volume work Divanü Lüğat-it-Türk ("The Corpus of the Turkic Lexicon") brought attention to the biblical roots of all the Turkic nations:

"From their inception, the Türks consist of twenty tribes. They all descended from Türk, son of Japheth, son of prophet Noah, may Allah’s blessings be upon them." {The translation of this text from the Russian edition of Divanü Lüğat-it-Türk into English was rendered by the author of the present book.} [1.20]

The Book of Genesis states:

"The sons of Japheth; Gomer, and Magog, and Madai, and Javan, and Tubal, and Meshech, and Tiras." [King James Bible. 10.2]

Tiras – תִירָֽס in Hebrew is known as Turk, the youngest son of the prophet Japheth among the Turkic nations, according to several medieval historians and scholars of the Turkic origin, such as Mahmud Kashgari, Abul Ghazi Bahader.

The Jewish scholar and historian Flavius Josephus of the 1st c. recognized Tiras as the forefather of the Thracians, a Turkic nation in Asia Minor that gave origins to the multitude of the derivative nations, such as the Trojans, the Lydians, the Dorians, and was in kinship with the Scythians, the Pelasgians, the Phrygians, and the Medes:

"Thiras also called those whom he ruled over Thirasians, but the Greeks changed the name into Thracians…" [1.6.1]

TheBible also mentions other biblical characters that are closely related to some Turkic nations. In The Book of Genesis, it reads:

"And the sons of Gomer;Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah." [KJB. 10:3]

The ancient Turkic people Togarmah (תֹגַרְמָֽה in Hebrew) was likely to receive its name from the biblical ancestor – the son of Gomer. The Turkic background of the scriptural Togarmah is directly supported by the letter of the Khazarian King Joseph written in the 10th c. to Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the secretary to Caliph of Cordoba in response to his inquiry about the Khazarian heritage:

"The letter of Joseph the king, son of Aaron the king, the Turk – may his creator preserve him to the head of the Assembly, Hasdai, the son of Isaac, son of Ezra… You ask us also in your epistle: Of what people, of what family, and of what tribe are you? Know that we are descended from Japheth through his son Togarmah. I have found in the genealogical books of my ancestors that Togarmah had ten sons. These are their names: the eldest was Ujur, the second Tauris, the third Avar, the fourth Uauz, the fifth Bizal, the sixth Tarna, the seventh Khazar, the eighth Janur, the ninth Bulgar, the tenth Sawir. I am a descendant of Khazar, the seventh son. [The Jew in the Medieval World: A Sourcebook." 227-232]

The Khazars, currently extinct Turkic people who gave their name to the Caspian Sea, still recognized as the KhazarSea by the modern Azerbaijanis,Turks, and Persians lived at the shore of this sea (which is now a part of the Azerbaijan Republic) for centuries prior to their conversion to Judaism in the 8th c. The Khazar Sea was also mentioned by the 10th c. Arab geographer Ibn Hawqal as such in his work Surat al-Ard. – The Face of the Earth. [1.6.2.7]. The name Khazar proceeds from the Turkic words Khaz > {From here on, the sign >  indicates a source language on the right side with the recipient on the left side.} Kəs ‘cut’ + Ar ‘warrior, man’, meaning slaying warrior, man. {Unless specified differently, the following two main sources were used to derive the Turkic etymology of the words in the current book: Радлов В.В. Опыт словаря тюркских наречий. 1893 (Radlov V.V. Opit slovarya turkskikh narechiy.); Древнетюркский словарь. 1969 (Drevneturkskiy slovar.).} This nation brings to mind the Pelasgians, the Leleges – the ancient Turkic people who left their countries and cities by force or on their own accord and established new countries with cities in new places. Just like them, the Khazars were forced to leave the Caspian shores and resettle in the territory currently known as Ukraine more than 1,500 years ago. It was the Khazars who established KievanRus with the city Kiev or Kyiv – the modern capital of Ukraine. However, back in the 10th c. Kiev was indicated as Kuyaba by several geographers and travelers, including the author of Hudud al Alam (The Boundaries of the World or The Regions of the World), as well as the Arabic explorer Ibn Hawqal:

"Kuyaba is the city [region?] of the Rus, located closest to the Islamic lands. It is a pleasant place and abode of (their) ruler. It produces diverse furs and prized swords." {The translation of this text into English was rendered by the author of the present book.} [44]

"There are three kinds of the Rus. [One] kind of them is the closest to the Bulgar, and their king is in the city called Kuyaba, and it is larger than Bulgar." {The text was translated into English by the author of the present work.} [Ibn Hawqal. Ṣūrat al-'Arḍ. – The Face of the Earth. – Kniga putey i stran. 1.6.2.14]

Both names – Kiev, or Kyiv, and Kuyaba consist of two components, the second of which is a variation of the Turkic word – Ev, İv, Əb, Oba, Əbə:

❖    Kiev, Kyiv:Ki, Ky > Kıi ‘riverside, waterfront’ + Ev, Iv > Ev, İv ‘house, home’, meaning house at the riverside.

❖    Kuyaba: Kuy > Kıi ‘riverside, waterfront’ + Aba > Oba, Əbə ‘camp, home’(Əb ‘house, home’), meaning camp at the riverside, home at the riverside.

The Turkic name provides an accurate description of this city – Kiev is located at the riverside. Furthermore, the patriarch of the Turkic Studies, Mahmud Kashgari asserted that Oba (Aba) came from the Oguz dialect of the Turkic languages, namely Azerbaijan and Turkish.

Later on, Kuyaba was transformed into Kiev, preserving the first part Ki and replacing the Turkic word Aba/Oba with its shortened version – Ev. The Turkic words Aba, Oba, Ev are different variations of the same word, designated by the Turkic tamga as .

