The Second Epistle to the Corinthians

By Murray J. Harris

The reputation of the NIGTC series is so outstanding that the appearance of each new volume is noteworthy. This book on 2 Corinthians is no exception. Master New Testament exegete Murray J. Harris has produced a superb commentary that analyzes the Greek text verse by verse against the backdrop of Paul's tumultuous relations with his converts at Corinth.

Believing that Scripture cannot be understood theologically unless it has first been understood grammatically, Harris provides a careful, thoroughgoing reading of the text of 2 Corinthians. He gives special attention to matters of translation, making regular references not only to the standard modern English translations but also to influential older versions such as The Twentieth Century New Testament and those by Weymouth, Moffatt, and Goodspeed. His close attention to matters of textual criticism and grammar leads to discussions of the theology of 2 Corinthians that show the relevance of Paul's teaching to Christian living and church ministry.

Other notable features of the book include a comprehensive introduction in which all the relevant literary and historical issues are discussed, an expanded paraphrase of the letter that conveniently shows Harris's decisions on exegetical issues and indicates the flow of Paul's argument, a chronology of the relations of Paul, Timothy, and Titus with the Corinthian church, and an excursus on Paul's "affliction in Asia" (1:8-11) and its influence on his outlook and theology.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Eerdmans
• Release date: Aug 22, 2013
• ISBN: 9781467423144

Murray J. Harris

Murray J. Harris is professor of New Testament Exegesis and Theology at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, Illinois. Previously he was Warden of Tyndale House, a biblical research library in Cambridge, England. He presently resides in New Zealand.  

Book preview

Front Cover of The Second Epistle to the CorinthiansHalf Title of The Second Epistle to the Corinthians

THE NEW INTERNATIONAL GREEK TESTAMENT COMMENTARY

Published Volumes

MATTHEW

John Nolland

MARK

R. T. France

LUKE

I. Howard Marshall

ROMANS

Richard N. Longenecker

1 CORINTHIANS

Anthony C. Thiselton

2 CORINTHIANS

Murray J. Harris

GALATIANS

F. F. Bruce

PHILIPPIANS

Peter T. O’Brien

COLOSSIANS & PHILEMON

James D. G. Dunn

1 & 2 THESSALONIANS

Charles A. Wanamaker

PASTORAL EPISTLES

George W. Knight III

HEBREWS

Paul Ellingworth

JAMES

Peter H. Davids

REVELATION

G. K. Beale

Book Title of The Second Epistle to the Corinthians

Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

2140 Oak Industrial Drive NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505

www.eerdmans.com

© 2005 Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.

All rights reserved.

