Project Management Waterfall-Agile-It-Data Science: Great for Pmp and Pmi-Acp Exams Preparation
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About this ebook
Dr. Festus Elleh PhD PMP PMI-ACP
Dr. Festus Elleh is an Associate Professor of Computer Information Systems at Parker University Dallas TX, a Visiting Professor of Project Management in the Keller Graduate School of Management at DeVry University, Irving TX, and an Adjunct Professor of Information Technology working with master’s and doctoral students at University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, KY. Previously, Dr. Elleh worked for American Airlines for over sixteen years in various positions including Computer Programmer, Sr. Project Manager, and Manager PMO. He was a consultant for RealPage Inc. and Argo Data Resource Corporation all in Richardson, TX providing Agile training and helping to build an agile environment for their software and product development. Dr. Elleh has his PhD in Information Technology with specialization in project management from Capella University, Minneapolis MN. He has two bachelor’s degrees, one in Business and the other in Computer Information Systems, and an MBA. He earned his verified certificate in Cybersecurity for critical urban infrastructure from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He also earned his PMP and PMI-ACP certifications from Project Management Institute (PMI). Dr. Elleh is a scholar and a published author. His is a contributor to the book “Advances in Applying Identity and Society Awareness to Virtual Learning” published in 2019 by IGI Global. Dr. Elleh did other publications on aligning information technology investment with enterprise strategy; cyber security and COVID-19; file system management; cyber-vulnerability, quantitative research approaches for software projects; and the triple constraints of project management. He is a philanthropist who was president and chairman of the board of directors of multiple non-profit organizations. He is a husband and a dad, loves playing chess and soccer, traveling, reading, and volunteering for community development initiatives.
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Project Management Waterfall-Agile-It-Data Science - Dr. Festus Elleh PhD PMP PMI-ACP
Project
Management
Waterfall-Agile-IT-Data Science
Great for PMP and
PMI-ACP Exams Preparation
Dr. Festus Elleh, PhD, PMP, PMI-ACP
© 2022 Dr. Festus Elleh, PhD, PMP, PMI-ACP. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
by any means without the written permission of the author.
AuthorHouse™
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of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.
Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Getty Images are models,
and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.
Certain stock imagery © Getty Images.
ISBN: 978-1-6655-6710-7 (sc)
ISBN: 978-1-6655-6709-1 (hc)
ISBN: 978-1-6655-6711-4 (e)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2022914603
Published by AuthorHouse 03/22/2023
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Dedication
Acknowledgment
About the Author
Introduction
Chapter 1: Project Management Overview
The Project Life Cycle
Project Management Knowledge Areas and Process Groups
The Triple Constraints
Organization Structure
Knowledge Check
Chapter 2: Integration Management
Project Charter
Project integration
Planning and executing
Monitor & controlling
Integrated change control
Close integration
Knowledge Check
Chapter 3: Project Scope Management
Introduction
Planning scope and collecting requirements
Chart of Project Artifacts
Define Scope
Scope statement example
Create WBS, decomposition, and RAM
Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
Verify and control scope
Knowledge Check
Chapter 4: Project Schedule Management
Schedule Planning
Define and sequence activities
Network Diagram
Estimate Resources
Resource Breakdown Structure – RBS
Estimating Techniques
Develop Schedule
Develop resources
Resource Leveling
Adding or Modifying Resources
Schedule Compression
Knowledge Check
Chapter 5: Cost Management
Cost Planning
Cost Estimating
Determine Budget
Control Cost
Earned Value Management (EVM)
Knowledge Check
Chapter 6: Quality Management
Quality Management
Plan Quality
Monitoring and Controlling Quality
Quality Audit
Knowledge check
Chapter 7: Project Resource Management
Project resource management
Plan estimate, acquire, resource management
Develop Project Team
Tuckman’s 5-Stage Model and Punctuated equilibrium
Organization Charts
Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM)
Conflict Management
Leadership Theories
Knowledge Check
Chapter 8: Project Communication Management
Project Communication Management
Plan Communication Management
Manage Communication
Monitor and Control Communication
Managing Stakeholders
Knowledge Check
Chapter 9: Risk Management
Introduction
Plan Risk Management
Risk Identification
Qualitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative Risks
Program Evaluation and Review Techniques – PERT
Monte Carlo Analysis
Expected Monetary Value – EMV
Decision Tree
Fault Tree
Event Tree
Risk Response Planning
Risk Response Strategies
Monitoring and Controlling Risk
Knowledge Check
Chapter 10: Procurement Management
Introduction
Plan and conduct procurement
Procurement Contracts
Fixed-Price or Lump-Sum Contracts
Cost-Reimbursable Contract.