Radlov V.V. acknowledged more than 20 variants of the Turkic word Ev:

Eb=Ef=Əp=Əb=Əz=Əv=Əm=Əü=Öi=Öb=Öp=Öv=Öm=U=Ui=Ü=Üi=Üg=Üv=Üp=

=İv=Yiv=Yüv

It is important to note that the Turkic word Aba/Oba was a part of the ancient city names. Ptolemy enumerated dozens of them in his Geography: Onoba, Alaba, Azaraba, Acoraba, Danaba, Manoba, Beraba, Autoba, Oroba, Phazaba, Ossonoba, and others.

According to the book written in Persian in the year 982 "Hudud al-Alam(The Boundaries of the World") by an anonymous geographer whose name was left in obscurity, the Rus country, which is currently Ukraine, had a king called Rus-khagan, and among the inhabitants of the country lived a community of the Slavs who were in servitude to them:

"Report about the country of the Rus and its cities. To the east of this country are the mountains of the Pechenegs; to the south of it – the river Ruta (?); to the west of it are the Saklabs; to the north of it – the Unsettled Lands of the North. It is a vast country, and its inhabitants are malevolent, unyielding, arrogant, impetuous, and warlike. They fight all the infidels who live around them and come out victorious. Their ruler is called Rus-khagan. This country is extremely favored by nature in relation to everything necessary (for life)…Some of the Slavs live among them and serve them. From more or less 100 cubits of cotton fabric, they sew the pants that they put on, rolling them up above the knee. They wear wool hats with tails falling down the back of their necks. They bury the dead with all their belongings, clothing, and ornaments. (Also) they place food and drink in the grave with the dead." {The translation into English was done by the author of this book.} [44]

The same was confirmed by a number of the Arab travelers of the 10th century, such as Masudi, Ibn Rusta. In his description of the Khazars,Masudi reported that the Khazarian king had the Rus and the Sagaliba serving him as his mercenaries and slaves. ["Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness. Arab Travellers in the Far North." 16.448] Ibn Rusta in his work Kitāb al-A'lāq al-Nafīsa. – Book of Precious Records. also asserted that the king of the Rus was called by the Turkic name Khagan:

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"The Rus have a ruler called Khagan. They make the raids on the Slavs; they sail up to them in ships, go ashore and enslave people, whom later ship to Khazaria and the Bulghars, and sell there. The Rus do not have croplands and eat whatever they get from the land of the Slavs." {The text was translated into English by the author of the present book.} [Ibn Rusta. Kitāb al-A'lāq al-Nafīsa. – Book of Precious Records. 6.2] 

The Arabic geographer of the 9th c. Ibn Khordadbeh in his work Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik (The Book of Roads and Kingdoms) enumerated the titles of the rulers of that time, and Khagan or Khakan was the title of all the Turkic nations:

"All the rulers of the Turks, Tibetans, and Khazars are Khakans, except the ruler of the Karluks who is called Djabguya, and the ruler of China is Bagbur…the ruler of Sakaliba – Knyaz." {The translation into English was provided by the author of the current work.} [10]

As we learned from the writers of the 9th -10th c., the country Rus was ruled by a Turkic king or Khagan, and in this country, there was a group of Slavic ethnicity who served the Turkic elite. Moreover, Kievan Rus and the Rus people, also known as the Urus among the Turkic nations, received their name from their KhaganRus, as back in antiquity, it was a well-spread tradition of naming the tribes and nations after their distinguished leader.

The same conclusion was reached by the anonymous author of the manuscript "An Account of the Present State of the Northern Asia, Relating to the Natural History of Grand Tatary and Siberia: and the Manners, Customs, Trade, Laws, Religion and Polity of the Different People Inhabiting the Same.", published in 1829 in London:

"We are inform’d by the Author of the Life of the late Tsar, that the Russians disown the name of Muscovites, which other nations have given them, not themselves, upon Daniel Alexandrowitz taking the Title of Duke of Moskwa in 1300, and removing his residence [from Wolodimer] but the name of Muscovy must be the oldest of the two according to Mr. le Croix the younger, in his Notes on the History of Timur-bec, where p.180 of the English edition he affirms that Uruss Khan, Contemporary with Timur-bec, gave the name to all Russia, of which he was Sovereign." [2.1.2]

The name Rus, or Urus, in conjunction with the Turkic royal title Khagan should not surprise, as the word Rus is of Turkic origin. It originated from the Turkic word Urus fight.

The Khan of Khowarazm, Abul Ghazi Bahader mentioned it as Uruss Inall (Inall means prince in Turkic), which was the name of the Turkic prince of the Kergis, known today as a Turkic people – the Kyrgyzes with their country of Kyrgyzstan, in his book "History of the Turks, Moguls, and Tatars, Vulgarly Called Tartars together with a Description of the Countries They Inhabit." written in the        17th c.:

"In the time of Chingis Khan, the Kergis had a prince called Uruss Inall, to whom ChingisKhan sent two ambassadors call’d Altai and Taramish, to summon him to submit himself." [2.8]

This very name Uruss the royal author also applied to the name of the Russian king – Uruss Khan and the Russians – the Urusses:

"Upon this advice, Amir Timur sent Toktamish with a numerous army to meet Uruss Khan, and the two armies coming to an engagement, that of Uruss Khan was entirely defeated: and as this prince lost his life in that conflict, Toktamish found no difficulty after that of seizing the scepter of the Kipzaks, which happened in the year 777." {It was the year 1375.} [Idem. 7.3] 

"In the year 634, {It was the year 1236.} Ugadai Khan sent his son Kajuk, with Batu the son of the Chuchi Khan,Mangu the son of his brother Taulai Khan, and Baidar the son of his third brother ChagataiKhan with considerable forces towards the country of the Urusses, the Cherkass, the Bulgars, of Tura, and of the Bashkirs…" [Idem. 4.1]