Hardcover edition 2005

Paperback edition 2013

Printed in the United States of America

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ISBN 978-0-8028-2393-9

Me fateri non pudet multo

obscuriorem esse hanc epistulam

quam multas alias

J. S. Semler

In grateful memory of

KENNETH S. KANTZER

mentor, colleague, friend

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

A. Literary Issues

1. Authorship and Attestation of 2 Corinthians

a. Authorship

b. Attestation

2. The Severe Letter

a. Its Purpose

b. Its Effect

c. Its Identification

3. The Integrity of 2 Corinthians

a. Complex Partition or Dislocation Theories

b. 2 Corinthians 2:14–7:4

c. 2 Corinthians 6:14–7:1

d. 2 Corinthians 8–9

e. 2 Corinthians 10–13

4. The Occasion, Purpose, and Outcome of 2 Corinthians

B. Historical Issues

1. The Painful Visit

a. Its Historicity

b. Its Time

c. Its Occasion, Purpose, and Outcome

2. Paul’s Itinerary during and Immediately after His Ephesian Ministry

3. Place of Composition and Date of Sending of 1 and 2 Corinthians

a. 1 Corinthians

b. 2 Corinthians

4. Paul’s Opponents in 2 Corinthians

a. Methodology

b. Their View of Paul

c. Paul’s View of Them

d. Their Relation to Jerusalem

e. Their Identity

5. Paul’s Collection for Jerusalem

a. The Need at Jerusalem

b. The Poor in Jerusalem

c. The Contributors

d. Its Significance for Paul

e. The Response in Jerusalem

C. Chronology of the Relations of Paul, Timothy, and Titus with the Corinthian Church

D. Analyses of 2 Corinthians

1. Analysis by Rhetorical Form

2. Analysis by Chiastic Structure

3. Analysis by Content (and Epistolary Form)

E. Summary of the Theology of 2 Corinthians

1. The Godhead

2. Salvation

3. The Gospel

4. The Church

5. Apostleship

6. Christian Ministry

a. Adaptability

b. Jealousy

c. Devotion

d. Affection

e. Fear

7. The Christian Life

8. Suffering

9. Stewardship

10. Satan

11. Eschatology

COMMENTARY

I. Paul’s Explanation of His Conduct and Apostolic Ministry (2 Corinthians 1–7)

A. Introduction (1:1-11)

1. Salutation (1:1-2)

2. A Doxology Celebrating Divine Comfort (1:3-7)

3. Deliverance from Affliction (1:8-11)

Excursus: Paul’s Affliction in Asia (2 Cor. 1:8-11): The Personal Background to 2 Corinthians

Paul’s Description of the θλῖψις

It Occurred in the Province of Asia

It Occurred between the Writing of 1 and 2 Corinthians

It Had a Devastating Effect on Paul

It Was Unique in Paul’s Experience

Yet Paul Expected Similar Afflictions in the Future

Proposed Identifications of the θλῖψις

A Literal Fighting with the Beasts in Ephesus (1 Cor. 15:32)

Opposition to Paul at Ephesus

Imprisonment in Asia, or More Specifically in Ephesus

The Demetrius Riot

A Severe Illness

Paul’s Circumstances When the θλῖψις Occurred

The Influence of the θλῖψις

The Nature and Consequences of the Believer’s Physical Death

Paul’s Relation to the Parousia

B. Paul’s Conduct Defended (1:12–2:13)

1. Characteristics of His Conduct (1:12-14)

2. Charge of Fickleness Answered (1:15-22)

3. A Canceled Painful Visit (1:23–2:4)

4. Forgiveness for the Offender (2:5-11)

5. Restlessness at Troas (2:12-13)

C. Major Digression — The Apostolic Ministry Described (2:14–7:4)

1. The Grandeur and Superiority of the Apostolic Ministry (2:14–4:6)

2. The Suffering and Glory of the Apostolic Ministry (4:7–5:10)

3. The Essence and Exercise of the Apostolic Ministry (5:11–6:10)

4. The Openness and Consolation of the Apostolic Ministry (6:11–7:4)

D. Paul’s Joy at the Corinthians’ Repentance (7:5-16)

1. Comfort in Macedonia (7:5-7)

2. The Severe Letter and Its Effects (7:8-13a)

3. The Joy and Affection of Titus (7:13b-16)

II. Paul’s Summons to Complete the Collection (2 Corinthians 8–9)

A. The Need for Generosity (8:1-15)

1. The Generosity of the Macedonians (8:1-6)

2. A Plea for Liberal Giving (8:7-12)

3. The Aim of Equality (8:13-15)

B. The Mission of Titus and His Companions (8:16–9:5)

1. The Delegates and Their Credentials (8:16-24)

2. The Need for Readiness (9:1-5)

C. The Resources and Results of Generosity (9:6-15)

1. God’s Enrichment of the Giver (9:6-11)

2. The Offering of Prayer to God (9:12-15)

III. Paul’s Defense of His Apostolic Authority (2 Corinthians 10–13)

A. The Exercise of Apostolic Authority (10:1-18)

1. The Potency of Apostolic Authority (10:1-11)

2. Legitimate Spheres of Activity and Boasting (10:12-18)

B. Boasting as a Fool (11:1–12:13)

1. A Plea for Tolerance (11:1-6)

2. Financial Dependence and Independence (11:7-12)

3. False Apostles (11:13-15)

4. Justification for Foolish Boasting (11:16-21a)

5. Paul’s Heritage and Trials (11:21b-29)

6. Escape from Damascus (11:30-33)

7. A Vision and Its Aftermath (12:1-10)

8. Proof of Apostleship (12:11-13)

C. The Planned Third Visit (12:14–13:10)

1. A Promise Not to Be Burdensome (12:14-18)

2. Fears about the Corinthians’ State (12:19-21)

3. Warning of Impending Discipline (13:1-4)

4. A Plea for Self-Examination (13:5-10)

D. Conclusion (13:11-13)

Expanded Paraphrase of 2 Corinthians

Foreword

Although there have been many series of commentaries on the English text of the New Testament in recent years, very few attempts have been made to cater particularly to the needs of students of the Greek text. The present initiative to fill this gap by the publication of the New International Greek Testament Commentary is very largely due to the vision of W. Ward Gasque, who was one of the original editors of the series. At a time when the study of Greek is being curtailed in many schools of theology, we hope that the NIGTC will demonstrate the continuing value of studying the Greek New Testament and will be an impetus in the revival of such study.