Time and Material (T&M) Contracts
Procurement Documents: SOW, RFI, RFQ, & RFP
The Bidding Process
Control procurement
Uniform Commercial Code (UCC)
Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG)
Knowledge Check
Chapter 11: Project Stakeholder Management
Introduction
Identify Stakeholders
Manage Stakeholders
Stakeholder Engagement Level and Stakeholder Assessment Matrix
Monitor Stakeholders
Knowledge Check
Chapter 12: Data Science Project Management
Introduction
Data Science Projects
Data Science Project Management Best Practices
The Data Science Project Life Cycle
Data Science Project Tools and Techniques
Data Science Techniques (Models)
Knowledge Check
Chapter 13: Information Technology Project Management
Introduction
IT Project Management Methodology (ITPM)
IT Project Success and Failure
System (Software) Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Project Management Software
SharePoint for Project Management
Knowledge Check
Chapter 14: Agile Project Management
Meaning and Evolution of Agile
Agile manifesto and principle
Agile Methodologies
Agile Software
Scope Management in Agile
User stories, Use Case, and Feature
Schedule Management in Agile
Cost Management in Agile
Risk Management in Agile
Agile Terminologies
Factors Affecting Ideal Time
Knowledge Check
Chapter 15: Review
Review 1: Waterfall
Review 2: Agile
Review 3: Information Technology Data Science Project
ANSWER SECTION
References
List of Figures
Fig. 1 – Projects are temporary
Fig. 2 – Project Management
Fig. 3 – Project Life Cycle
Fig. 4 – Phases of the Life Cycle
Fig. 5 – Cartesian Chart showing the characteristics of the Life Cycle
Fig. 6 – Phase-to-Phase Relationships
Fig. 7 – Project Management Process Group and Knowledge Areas Mapping
Fig. 8 – Project Trade-Offs.
Fig. 9 – Functional Organization.
Fig. 10 – Projectized Organization.
Fig. 11 – Matrix Organization.
Fig. 12 – Characteristics of both functional manager and project manager.
Fig. 13 – Advantages and disadvantages of the different organizational structures.
Fig. 14 – Comparing five Organizational Structures.
Fig. 15 – Project Charter Example 1.
Fig. 16 – Project Charter Example 2.
Fig. 17 – Develop Project Charter.
Fig. 18 – WPI-Work Performance Information.
Fig. 19 – Integrated Change Control.
Fig. 20 – Effective Change Control.
Fig. 21 – Project Closure.
Fig. 22 – Project Audit.
Fig. 23 – Planning in Project Scope Management.
Fig. 24 – Scope – Product vs. Project.
Fig. 25 – The Delphi Techniques.
Fig. 26 – The Affinity Diagram.
Fig. 27 – The Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM).
Fig. 28 – Charts of Project Artifacts.
Fig. 29 – Scope Planning.
Fig. 30 – Project Scope Statement.
Fig. 31 – Project Scope Statement Example
Fig. 32 – Work Breakdown Structure (WBS).
Fig. 33 – Decomposition.
Fig. 34 – GIRD Project Example.
Fig. 35 – Hierarchical WBS Example.
Fig. 36 – Tabular WBS Example.
Fig. 37 – Benefits of WBS.
Fig. 38 – PSAN RAM.
Fig. 39 – RACI RAM.
Fig. 40 – Verify Scope.
Fig. 41 – Inspection.
Fig. 42 – Walter A. Shewhart.