However, the first mention of the Rus was in Annales Bertiniani in the 9th century:

"Misit etiam cum eis quosdam, qui se, id est gentem suam, Rhos vocari dicebant, quos rex illo rum, Chacanus vocabulo, ad se amicitiae, sicut asserebant, causa direxerat, petens per memoratam epistolam, quatenus benignitate imperatoris ' redeundi facultatem atque auxilium per imperium suum totum habere possent, quoniam itinera per quae ad il lum Constantinopolim venerant, inter barbaras et nimiae feritatis gentes immanissimas  habuerant, quibus eos, ne forte periculum inciderent, redire noluit. [Annales Bertiniani." 839]

"He also sent a letter with those who called themselves and their people the Ros, whom their king, called Khakan, had sent earlier to declare friendship to him [Theophilus], asking by means of the said letter for the good graces of the emperor and help through all his power to get the opportunity to return to their homeland. He did not want them to return by those [roads] they used to reach him in Constantinople and find themselves in great danger among the very cruel and terrible barbarians." {Translated into English from Latin by the author of the present work.}

After getting settled in Kiev in the middle of the 10th c., the Rus started their assimilation with the Slavic populace that eagerly adopted their name and country. And this process was expedited and came to completion about 30 years later due to Grand Prince of Kiev Vladimir Sviatoslavich, who converted to Christianity in 988.

Interestingly, a highly reputable German etymologist of the 19th c. Radlov V.V. noted that the Russians were known under the name Kazak, a Turkic word, meaning an independent freeman; wanderer. The Russian language was called ‘Kazak til’ – "the Kazak language". Instead of a Russian village, it was ‘Kazak Ail’, and Ukraine used to be called ‘Kazak vilayyeti’ – "the territory of the Kazaks" [2.1.364-365]. The only conclusion derived from these facts is that the Turkic nations saw the Russians and Ukrainians as one of their own who broke off from their Turkic roots. Historical and genetic findings support these linguistic facts. Only in the 18th c. the Russians were officially declared as the Russian nation instead of the Muscovites, and their country Muscovy was renamed to Russia by the decree of Tsar Petr I. Later the Queen of MuscovyRussiaYekaterina the Great, who was an ethnic German, also issued a decree prohibiting the Muscovites from calling themselves as such and compelling them to identify themselves only as the Russians. However, for the Turkic nations inhabiting Russia or neighboring its lands, the Russians and the Ukrainians were known as the Kazaks. And there is a deep reason for that.

Both the Russians and the Ukrainians emerged from the Turkic nations. It is not a coincidence or a slip of the tongue that the president of RussiaV. Putin once famously said: "Scratch any Russian and you will find a Tatar inside." His words were confirmed by the genetic findings published by the Gumilev’s Center. It appeared that genetically the Russians, as wellas the Eastern Ukrainians, stand near only to two closely related to each other nations – the Turkic nations and the Finns, instead of the Slavs, while the Western Ukrainians were three times closer to the Turkic people genetically:

"The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed that besides the Finns of Finland, another close relatives of the Russians are the Tatars: the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units separates the Tatars and the Russians, and the latter from the Finns. The data on Ukraine turned out to be no less sensational. It turned out that genetically the population of Eastern Ukraine is Finno-Ugric: the Eastern Ukrainians practically do not differ from the Russians, the Komi, the Mordovians, the Mari. This is a Finnish people that once had their own common Finnish language. Nonetheless, with the Ukrainians of Western Ukraine, everything turned out to be even more unexpected. These are not the Slavs at all, just as they are not the "Russofins" of Russia and Eastern Ukraine, but a completely different ethnic group: the genetic distance between the Ukrainians from Lvov and the Tatars is only ten units." {The Russian text was translated into English by the author of the present book.} https://www.gumilev-center.ru/lico-russkojj-nacionalnosti/

Another genetic research – the Genographic Project conducted under the auspices of the National Geographic Society indirectly supported these genetic discoveries. Based on the genetic material, the project director Spencer Wells asserted that over a billion people, including the Russians, the Finns, andthe Europeans, got their genetic markers from the ancestors of a man with the name ZakirjanNiyazov. It turns out that this man is of Turkic origin. This means that the Turkic nations are the ancestors of modern nations, such as the Russians, the Finns, the Europeans, the Native Americans, and others. {The documentary Genetic Origins of the proto–Turkic Peoples and their Relatives produced by National Geographic can be watched on YouTube at www.youtube.com/watch?v=5G7Iz0epeJY&t=3s&ab_channel= %EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%A4%ED%81%902017SK%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84}

Going back to the Khazars, it is worth mentioning that this Turkic nation changed its religion from Tengriism to Judaism in the 8th c. In the year 740, the ruler of the Khazars – Bulan Khagan saw in his dream an angel who urged him to convert his people to a different religion but did not specify which one. As such, the Khazarian king invited a religious representative from each religion to his courtyard to give a speech about their religion and provide reasons why the Khazars should switch their religious beliefs to that particular creed. After listening to all three of them – a mullah, a priest, and a rabbi, the khagan gave them a choice. Should there arise a need to select among three of these religions, which one will be the next to their own. To this, all three gave Judaism as a second option to convert to. Having learned that, the Khazarian khagan ruled out that a consensus had been reached. As all three religious figures agreed that the best second option was Judaism, then he and his people decided to convert to Judaism and become the Rabbinical Jews.