The volumes of the NIGTC are for students who want something less technical than a full-scale critical commentary. At the same time, the commentaries are intended to interact with modern scholarship and to make their own scholarly contribution to the study of the New Testament. The wealth of detailed study of the New Testament in articles and monographs continues without interruption, and the series is meant to harvest the results of this research in an easily accessible form. The commentaries include, therefore, extensive bibliographies and attempt to treat all important problems of history, exegesis, and interpretation that arise from the New Testament text.

One of the gains of recent scholarship has been the recognition of the primarily theological character of the books of the New Testament. The volumes of the NIGTC attempt to provide a theological understanding of the text, based on historical-critical-linguistic exegesis. It is not their primary aim to apply and expound the text for modern readers, although it is hoped that the exegesis will give some indication of the way in which the text should be expounded.

Within the limits set by the use of the English language, the series aims to be international in character, though the contributors have been chosen not primarily in order to achieve a spread between different countries but above all because of their specialized qualifications for their particular tasks.

The supreme aim of this series is to serve those who are engaged in the ministry of the Word of God and thus to glorify God’s name. Our prayer is that it may be found helpful in this task.

I. HOWARD MARSHALL

DONALD A. HAGNER

Preface

New series of commentaries on the New Testament, not to speak of individual commentaries, are now appearing at such a rate that it has become incumbent on authors to indicate in what ways they believe their commentaries make a distinctive contribution to New Testament studies. What follows is my own understanding of the distinctives of the present work. Whether they in any sense constitute strengths is for others to decide.

1. It is not often that someone has the opportunity to write two commentaries on the same New Testament book. But, strangely, there are several examples of this with regard to 2 Corinthians. We have the work of C. F. Georg Heinrici (1883 and 1887), James Denney (1894, 1903), Alfred Plummer (1903 and 1915), Adolf Schlatter (1909 and 1934), Margaret E. Thrall (1965 and 1994/2000), Maurice Carrez (1983, 1985, and 1986), and Paul W. Barnett (1988 and 1997). In my case, it has been interesting to compare what I wrote in 1976 for the Expositor’s Bible Commentary with the conclusions reached about twenty-five years later as a result of even closer examination of the Greek text. In general, my conclusions in broad matters of criticism and exegesis have remained unchanged, although in many points of exegetical detail there are differences between the two commentaries. I am now inclined to defend the integrity of the canonical 2 Corinthians with even more confidence and have been interested to observe how many commentators during the last seven or eight years have come to a similar conclusion about the letter’s integrity (Witherington, Belleville, Kistemaker, Barnett, Scott, Lambrecht, Garland, Hafemann). What is offered here, then, is a defense of the integrity of 2 Corinthians in the context of a detailed exegesis of the Greek text.

2. One of the aims of the New International Greek Testament Commentary series is to cater particularly to the needs of students of the Greek text (from the Editors’ Foreword). This being so, no apology is needed for the close attention I give to matters of grammar, syntax, and textual criticism. So often these are the issues that cause most frustration to those who are grappling with the Greek text. It is an insidious temptation for commentators to hurry on past grammatical or syntactical questions to more substantial issues of history or theology, content simply to give references to the authorities without patiently analyzing the competing exegetical options. I have endeavored resolutely to resist that temptation. We must never forget the time-honored dictum that at root Christian theology is grammar applied to the biblical text; Scripture cannot be understood theologically unless it has first been understood grammatically. As for textual criticism, I have commented on all the variants given in the twenty-seventh edition of the Nestle-Aland Greek text, seeking, where appropriate, to give the reasoning behind the readings I prefer.

In keeping with the aims of the series, I have not treated the history of the interpretation (or the history of the effect or textual posthistory) of 2 Corinthians or of various verses or passages that have been influential down through the Christian centuries. Other commentators and authors of specific studies have attempted that daunting task. But it should be noted that we now have accessible in convenient and handsome form volume VII (edited by Gerald Bray; Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1999) of the Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture (general editor, Thomas C. Oden), which provides a selection of exegetical and theological comments on 1 and 2 Corinthians (arranged by verse) from early Christian writers spanning the period from the end of the New Testament era down to A.D. 750.