Fig. 43 – Sequence Activities
Fig. 44 – Network Diagram
Fig. 45 – Dummy Activity
Fig. 46 – Reason to use AON
Fig. 47 – Finish to Start
Fig. 48 – Finish to Finish
Fig. 49 – Start to Start
Fig. 50 – Start to Finish
Fig. 51 – Sequence Activities
Fig. 52 – Estimate Resources
Fig. 53 – Resource Breakdown Structure (RBS)
Fig. 54 – Estimate Activity Resources
Fig. 55 – Duration Estimating
Fig. 56 – PERT
Fig. 57 – PERT & STD
Fig. 58 – Develop Schedule
Fig. 59 – Schedule Network Analysis
Fig. 60 – The Critical Path
Fig. 61 – The Critical Path Exercise
Fig. 62 – The Critical Path Answer
Fig. 63 – Critical Chain
Fig. 64 – Resource Leveling
Fig. 65 – Before Leveling
Fig. 66 – After Leveling
Fig. 67 – What-If Scenario
Fig. 68 – Schedule Baseline
Fig. 69 – Schedule Compression
Fig. 70 – Cost Management
Fig. 71 – Details on Techniques
Fig. 72 – Analogous Estimating
Fig. 73 – Parametric Estimating
Fig. 74 – Bottom-Up Estimating
Fig. 75 – NiP Fixed vs. Variable Cost
Fig. 76 – NiP Fixed vs. Indirect Cost
Fig. 77 – Depreciation
Fig. 78 – Determining Budget
Fig. 79 – Cost Performance Baseline
Fig. 80 – Control Cost
Fig. 81 – EV Key Dimensions
Fig. 82 – EVM
Fig. 83 – EVM Exercise
Fig. 84 – Budget Performance Measurement
Fig. 85 – Cost Answer
Fig. 86 – Schedule vs. Performance
Fig. 87 – Forecasting Formula
Fig. 88 – Formulas for the PMP Exam
Fig. 89 – More Formulas for the PMP Exam
Fig. 90 – What project quality must address
Fig. 91 – Malcolm Baldridge Award for Quality
Fig. 92 – Modern Quality Management – Customer Satisfaction
Fig. 93 – Modern Quality Management – Prevention over Inspection
Fig. 94 – Quality Planning and Cost of Quality.
Fig. 95 – Monitoring and Controlling Quality
Fig. 96 – Design of Experiments
Fig. 97 – The Bell Shape Curve showing number of respondents
Fig. 98 – The Kanban System
Fig. 99 – Just-in-time (JIT)
Fig. 100 – Cause and Effect Diagram
Fig. 101 – Pareto Chart showing number of defective cases
Fig. 102 – Run Chart that shows the number of chocolate chips by month.
Fig. 103 – Scatter diagram
Fig. 104 – Tornado diagram
Fig. 105 – Image of HR advertising for vacancy
Fig. 106 – HRM Overview and the role of the project sponsor.
Fig. 107 – Acquiring the human resources need for the project.
Fig. 108 – Acquiring the human resources need for the project.
Fig. 109 – Tuckman’s Model Discussion Table
Fig. 110 – Stages of Team Development
Fig. 111 – An animal fossil (Slick, 2016; Study.com, 2022).
Fig. 112 – Responsibility Assignment Matrix - RAM
Fig. 113 – Project team showing interpersonal Skills
Fig. 114 – The need for project performance appraisal.
Fig. 115 – Seven sources of conflict on a project.
Fig. 116 – Methods of resolving conflicts on a project.
Fig. 117 – Interpersonal and leadership skills.
Fig. 118 – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Fig. 119 – McGregor Motivational Theories.
Fig. 120 – Herzberg’s Hygiene Theory
Fig. 121 – McClelland Theory of Needs.
Fig. 122 – Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.
Fig. 123 – Communication Channels.
Fig. 124 – Communication Methods
Fig. 125 – Variance Analysis
Fig. 126 – Stakeholder Power/Interest Grid
Fig. 127 – Managing Stakeholder Expectations.
Fig. 128 – Project Risk Management – Concerns and objectives.
Fig. 129 – Planning meetings and analysis.
Fig. 130 – Risk Identification
Fig. 131 – Other Sources of Risk Identification.
Fig. 132 – Cause and Effect Diagram.
Fig. 133 – A four-quadrant SWOT matrix.
Fig. 134 – A Risk Register.
Fig. 135 – A Four Quadrant PI Matrix.
Fig. 136 – A 5 X 5 Risk Matrix.
Fig. 137 – Double PI Risk Matrix.