It is strongly believed that the Ashkenazi Jews came from this Turkic nation of the Khazars. They were described as white, their eyes blue, their hair flowing and predominantly reddish, their bodies large and their natures cold. ["Israel is Real: An obsessive quest to understand the Jewish nation and its history" by Rich Cohen]. Most modern Ashkenazi Jews look just like that – having a white complexion, blue eyes, and reddish hair. Even their last names that end in -Man reveal their Turkic roots and show great similarity when one compares them to the following Turkic tribal names {See Uraksin Z.G. Bashkirsko-russkiy slovar. [851-864].}:

Batman: Bat +Man

Kalman: Kal + Man

Kolman: Kol + Man

Korman: Kor +Man

Urman:   Ur + Man

Rayman: Ray + Man

Shagman: Shag + Man

Shakman: Shak+ Man

Naiman: Nai  +  Man

Burman: Bur  +  Man

Unfortunately, Khazaria did not last long. On the testimony of the 10th c. traveler Ibn Hawqal, the country got destroyed by the Rus and many Khazars perished as a result of this:

"And in our time, there were no Bulgars, no Burtas, no Khazars left [because of] the Rus people, except for a scattered incomplete [part of these peoples], and [even] the [Rus people] were prowling after them." {The text was translated into English by the author of the present work.} [1.6.2.14]

Another Biblical connection to the Turkic nations comes from the name of the Turkic tribe and the medieval Turkic territory – Aramut {Mahmud Kashgari. Divanü Lüğat-it-Türk. ("The Corpus of the Turkic Lexicon.") [1.81].} that has its direct origin from the biblical name Aram:

"The children of Shem; Elan, and Asshur, and Arphaxad, and Lud, and Aram."

[The Book of Genesis. KJB. 10.22]

The Turkic name Aramut is a combination of Aram and Ut ‘win’, meaning "Aram victorious". To honor this biblical ancestor, the Uyghurs (a Turkic nation living in China – the XinjiangUyghur Autonomous Region) assigned his name to the first month of the year – Aram ayi "month of Aram". The word Aram means calm in Turkic.

The ancient Turkic nation of the Scythians had the primigenial name Aramii which resonates with the biblical name Aram, the grandson of Noah. As stated by the ancient Roman author Pliny the Elder, "the more ancient writers give them the name of Aramii." [6.19]

§ 2. The ancient Turkic nation of the Az and the Biblical land of Uz.

The ancient Turkic nation of the Az( in the ancient Turkic alphabet), also known as the As, or the Uz/Us, tracks its name down to Uz – the biblical son of Aram and from him to the land of Uz:

"And the children of Aram; Uz, and Hul, and Gether, and Mash."

[The Book of Genesis. KJB. 10.23].

The name Uz is widely reflected in the old Turkic stone monuments as a part of the Turkic names, such as Uz Bilge Chanshi, Uz Ata, Uz Er.  

Figure 1. This Turkic artifact, containing the word Uz Bilge Chanshi, was found at the burial ground near the river Uybat, Siberia, in the 19th c. ©  Credit: Napil Bazilkhan.

             

                                                                             

Figure 2.  The stone with Uz Ata apam was found in Abakan, Siberia.    8th- 9th c. © Credit: Napil Bazilkhan.

Mentioned by Herodotus as a Trojan tribe of the Ausees, introduced by Strabo as the Asii – a Scythian tribe whose name was given to the whole continent of Asia, this Turkic nation had its name – Az, or As, etched in stones and obelisks, erected by the ancient Turkic rulers. The Memorial Complex Bilge Kagan, built in 735 CE by order of the Turkic chieftain Bilge Kagan, has a carved inscription about the Az nation:

"In order the Kogman land would not remain without a ruler, we organized the Az and Kirgiz peoples, and then we came back and fought."

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Figure 3. The Memorial Complex Bilge Kagan.

© Credit: Napil Bazilkhan.

This As land and Az nation was also stated in a number of other old Turkic monuments, such as the Memorial Complex El Etmish Bilge Kagan built in 759 CE:

A survived fragment of the Old Turkic manuscript, currently stored in the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, also indicates the name of As Er "warrior As or an As warrior".  

The meaning of the ethnonym and the toponym As has a Turkic origin and denotes lord, master. This was asserted by the Russian linguist of the 19th c. Lazar Budagov in his "Comparative Dictionary of Turkish and Tatar Dialects":

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This Turkic name As, or Az, was frequently observed in conjunction with another Turkic word Ar or İr in the names of many toponyms,such as Azar, Azara, Azaraba, and others, in the works of ancient scholars. The famous Greco-Roman geographer of the 2nd c. Claudius Ptolemy enumerated a number of cities in Asia Minor – present-day Turkey, in Sarmatia, Media (modern Azerbaijan), Scythia, even in Britannia and Arabia that contained the name of the Az, or As tribe:

Cappadocia:

❖    Aza = Αζα ( > Az).

❖    Asiba = Ασιβα (As + Iba > Oba ‘race, tribe’, meaning "the As tribe" in Turkic).

❖    Aziris = Αζιρίς (Az + Ir ‘warrior’ + Is ‘trace’, meaning "memory about an Az warrior").

❖    Arásaza = Αράσαξα (Aras ‘the river Araxes’+ Aza > Az, meaning "the Az from the Araxes area"). The Turkic nations know the Araxes as the Aras. The word construction of Arasaza is based on the Turkic lexical principles. Perhaps, the city Arasaza was established by the Az who inhabited the shores of the Aras River.

Sarmatia:

❖    Azara = Αζαρα (Az + Ara > Ar ‘warrior’, meaning "Az warrior").

❖    Azaraba = Αζάραβα (Az + Ar + Aba > Oba, Əbə {RadlovV.V. provided a variant of the Turkic word Oba as Əbə (Aba) in the Turkic word Göçəbə (Gochaba) [2.2.1604]} ‘tribe; camp, place’, meaning "the Az tribe or camp of the Az").