3. People in the English-speaking world have an extraordinarily rich heritage in the English translations of the New Testament. I have sought to expose the reader to some of the older versions without ignoring the standard modern translations. Each translation has its distinctive features, and no one translation captures 100% of the text’s meaning all of the time. If each captures, say 95%, it is a distinctive 95% that is captured, so perhaps there is, after all, room for the plethora of English versions that form our heritage. Some of the older translations—Iam thinking especially of the precise renderings of the committee that produced The Twentieth Century New Testament (1904) and the individual sparkle of the classicist R. F. Weymouth (1903), the polymath J. Moffatt (1913), and the papyrologist E. J. Goodspeed (1923) — deserve more attention than they commonly receive. In many ways Moffatt and Goodspeed anticipated the linguistic approach of The Good News Bible (1966).

A neglected aspect of the history of the English Bible is paraphrases that are based on the Greek text. (I am not referring to works such as The Living Bible that are paraphrases of an English translation.) Often the quickest way to determine how commentators construe a particular phrase or verse is to read their paraphrase, which will immediately indicate, for example, how a genitive or an aorist is understood. What is more, the flow of an author’s argument is often best portrayed by means of a paraphrase. Suffice it to say that I have benefited from consulting, in particular, An Expanded Paraphrase of the Epistles of Paul (Exeter: Paternoster, 1965) by F. F. Bruce and the paraphrase found in A. Plummer’s ICC commentary at the beginning of each of his sections. But the paraphrases of Stanley, Isaacs, Wand, and Phillips are also always worth reading. So, in addition to giving a translation of the text, section by section, I offer (in an Appendix) my own paraphrase as a convenient and quick way for the reader to discover how I have understood a verse or passage and the flow of Paul’s argument. Following Bruce’s lead, I refer to my effort as an expanded paraphrase because as well as spelling out certain nuances of the Greek text itself, I have sometimes supplied words or phrases that, while not representing anything in the Greek text, are implied by the text or are necessary or helpful for understanding Paul’s movement of thought.

4. The suggested Chronology of the Relations of Paul, Timothy, and Titus with the Corinthian Church (Introduction C) aims to provide a useful time line, a documented and dated sequence of events that will enable the reader to see at a glance my position on various issues of criticism and dating.

5. The reader will notice that disproportionate space has been given to the exegesis of 1:8-11 and 5:1-10. 5:1-10 and 5:16-21 are among the most theologically important sections of 2 Corinthians, one passage dealing with the significance of the death of the Christian, the other with the nature and consequences of the death of Christ. 5:1-10 is probably the most contested section of the letter. As it happens, it was the focus of my 1970 doctoral thesis at the University of Manchester, in which I explored the close relation of 1:8-11 and 5:1-10 in some detail. More recently A. E. Harvey has argued (in Renewal through Suffering [Edinburgh: Clark, 1996]) for a correlation between this Asian crisis (1:8-11) and Paul’s view of the positive value of suffering, especially as seen in 2 Corinthians 4–5. The one excursus in my commentary deals with Paul’s experience in Asia and needs to be read in conjunction with the exegesis of 5:1-10. This experience turned out, I believe, to be influential in Paul’s life in that it compelled him to give up his persistent self-reliance (1:9) and in his theological outlook in that it forced him to surrender his expectation, although not his hope, of being alive at the parousia of Christ and prompted him to formulate his view of the significance of physical death for the believer (5:1-10). Also, this dramatic encounter with death in Asia may account for the apostle’s unparalleled preoccupation in 2 Corinthians with his own physical state and with dying and death.