Fig. 138 – Probability – The Bell Shape Graph.
Fig. 139 – Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT).
Fig. 140 – Z-Score Table.
Fig. 141 – Monte Carlo Technique.
Fig. 142 – Expected Monetary Value.
Fig. 143 – Decision Tree.
Fig. 144 – Event Tree.
Fig. 145 – Risk Transfer.
Fig. 146 – Risk Planning Sequence.
Fig. 146.1 – Decision Tree
Fig. 146.2 – Risk Element
Fig. 147 – Make-or-Buy Decision.
Fig. 148 – Conduct Procurement.
Fig. 149 – Inspections and Audits.
Fig. 150 – Contract Terms.
Fig. 151 – Point of Total Assumption
Fig. 152 – Bidder Conference
Fig. 153 – Screening and Seller Rating System
Fig. 154 – Buyer-Seller Relationship
Fig. 155 – Stakeholder Register
Fig. 156 – Stakeholder Engagement
Fig. 157 – PI Grid and Stakeholder Classification
Fig. 158 – SEAM – Stakeholder Engagement Level.
Fig. 159 – SEAM – Stakeholder Engagement & Assignment Matrix.
Fig. 160 – Data Science Project Life Cycle
Fig. 161 – Comparative table of Python and R Language.
Fig. 162 – The Heat Map.
Fig. 163 – Histogram with Estimated Density.
Fig. 164 – Scatterplot
Fig. 165 – Classification - Example of Supervised Learning
Fig. 166 – Clustering – Example of Unsupervised Machine Learning
Fig. 167 – K Nearest Neighbor (KNN)
Fig. 168 – KNN Classification Outcome
Fig. 169 – Random Forests
Fig. 170 – Time Series Line Graph
Fig. 171 – Data Visualization
Fig. 172 – PM Software and PM Techniques.
Fig. 173 – Authors of Agile Manifesto.
Fig. 174 – Comparison of Agile Methodologies.
Fig. 175 – Components of a Use Case & User Story
Fig. 176 – Risk burndown chart
Fig. 177 – Risk Management Process in Agile
Fig. 178 – Risk Assessment in Agile
Fig. 179 – Risk Response Strategy in Agile
Fig. 180 – Scrum Master reviewing risk and project timeline
Dedication
First and foremost, all glory to His Majesty, Jehovah-Jireh, Abba Father, Most High, Elohim, El-Shaddai, Adonai, and the Yahweh! This book is dedicated to my mom, Fanny Simon Elleh, who helped God create the foundation for every positive outcome in my life. I loved you so much, mom! Rest on!
Acknowledgment
This book was made possible due to the unwavering support of my incredible family, especially the last two little kids in the house Ejituwo (9yrs old) and Fanny (7yrs old). They cut me lots of slack with daddy-Kiddo’s time to focus on this book. I did this for them; to remind them to keep their dreams alive, to understand that they can achieve anything they want if they have the will, but it requires faith, vision, hard work, determination, and dedication.
From a professional standpoint, I owe gratitude to my various colleagues in academia who have contributed ideas that made this work a success. I am thankful to Dr. Themba Ngwenya, the Dean-College of Business, technology, and General Education for his encouragement.
As an advocate of data democratization, I would like to acknowledge the fundamental role of the various open sources from which templates I have created some of my beautiful charts and graphics.
Dr. Festus Elleh, Ph.D., PMP, PMI-ACP
Associate Professor, Parker University
Visiting Professor, DeVry University
About the Author
Dr. Festus Elleh is an Associate Professor of Computer Information Systems at Parker University, Dallas, Texas, and a Visiting Professor of Project Management in the Keller Graduate School of Management at DeVry University, Irving Texas. He has also served as an instructor at Western Governor’s University in their Masters of Data Science program and as an Adjunct Professor at the University of the Cumberlands in their Masters and Doctoral programs.
Previously, Dr. Elleh worked for American Airlines for over sixteen years in various positions, including Computer Programmer, Sr. IT Project Manager, and Manager PMO. He was a consultant for RealPage Inc. and Argo Data Resource Corporation all in Richardson, Texas providing Agile training and helping to build an agile environment for their software and product development teams.