Armenia Major:

❖    Azata = Αζάτα (Az + Ata > Atau ‘island, landmass’, meaning "land of the Az tribe"). There were several cities in Armenia Major that had similar names, such as Khobata = Χοβάτα, Boziata = Βοζιάτα, Arsarata = Αρσαράτα, Artaxata = Αρταξάτα.

❖    Azora or Ozara = Αζόρα ή Οζάρα (Az, Oz + Ora > Ör ‘warrior’, meaning "an Az warrior").

Media:

❖    Azaga = Αζαγα (Az + Aga > Ağa ‘lord, commander’, meaning "lord of the Az").

Areia:

❖    Astasána = Αστασάνα (As + Tasána > Taşán ‘overflowing’, meaning "many Az").

Bactria:

❖    Astacána = Αστακάνα (As + Tacána > Tacán ‘push, force’, meaning "force of the Az"). There was a similar in word construction city name in Parthia – Artacána (Ar + Tacána) that carried a comparable meaning force of a warrior.

Arabia Deserta:

❖    Auzara = Αυζαρα (Auz > Az + Ara > Ar ‘warrior’, meaning "an Az warrior").

Arabia Felix:

❖    Ausara = Aύσαρα (Aus > Az + Ara > Ar).

Britannia:

❖    Ausoba = Αυσόβα river (Aus > Az + Oba ‘tribe; camp, place’, meaning "the Az tribe or place of the Az").

Libya:

❖    Bagaza = Βάγαζα (Bag > Bağa ‘high dignity’ +Aza > Az, meaning "a royal Az"). Its word construction perfectly matches that of the Turkic word Bağatur "a royal Turk".

❖    Azar = Αζαρ mountains (Az + Ar).

❖    Azulis = Αζυλις (Az + Ulis > Ulus ‘people’, meaning "the Az people").

Ptolemy also mentioned the Aizaroi tribe and the Assaracai tribe inhabiting Libya during his time. There is no doubt that these are the Turkic names:

➢    Aizaroi = Αϊζαροι (Aiz > Az + Aroi > Ar, meaning "an Az warrior").

➢    Assaracai = Ασσαράκαι (Ass > Az + Ar + Acai > Aka ‘lord, master, noble’, meaning "noble Az warrior".

This should not come as a surprise, since long before Ptolemy, these tribes were mentioned by Herodotus as the Ausees [Αὐσέες] and later by Strabo as the Trojans who resettled in Libya:

"The west side of the river Triton is inhabited by the Libyan Auses, who …pretend to be of Trojan extraction. [The History of Herodotus." Translated by Isaac Littlebury. 4.191] 

Moreover, there were numerous places in Libya with Turkic names, as indicated by Ptolemy:

❖    Batrakhos = Βάτραχος harbor (Batrak single).

❖    Ardanis = Αρδανίς promontory (Ar ‘warrior’ + Danis ‘sea’).

❖    Katabathmos = Κατάβαθμος (Kata > Xata ‘disaster, misfortune’ + Bath > Bat ‘overpower’ + Mos > -Mas ‘an affix of negation’, meaning unconquered by disaster).

❖    Arsinon = Αρσινόη (Ar ‘warrior’ + Sinon > Sinan ‘test, trial’, meaning trial for a warrior).

❖    Aias = Αίας mountains (Aias, Ayas bare).

❖    Akabe = Ακάβη mountains (Ak ‘white’ + Abe > Əbə ‘place’, meaning white mountains).

❖    Aló = Αλώ fire.

The same tribe of Az was mentioned by the 9th c. Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh in his work Kitāb al Masālik w’al Mamālik. – The Book of Roads and Kingdoms. as Az Kishi ("Az men" in Turkic):

"The country of the Tuguz-Guz Turks is the most extensive of the Turkic countries. They border on as-Sin, at-Tubbat, and the Karluk [followed by] the Kimak, the Guz, the Chigil, the Turgesh, the Az Kishi, the Kipchak, the Kyrgyz, which have a musk, the Karluk, and the Khaladj [living] on the other side of the river. As for the city of Faraba, the garrison there consists of Muslim soldiers and the Karluk Turks. The total number of Turkic cities – 16." {This excerpt was translated into English by the author of the current work.} ["The Road from Zamin to Fargana." 16]

The same Az people, or the Az Kishi, were also noted by the Persian historian of the 13th c. Ala-ad-Din Ata-Malik Juvaini in chapter 39 of his book "Genghis Khan. The History of the World Conqueror (Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy-I Juwaynī") as the As – one of the neighboring tribes subdued by the founder of the Tatar-Mongol Empire – Khan Batu {Batu means precious stone in Turkic.}:

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"The story of the conquest of the Bulgars, the land of the As and the Rus.

When the Kaan (Ugetai) for the second time arranged a large Kurultai {Historically, Kurultay was a congress of all Turkic princes and nobility, a representative body of the Turkic peoples.} and summoned a meeting regarding the destruction and extermination of the remaining disobedient peoples, it was decided to take possession of the countries of the Bulgars, the As, and the Rus, which were in the vicinity of the Batu camp and were not yet wholly conquered, being proud of their numbers." {Translated into English by the author of the present book.} [224]

The ancient tribe of Az lives on in the names of modern Turkic nations:

❖    Azerbaijani: Az + Er ‘man, warrior’ + Bay > Aba ‘home’ + Jan > Qan ‘landing, settlement’, meaning"homeland of the Azeri people" in Turkic. The country name of Azerbaijan was constructed from the ancient Sarmatian city Azaraba ("home of the Azeris") with the later addition of Qan, Gan modified into modern Jan. In the 10th - 11th centuries, it was recorded as Azerabadkan by Mahmud Kashgari, Adharbadhagan in Hudud al Alam, and Adirbeindjan by Abul Ghazi Bahader, while back in the 6th c. a Greek historian Procopius of Caesaria in his work "Persian Wars" mentioned it as Adarbiganon (’☐☐☐☐☐☐☐☐☐☐☐) [2.24].