In the view of the author, then, these are the five distinctive features of the present commentary. On more specific matters, when referring to Bauer-Arndt-Gingrich-Danker (BAGD) I have used the 1979 second English edition because most readers of the commentary will have been using the second edition and not all will have access to the third edition (2000) and also because the writing of the commentary was too far advanced when the new edition appeared to change multitudes of page numbers and quadrant indicators. References to BAGD and to Moulton-Milligan’s Vocabulary (but not to the Liddell-Scott-Jones Lexicon) are given by page number and quadrant on the page, a indicating the upper half and b the lower half of the left-hand column, and c and d the upper and lower halves of the right-hand column. When references to these two authorities are given, the verse under consideration is actually cited there as an instance of the particular meaning or construction. Otherwise, the word and section are referred to (e.g., BAGD 287 s.v. [ἐπί] II.1.b.d.). The abbreviation cf. indicates that a similar but not identical point is made or translation given by the authority cited. I have chosen to supply references to the Blass-Debrunner-Funk Grammar (1961) rather than to the new German edition of Blass-Debrunner-Rehkopf (1984¹⁶), given the likely readership of this commentary. Some may wonder why references are given to M. Zerwick’s Analysis Philologica Novi Testamenti Graeci (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1966³) when a translation is available (M. Zerwick and H. Grosvenor, A Grammatical Analysis of the Greek New Testament [Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1988³]). In fact, the Latin original contains material not appearing in the English translation and sometimes differing from it. Translations of ancient sources and of excerpts from commentaries or works in languages other than English are mine.

For considerations of length I decided not to deal with the history and archaeology of Roman Corinth, given the ready availability of fine treatments of these topics.¹

Bibliographies on 2 Corinthians may be found in R. Bieringer and J. Lambrecht, Studies in 2 Corinthians, BETL 112 (Leuven: Leuven University, 1994) 3-66 (by R. Bieringer), up to 1992-93, and in W. E. Mills, 2 Corinthians, Bibliographies for Biblical Research, New Testament Series 8 (Lewiston/Queenstown/Lampeter: Mellen Biblical, 1977), up to 1996-97.

MURRAY J. HARRIS

March 2003

1. See, e.g., J. R. Wiseman, Corinth and Rome I: 228 B.C.–A.D. 267, in ANRW II.7/1, 438-548; J. R. Wiseman, The Land of the Ancient Corinthians, Studies in the Mediterranean Archaeology 50 (Göteborg: Åströms, 1978); D. Engels, Roman Corinth: An Alternative Model for the Classical City (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1990); J. Murphy-O’Connor, St. Paul’s Corinth: Texts and Archaeology (Wilmington: Glazier, 1983); and on the social setting of first-century Corinth, T. B. Savage, Power through Weakness: Paul’s Understanding of the Christian Ministry in 2 Corinthians (Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1996) 19-53.

Acknowledgments

Numbers of my students in the United States have helped me at various stages with typing or with bibliographical or translational data — David Burdett, Jay Phelan, Bob Flayhart, Paul Winters, Steve Dutton, Jon Gutierrez, Dana Anderson, Paul Cheung, Sam Lamerson, Don Aguilo, Steve Chang, David Jones, Jae Noh, Jim Sweeney, Michael Van Laningham, Andrew Emmert, and David Miller. More recently, here in New Zealand, Mrs. Bev Heydenrych, Ms. Frankie Dean, and Mrs. Keren Brewerton have rendered sterling service in typing the second half of the commentary and changes in the first half. To each of these kind friends my warm thanks. Also, I am grateful to the trustees of the Longview, Lichfield, and Hillview Trusts for grants toward typing costs.

Permission was kindly given by Dr. Stanley N. Gundry of Zondervan Publishing House to reproduce (with some minor changes) the Outline of the Epistle and to use other material found in the author’s earlier commentary on 2 Corinthians in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, volume 10, ed. F. E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976) 299-406. Also, Dr. Bruce W. Winter, editor of the Tyndale Bulletin, graciously gave permission for the use in an excursus of parts of my article 2 Corinthians 5:1-10: Watershed in Paul’s Eschatology? TynB 22 (1971) 32-57. In the Summary of the Theology of 2 Corinthians (Introduction, E.) I have used, with permission, some material first published in my article on 2 Corinthians in the New Dictionary of Biblical Theology, ed. T. D. Alexander and B. S. Rosner (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2000) 306-11.

For over two decades my appreciation of the apostle Paul was enriched by the comments and questions of students at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in my classes on the Corinthian correspondence and the Greek text of 2 Corinthians. Nor can I ever forget the kindness of Dr. Kenneth S. Kantzer, formerly Academic Dean of that Divinity School, who recognized some potential in a young Kiwi teacher from Down Under and encouraged and challenged me over many years. I am pleased that I was able to give him a copy of these acknowledgements before his final illness and death, for to him this commentary is dedicated.

To the two editors of the series, Professors I. Howard Marshall and Donald A. Hagner, I express my gratitude for their careful reading of the type-script, their helpful suggestions, and their constant encouragement. The series editor at Eerdmans, Dr. John W. Simpson, Jr., has again demonstrated his technical expertise by guiding yet another sizeable manuscript through the production process.