Dr. Elleh has his Ph.D. in Information Technology with a specialization in project management from Capella University, Minneapolis, Minnesota. He has two bachelor’s degrees, one in Business and the other in Computer Information Systems, and an MBA. He earned his verified certificate in Cybersecurity for critical urban infrastructure from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He also earned his PMP and PMI-ACP certifications from Project Management Institute (PMI).
Dr. Elleh is a scholar and a published author. He contributed to the book Advances in Applying Identity and Society Awareness to Virtual Learning
published in 2019 by IGI Global. Dr. Elleh made other publications on aligning information technology investment with enterprise strategy; cyber security and COVID-19; file system management; cyber-vulnerability; quantitative research approaches for software projects; and the triple constraints of project management.
He is a philanthropist who was president and chairman of the board of directors of a couple of non-profit organizations. He is a husband and a dad, and loves playing chess and soccer, traveling, reading, and volunteering for community development initiatives.
Project manager meeting with team for decision on planning milestones and
deliverables, Gantt chart schedule on computer screen, 3 people in office.
Introduction
"Project Management is the key to sustainable success… it is a strategic imperative
for Companies’ ability to deliver the strategy in a timely and cost-effective manner."
- Andrews (2010)
This book is intended to introduce learners to the following project management methodologies:
•Waterfall
•Agile
•Information Technology
•Data Science
Readers will learn about the concepts, processes, tools, and techniques helpful in executing projects in the waterfall, agile, information technology, and data science environments. The objective is for learners to become contributors to the field of project management and deploy a structured approach to managing projects. Learners who read this book will be able to think critically about the concepts and practices of project management and perform exceptionally well in the PMP and PMI-ACP examinations.
In organizations today, many initiatives are run as projects requiring team collaboration, effective communication, and inter-departmental coordination to be successful. Organizations have realized that the bulk of their spending is on projects. They concluded that if they could reduce project costs by the efficient management of projects through the hiring of professional project managers, they could save millions of dollars.
Studies show that about a third (33%) of World GDP comes from projects (Andrews, 2010; Rodriguez, 2021). Andrews presented World Bank data on gross fixed capital formation in which projects cost US$12 trillion, closer to one-third of the world’s GDP (Andrews, 2010, p.50). Rodriguez in Harvard Business Review put that figure at US$20 trillion, and suggested that by 2027, some 88 million people around the world are likely to be working in project management.
These revolutions generate enormous interest in corporations to invest in project management and their professionals. The field of project management is therefore growing fast and becoming increasingly recognized as an imperative for organizations. This has caused an increase in demand for project managers and a rising supply gap.
As you read this book, you may come across some of the terminologies that may appear mainstream but have technical connotations. The book is suitable for a range of audiences - beginners, professionals, and technical.
"Successful projects do not occur by chance or by a stroke of Luck; they
must be organized, planned, implemented, and controlled to achieve the
project objectives including time, cost, and scope." (Elleh, 2013)
"Project life-cycle discussions are critical because life cycle objective functions
are the basis for making decisions throughout the project’s life."
(Doloi & Jaafari, 2002).
Learning Outcome
Upon completing this chapter, the learner will be able to achieve the following competencies.
•Know the meaning and evolution of project management
•Delineate projects and project Management
•Define the project Life Cycle
•Map project management knowledge areas and process groups
•Identify the triple constraints (Time, Cost, Scope) and their tradeoffs
•Compare organizational structures: functional, matrix, and projectized
What is a Project?
The project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) stated that A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result
(PMBOK, 2017). A project is simply unique. If the endeavor is something done repeatedly, then it is a process. A project also has a set duration; it has a clear beginning and an end. The project may have a short time or long. Let us look at the attributes of a project to gain a deeper understanding.
Attributes of a Project: Projects have specific characteristics:
•Has a well-defined objective.
•It may be composed of a series of interdependent tasks.
•Utilizes various resources.
•Has a specific period.
•Has a customer or a sponsor.
•It May involve a degree of uncertainty.
•It is unique, non-routine work.
•It must align with the business objectives of the organization.
Project examples include implementing a new product for the company, doing a software upgrade, planning a wedding event, or going on a vacation!
In the above definition, we described a project as temporary. Let us talk a little more about Temporary
as a characteristic of project management in the figure below.
Fig. 1 – Projects are