❖    Kirgiz or Kyrgyz: Kirg, Kyrg > Qırx  ‘forty’ + Iz, Yz >Az     , meaning "40 Az"in Turkic.

❖    Oguz:Og > Ok   ‘arrow’ + Uz > Az     , meaning "Az archers" in Turkic.

❖    Uzbek:Uz > Az    + Bek = Bəy ‘rich, noble’, meaning "the noble Az"in Turkic.

❖    Khakass:Khak > Qaq ‘strike, pummel’ + Ass > Az, meaning "the striking Az" in Turkic. The root of Khakass – Khak/Qaq is the same as in the ancient Turkic word Khakan or Qaqan. Later, Khakan/Qaqan acquired its permanent meaning emperor, sovereign and also was used in its shortened version as Khan, Qan ruler, king. Nowadays, the word Khakan got replaced by Bashbakan prime minister, or literally leading watcher, and is mostly used in Turkey. Compare:

Khakan, Qaqan: Khak, Qaq ‘strike, pummel’ + -An ‘an affix that converts a verb into a noun in Turkic’, meaning person who strikes, pummels, emperor.

Bashbakan:Bash ‘leading’ + Bak ‘oversee, watch’ + -An ‘an affix, converting a verb into a noun’, meaning leading overseer, prime minister.

In fact, the Kyrgyz, the Azerbaijani, the Oguz, the Uzbek, the Khakass people are all the descendants of this ancient nation of Az, or As. There are numerous modern Turkic toponyms, hydronyms, lands, and countries that contain the name of the Az nation:

Azerbaijan;

Kirgizstan, or Kyrgyzstan;

Uzbekistan;

Khakassia;

Azgyr (Az + Gyr > Qır ‘destroy, subverse’, meaning "the rebellious Az") – a city in the Azerbaijan Republic;

Aza – a village and a bridge in the Ordubad region of the Azerbaijan Republic;

Yukhary Aza – a town in the Azerbaijan Republic;

Azikh (Az + Ikh > Ik ‘selected, sacred’, meaning "sacred place of the Az" – a 1 million and a half years old cave in the Khodjavend region of the Azerbaijan Republic;

Astara (As + Tara ‘disperse’, meaning "the daunting Az") – a region and a city in the Azerbaijan Republic;

Azaru (Az + Ar ‘man, warrior’, meaning "an Az man, an Azeri") – a village in the Astara region of the Azerbaijan Republic;

Askhanakeran (As + Khan ‘ruler’ + Keran ‘log, forest’, meaning forest of As Khan – a town in the Astara region of the AzerbaijanRepublic;

Askeran (As + Keran "forest of the Az") – a town in the Karabakh region of the Azerbaijan Republic. The Turkic word Keran = Kəran is a frequent part in the names of the Azerbaijani cities and towns – KecheleKeran, Osnakeran, Odrakeran in the Yardimli region, Lenkeran, Askhanakeran, Oyakeran, Shiyekeran, Selekeran, Sihekeran, Takhtakeran, Shikhekeran, Sepnekeranin the Lenkeran region; Kusekeran, Shifekeran, Lelekeran in the Lerik region, as well as Kiran, or Keran, Khinnakiran in the Tovuz region. Remarkably, there is a town Keran with a dense forest at the border of Pakistan and India, established by the Turkic Khan Bahadur in the 10th c.

Azov(Az + Ov = Ev ‘home’, meaning "home of the Az") – a town in Russia within close proximity to the Sea of Azov;

Astrakhan (As + Trakhan > Tarkhan ‘governor’, meaning "ruler of the Azor As governor") – a city in Russia;

Nizhniye Azy – a town in Siberia, Russia.

§ 3. The Biblical Tyrians and the Medes are the ancient Turks.

The book of Jeremiah mentions the kings of Tyre and Media:

"Pharaoh king of Egypt, and his servants, and his princes, and all his people; and all the mingled people; and all the kings of the land of Uz,and all the kings of the land of the Philistines, and Ashkelon, and Gaza, and Ekron, and the remnant of Ashdod; Edom, and Moab, and the children of Ammon; and all the kings of Tyre, and all the kings of Zidon, and the kings of the isle which is beyond the sea; Dedan, and Tema, and Buz, and all that have the corners of their hair polled; and all the kings of Arabia, and all the kings of the mingled people that dwell in the wilderness; and all the kings of Zimri, and all the kings of Elam, and all the kings of the Medes, and all the kings of the north, far and near, one with another; and all the kingdoms of the world, which are upon the face of the earth…" [KJB. 25.20-26]

This biblical Tyre was established and ruled by the ancient Turkic nation of the Pelasgians. The Turkic word Tyre ↔ Tur was very frequently mentioned by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, the Greco-Roman geographer Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek scholar Strabo, the Latin intellectual Pliny the Elder in the names of the nations, rivers, mountains, territories in Europe and Asia: the city of Tyre, the river Tyra in Scythia, the tribes – the Tyragetes, the Tyrites, the Tyrian, the Caspatyrus, the Tyrinthians,theAgathyrsi, the Idanthyrsus, the Tyrrhenians (the descendants of the Trojans and a branch of the Pelasgians), the countries Turrenia, Thyrea.

There are numerous toponyms and hydronyms on the indigenous Turkic lands that contain this very name Tur, such as the river Tura in the Ural region, the cities – Verkhnyaya Tura and Nijnyaya Tura, Tura town in Siberia.

The ancient Turkic word Tur means powerful, strong, eternal, honest. It was the base word from which Turk ↔ Türk, a collective denominator of all the Turkic nations – both ancient and currently existing, originated. The word Turk, or Turuq, or Türük, is the plural word of the word Tur, Tür:

Tur, Tür  + -K, -Uq, -Ük ‘an affix, denoting the English words We Are’,

meaning "we are the Turs (or Turks);we are powerful".