To my wife, Jennifer, I am indebted for her gracious and unfailing support during this apparently interminable project and for her help in preparing the indexes.

Abbreviations

Bibliography

Adams

E. Adams, Constructing the World: A Study in Paul’s Cosmological Language. Edinburgh: Clark, 2000.

Aejmelaeus

L. Aejmelaeus, Streit und Versöhnung. Das Problem der Zusammensetzung des 2. Korintherbriefes. Helsinki: Finnish Exegetical Society, 1987.

Ahern

B. M. Ahern, The Indwelling Spirit, Pledge of Our Inheritance (Eph. 1:14), CBQ 9 (1947) 179-89.

Alexander

W. M. Alexander, St. Paul’s Infirmity, ExpT 10 (1904) 469-73, 545-48.

Alford

H. Alford, ΠΡΟΣ ΚΟΡΙΝΘΙΟΥΣ Β., in Alford’s Greek Testament: An Exegetical and Critical Commentary, II. Grand Rapids: Guardian, 1976 reprint of 1877⁷, pp. 627–723.

Allen

L. C. Allen, Psalms 101–50. WBC 21. Waco: Word, 1983.

Allo

E. B. Allo, Saint Paul: seconde épître aux Corinthiens. ÉBib. Paris: Gabalda, 1937 (the second edition of 1956 is merely a reprint of the first edition).

Allo, Première épître

E. B. Allo, Saint Paul: première épître aux Corinthiens. ÉBib. Paris: Gabalda, 1934.

Amador

J. D. H. Amador, Revisiting 2 Corinthians: Rhetoric and the Case for Unity, NTS 46 (2000) 92-111.

Amstutz

J. Amstutz, ἉΠΛΟΤΗΣ. Eine begriffsgeschichtliche Studie zum jüdischchristlichen Griechisch. Theophaneia 19. Bonn: Hanstein, 1968.

Andersen FS

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Andrews

S. B. Andrews, Too Weak Not to Lead: The Form and Function of 2 Cor 11.23b-33, NTS 41 (1994-95) 263-76.

Andriessen

P. Andriessen, L’impuissance de Paul en face de l’ange de Satan, NRT 81 (1959) 462-68.

Arai

S. Arai, Zur Definition der Gnosis in Rücksicht auf die Frage nach ihrem Ursprung, in The Origins of Gnosticism: Colloquium of Messina 13-18 April 1966. Text and Discussions. Ed. U. Bianchi. Leiden: Brill, 1967, pp. 181–87.

Arai, Gegner

S. Arai, Die Gegner des Paulus im 1. Korintherbrief und das Problem der Gnosis, NTS 19 (1972-73) 430-37.

Ascough

R. S. Ascough, The Completion of a Religious Duty: The Background of 2 Cor 8.1-15, NTS 42 (1995-96) 584-99.

Aus

R. D. Aus, Paul’s Travel Plans to Spain and the ‘Full Number of the Gentiles’ of Rom. XI 25, NovT 21 (1979) 232-62.

Bachmann

P. Bachmann, Der zweite Brief des Paulus an die Korinther. Leipzig: Scholl, 1909 (later editions unavailable).

Badenas

R. Badenas, Christ the End of the Law: Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective. JSNTSS 10. Sheffield: JSOT, 1985.

Bahr

G. J. Bahr, The Subscriptions in the Pauline Letters, JBL 87 (1968) 27-41.

Baillie

J. Baillie, And the Life Everlasting. London: Oxford University Press, 1934.

Bain

J. A. Bain, 2 Cor. iv.3-4, ExpT 18 (1906-07) 380.

Baird

W. Baird, Visions, Revelation, and Ministry: Reflections on 2 Cor 12:1-5 and Gal 1:11-17, JBL 104 (1985) 651-62.

Baird, Letters

W. R. Baird, Letters of Recommendation: A Study of II Cor. 3:1-3, JBL 80 (1961) 166-72.

Baker

W. R. Baker, Did the Glory of Moses’ Face Fade? A Reexamination of καταργέω in 2 Corinthians 3:7-18, BBR 10 (2000) 1-15.

Balch

D. L. Balch, Backgrounds of I Cor. VII: Sayings of the Lord in Q; Moses as an Ascetic ΘΕΙΟΣ ΑΝΗΡ in II Cor. III, NTS 18 (1971-72) 351-64.

Bammel FS

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Banks

R. Banks, Paul’s Idea of Community: The Early House Churches in Their Historical Setting. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/Exeter: Paternoster, 1980.

Banks, Walking

R. Banks, ‘Walking’ as a Metaphor of the Christian Life: The Origins of a Significant Pauline Usage, in Andersen FS 303-13.

Barclay

W. Barclay, Translation in The Daily Study Bible: The Letters to the Corinthians. 2nd edition; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975.

Barclay, Flesh

W. Barclay, Flesh and Spirit: An Examination of Galatians 5:19-23. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962.

J. M. G. Barclay

J. M. G. Barclay, Mirror-Reading a Polemical Letter: Galatians as a Test Case, JSNT 31 (1987) 73-93.

Barnett

P. Barnett, The Second Epistle to the Corinthians. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.

Barnett, Message

P. Barnett, The Message of 2 Corinthians. Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1988.

Barnett, Opposition

P. Barnett, Opposition in Corinth, JSNT 22 (1984) 3-17.

A. E. Barnett

A. E. Barnett, Paul Becomes a Literary Influence. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1941.

Barré

M. L. Barré, Paul as ‘Eschatologic Person’: A New Look at 2 Cor 11:29, CBQ 37 (1975) 500-26.

Barré, Qumran

M. L. Barré, Qumran and the ‘Weakness’ of Paul, CBQ 42 (1980) 216-27.

Barrett FS

Paul and Paulinism: Essays in Honour of C. K. Barrett. Ed. M. D. Hooker and S. G. Wilson. London: SPCK, 1982.

Barrett

C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. New York: Harper/London: Black, 1973.

Barrett, Adam

C. K. Barrett, From First Adam to Last: A Study in Pauline Theology. London: Black, 1962.

Barrett, Boasting

C. K. Barrett, Boasting (καυχᾶσθαι, κτλ.) in the Pauline Epistles, in Vanhoye (ed.) 363-68.

Barrett, Cephas

C. K. Barrett, Cephas and Corinth, in Michel FS 1-12.

Barrett, Christianity

C. K. Barrett, Christianity at Corinth, BJRL 46 (1964) 269-97. Reprinted in his Essays 1-27.

Barrett, Council

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Barrett, Eschatology

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Barrett, Essays

C. K. Barrett, Essays on Paul. Philadelphia: Westminster/London: SPCK, 1982.

Barrett, 1 Corinthians

C. K. Barrett, A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. HNTC. New York: Harper/London: Black, 1968.

Barrett, Idols

C. K. Barrett, Things Sacrificed to Idols, NTS 11 (1964-65) 138-53.

Barrett, Opponents

C. K. Barrett, Paul’s Opponents in II Corinthians, NTS 17 (1970-71) 233-54. Reprinted in his Essays 60-86.

Barrett, Paul

C. K. Barrett, Paul: An Introduction to His Thought. Louisville: Westminster, 1994.

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C. K. Barrett, Paul and the ‘Pillar’ Apostles, in de Zwaan FS 1-19.

Barrett, 2 Cor. 11:13

C. K. Barrett, ΨΕΥΔΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΙ (2 Cor 11,13), in Rigaux FS 377-96. Reprinted in his Essays 87-107.

Barrett, 2 Cor. 7:12

C. K. Barrett, Ὁ ἈΔΙΚΗΣΑΣ (2 Cor 7,12), in Stählin FS 149-57. Reprinted in his Essays 108-17.

Barrett, Shaliaḥ

C. K. Barrett, "Shaliaḥ and Apostle," in Daube FS 88-102.

Barrett, Signs

C. K. Barrett, The Signs of an Apostle. London: Epworth, 1970/Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972.

Barrett, Titus

C. K. Barrett, Titus, in M. Black FS (1) 1-14. Reprinted in his Essays 118-31.

Barth

M. Barth, Ephesians. 2 vols. AB 34. Garden City: Doubleday, 1974.

G. Barth

G. Barth, Die Eignung des Verkündigers in 2 Kor 2,14–3,6, in Bornkamm FS 257-70.

Barton

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Bash

A. Bash, Ambassadors for Christ. WUNT 2/92. Tübingen: Mohr, 1997.

Bates

W. H. Bates, The Integrity of II Corinthians, NTS 12 (1965-66) 56-69.

Batey

R. Batey, New Testament Nuptial Imagery. Leiden: Brill, 1971.

Batey, Image

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Bauckham

R. J. Bauckham, Weakness — Paul’s and Ours, Them 7 (1982) 4-6.

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K. A. Bauer, Leiblichkeit — das Ende aller Werke Gottes. Gütersloh: Mohn, 1971.