There were numerous Turkic derivatives of the word Tur:

Turgesh: Tur + Gesh = Kişi ‘man’ – denominates both the name of the Turkic tribe and a Turkic male name.

Turan: Tur + -An ‘an affix, denoting plurality’, meaning "the Turs". Currently, this is the name of the plain that stretches over Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Additionally, Turan is a city name in the Tuva region of Russia. It is also a unisex Turkic name.

Bagatur: Baga = Bağa ‘high dignity’ + Tur, meaning "royal Turk". There is a shortened version of Bagatur – Batur hero. By the way, the word Bagatur was loaned by the Russian language as ‘богатырь’ with the meaning powerful hero.

In one of the upcoming chapters of this book, we will provide a much more detailed discourse about the Turkic word Tur.

The biblical Medes were the inhabitants of ancient Media, which is currently the territory of the Azerbaijan Republic – the land of the Azerbaijanis, a nation of Turkic heritage, also known as the Azeris, or the Azeri Turks. It is imperative to point out that the Book of Jeremiah did not mention Persia or the kings of Persia, as perhaps, back then, the former was not a powerful realm, and the latter was not related to the Medes through the marriage kinship yet.

Recent genetic research "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians." proved that the Medes were the ancestors of modern Azerbaijanis (who are Turks by essence).938 males from 15 ethnic groups living in Iran had their Y-chromosomes tested. 63 Azeris, or the Azerbaijanis, from the Azerbaijan Gharbi region of northwestern Iran, were among the test subjects. The study suggests, "The Azari people likely derive from ancient Iranic tribes, such as the Medians in Iranian Azerbaijan." Unfortunately, the pro-Persian researchers drew a biased conclusion by stating that the Medians, or the Medes, were a part of Iranic tribes. The terms "Iranic or Iranian" denote the Persians and related to them or derived from them peoples – Baloch, Kurds, Lurs, Mazanderanis, Ossetians, Pashtuns, Pamiris, Tajiks, Talysh, Tati, Wakhis, andYaghnobis. These terms are erroneous, as they do not deliver the correct meaning and should be replaced by the term Persic, as Iranian and Iranic indicate the territory of Iran and encompass all the nations who lived there, including non-Indo-European, such as the autochthonous Turkic nations, including their ancestors – the Medes.

It is important to note that the Medes were not a part of Iranic, or, more precisely, Persic tribes, as it is fallaciously indicated in the genetic research. Herodotus explicitly distinguished the Medes from the Persians by introducing them as two unrelated races:

"Replying to this the Magians said: "To us also, O king, it is of great consequence that thy rule should stand firm; for in the other case it is transferred to strangers, coming round to this boy who is a Persian, and we being Medes are made slaves and become of no account in the eyes of the Persians, seeing that we are of a different race; but while thou art established as our king, who art one of our own nation, we both have our share of rule and receive great honours from thee." [1.120].

King of PersiaDarius also distinguished the Persians from the Medes, considering them as two separate nations. And this was reflected in the Behistun Inscription. As a king of the Persians, he called himself and his race Achaemenian:

"I am Darius, the great King, the King of Kings, the King of the Persians, the King of the Lords, the son of Hystaspes, the grandson of Arsames, the Achaemenian…On that account, we called ourselves Achaemenian of race… [The Median Version of the Behistun Inscription of Darius Hystaspes." Translated by Dr. Julius Oppert. 7.87]

And just as the Magians in "The History of Herodotus" predicted, the Persians treatedthe Medes as slaves:

"Then I sent an army to Media. The named Hydarnes, a Persian, my subject, I made him the chief of these troops. I said so to them: "Go, slay the troops of the Medes, who do not call themselves my slaves. [Idem. 7.96]

The political and religious structure of the Median society was profoundly different from that of the Persians. It was the Persians who, by sword and fire, forced the Medes to change their ancient faith to Zoroastrism, their language, and even their calendar to the Persian ones and executed those Medes who did not want to bend the knee to the Persian power. The Behistun inscription bears a silent witness to the bragging words of the Persian king Darius, who deprived the Medes of their religious and language freedom:

"I reestablished the temples of the gods which Gomates the Magian had destroyed, and I reinstituted, in favour of the people, the calendar and the holy language…" [Idem. 1.91]

The unquestionable and clear distinction between the Medes and the Persians is supported by the 18th c. scholastic book "An Universal History from the Earliest Account of Time. Compiled from Original Authors. The History of the Turks, Tartars, and Moguls.", which states the following:

"For, according to that venerable historian {Herodotus}, Deioces was a Mede, lived from the beginning in Media, and was at last elevated to the Median throne by the suffrages of his countrymen. And that the Persians were a nation distinct from, and independent upon, the Medes, during the whole reign of Deioces, appears most clearly from the same excellent author. For he informs us that Phraortes, Deioces's son, brought the Persians under subjection to the Medes; which amounts to a plain implication that the Medes and Persians were two independent nations at that prince's accession." [4.30.2]

Furthermore, this work confirmed that Media and Azerbaijan (Adarbayagjan) were the same:

"In fine, this great conqueror made himself master of Kathay and subdued all the Turkish tribes or nations of the East. He also reduced Persia, Khorasan, Media or Adarbayagjan, and Armenia; and planted, in the countries he possessed himself of, the true religion." [Idem ibid]

According to a number of highly reputed experts of the 19th c., such as Dr. Oppert, Norris, Major Conder, the languages of the Medes and the Turkic nations shared one original root:

"The Turanian language of Media, known through the trilingual inscriptions of Darius at Behistun, first read by Norris, and deeply studied by Dr. Oppert, is stated by the latter great authority to approach most closely to the Turkic group. We as yet only possess about 200 words of this tongue; but as these are written syllabically, there is less doubt about their pronunciation than is sometimes the case in Akkadian. The Medic language is not the same as the Akkadian, though in syntax and in vocabulary it presents a very marked connection. Considering the difference of some 2,000 years in date, and 400 miles in distance, there can be no real doubt that the two languages are of the same stock, and probably belonged to the same original race."

[Major C.R. Conder. "The Early Races of Western Asia." 31]

In view of the undeniable facts attained from the iron-clad sources, such as DNA results, historical documents, and testimonies of respectable historians, it became obvious that the Medes and correspondingly the Azeri people did not derive their origin from any ancient Iranic, or Persic tribes – they were a pure Turkic nation, also known as the Az nation (according to the millennium-old Turkic obelisks) and the Azeris, and the Asir (according to the centuries-old Icelandic saga "The Prose of Edda").

The Persians were the founding nation of the so-called Iranic peoples, who were Asians by race – the Baloch, the Kurds, the Lurs, the Mazanderanis, the Ossetians, the Pashtuns, the Pamiris, the Tajiks, the Talysh, the Tati, the Wakhis, and the Yaghnobis. As such, Herodotus’s distinction of the Medes from the Persians applies to all the Iranic peoples and makes the claims of pro-Persian scholars about the kinship of the Medes and the Persians null and void.

§ 4. The Turkic origin of the biblical Hittites, the Kheta, the Khitai of Central Asia and China.

Another Biblical nation – the Hittites, mentioned in the Bible 22 times, had a Turkic origin.

"The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan. [Numbers." KJB. 13.29].

Major C.R. Conder brought forward this assertion in his article, published in 1890 by the Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland:

"…As early as 1600 B.C., at least, there were two races in Syria and Palestine known to the Egyptians. One of these was a Semitic race, speaking a language akin to Hebrew and Phoenician, and represented with Semitic features on the monuments. From their town-names, including many of the cities enumerated in the Book of Joshua, we learn that the Semitic nomenclature of Palestine is older than the Hebrew invasion under Joshua — a discovery which fully agrees with the statements of the Book of Genesis. It is not, however, with this Semitic population — the existence of which is proven beyond dispute — that we are now concerned, but with that other population, the contemporary existence of which, especially in the north between Damascus and Aleppo, is equally undoubted. The names of the towns conquered by Thothmes III, about 1600 B.C., in this region, are … not Semitic and not Aryan. {Under Aryan, the author means Indo-European.} When I found reason to suppose that they were probably Turkic, I made a comparison of the sounds with the Akkadian and with the Turkic languages, and the results appear to me to show beyond [a] reasonable doubt, that these town names are to be so interpreted. Several very distinctive Turko-Tatar words form often repeated elements of these names, among which I may mention as perhaps most clear: Tamifor a building, Su for water, and Tep for a hill. In this respect, therefore, the Syria of 3,500 years ago differs little from the Syria of to-day, when the same mixed nomenclature, Arab and Turkoman, is recognizable in the geographical names…For the personal names of seventeen chiefs of Northern Syria, mentioned in papyri of the time of Rameses II, tell the same tale. The chief tribe of [the] non-Semitic race in Northern Syria was that of the Kheta or Khati, which, by common consent, is identified with the Biblical Hittites. Their power extended from Aleppo to Galilee, and in earlier times, they appear to have extended their migrations to the very south of Palestine…It was through observation of these personal names that I first became convinced of the Turanian origin of the race and of its affinity to the Akkadian. The words Tur, Sar, Nazi, Lul, Essebu, Lar, and Tarkon, or Tarka, which occur as parts of the names of Hittite chiefs, are not at all unique words. Tur, Sar, and Essebu are words used in Akkadian for chief or prince; Lul is a word widely spread and used by the Huns to mean chief; Lar is a familiar Etruscan word for chief; Tarkon is the Etruscan Tarquin, and survives in various Turkic dialects, and in the old Mongol (Buriat) dargo, as meaning the chief of a tribe. These words and many others are clear evidence of the character of the Hittite population. Nazi is a Susian and Akkadian word which is spelt syllabically, and signifies ‘a prince’. My comparisons have been carried from China to Etruria, and from Finland to Chaldea; from the earliest days, 3,000 B.C., down to the present day; and the net result is, that the Turko-Tatar languages serve best to explain both the geographical and the personal names of the Hittites. [The Early Races of Western Asia." 32-33]

While supporting the well-analyzed conclusions of the author, it is important to note that the lexicon of Turkic origin is not subject to the corrosion of time. The same ancient words used thousands of years ago, are still in use by the Turkic nations, having retained their form and definition. For instance, the Turkic words and personal names found by C.R. Conder in the language of the Hittites, as well as in the Akkadian,Etruscan languages, such as Su – water, Tep – hill, maintained the same lexical embodiment and meaning in the Turkic languages of the 21st c. The word Tarkon, or Tarka, as a part of the names of Hittite chiefs, also known as Tarquin in Etruscan, is a popular name Tarkan in modern Turkey. This word also carries its weight in the toponymic names, such as in the name of Astrakhan – currently, the city and region of Russia that used to be the ancient Turkic land, later subjugated by the Russians. The name is comprised of two Turkic words: As – the ancient Turkic nation and Trakhan – which is a corrupt form of Tarkhan, meaning ruler, chief. Astrakhan acquired its name from the Turkic chieftain As Tarkhan and has preserved it for centuries in a slightly modified form. This Turkic city of the Tatars was described in detail by AntonyJenkinson – the 16th -17th c. English traveler and explorer on behalf of the British crown, who noted the sad degradation of the city with its starved and helpless Tatar natives after six years since the Russian Empire seized it:

"And at my being at the sayd Astracan, there was a great famine and plague among the