Baumert

N. Baumert, Täglich Sterben und Auferstehen. Der Literalsinn von 2 Kor 4,12– 5,10. SANT 34. Munich: Kösel, 1973.

Baumgarten

J. Baumgarten, Paulus und die Apokalyptik. Die Auslegung apokalyptischer Überlieferung in den echten Paulusbriefen. WMANT 44. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1975.

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F. C. Baur, Paul: His Life and Work. 2 vols. ETr. London: Williams, 1875-76.

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G. K. Beale, The Old Testament Background of Reconciliation in 2 Corinthians 5–7 and Its Bearing on the Literary Problem of 2 Corinthians 6.14–7.1, NTS 35 (1989-90) 550-81.

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G. E. Bean, Aegean Turkey: An Archaeological Guide (London: Benn, 1966).

Beare FS

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J. Becker, Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles. ETr. Louisville: Westminster, 1993.

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J. A. Beet, II Corinthians. London: Hodder, 1882.

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L. L. Belleville, 2 Corinthians. Downers Grove/Leicester: InterVarsity, 1996.

Belleville, Discipleship

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Belleville, Gospel

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L. L. Belleville, Paul’s Polemic and the Theology of the Spirit in Second Corinthians, CBQ 58 (1996) 281-304.

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L. L. Belleville, Reflections of Glory: Paul’s Polemical Use of the Moses–Doxa Tradition in 2 Corinthians 3.1-18. JSNTSS 52. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1991.

Belleville, Tradition

L. L. Belleville, Tradition or Creation? Paul’s Use of the Exodus 34 Tradition in 2 Corinthians 3.7-18, in Evans and Sanders 165-86.

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J. A. Bengel, Gnomon of the New Testament III: Romans, I and II Corinthians. ETr. Edinburgh: Clark, 1863.

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P. Benoit, Qumrân et le Nouveau Testament, NTS 7 (1960-61) 276-96.

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K. Berger, Die impliziten Gegner. Zur Methode des Erschliessens von ‘Gegnern’ in neutestamentlichen Texten, in Bornkamm FS 373-400.

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Berkeley

The Holy Bible: The Berkeley Version in Modern English (G. Verkuyl translator of New Testament). Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1959³.

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J. H. Bernard, The Second Epistle to the Corinthians, in EGT 3.1-119.

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R. Berry, Death and Life in Christ: The Meaning of 2 Corinthians 5.1-10, in SJT 14 (1961) 60-76.

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E. Best, Second Corinthians. Atlanta: John Knox, 1987.

Best, Body

E. Best, One Body in Christ. London: SPCK, 1955.

Betz

H. D. Betz, 2 Corinthians 8 and 9: A Commentary on Two Administrative Letters of the Apostle Paul. Ed. G. W. MacRae. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.

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H. D. Betz, Eine Christus-Aretalogie bei Paulus (2 Kor 12,7-10), ZTK 66 (1969) 288-305. Reprinted in his Aufsätze 1-19.

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H. D. Betz, Corinthians, Second Epistle to the, ABD 1.1148-54.

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Betz, Galatians

H. D. Betz, Galatians. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979.

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Betz, Problem

H. D. Betz, The Problem of Rhetoric and Theology according to the Apostle Paul, in Vanhoye (ed.) 16-48.

O. Betz

O. Betz, Fleischliche und ‘geistliche’ Christuserkenntnis nach 2. Korinther 5,16, ThBeitr 14 (1983) 167-79.

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W. Beyschlag, New Testament Theology II. ETr. Edinburgh: Clark, 1899².

Bieder

W. Bieder, Paulus und seine Gegner in Korinth, TZ 17 (1961) 319-33.

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L. Bieler, ΘΕΙΟΣ ΑΝΗΡ Das Bild des Göttlichen Menschen in Spätantike und Frühchristentum. 2 vols. Vienna: Höfels, 1935.

Bieringer

R. Bieringer, Lasst euch mit Gott versöhnen. Eine exegetische Untersuchungen zu 2 Kor 5,14-21 in seinem Kontext. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Catholic University of Leuven, 1986 (known through Lambrecht, Reading 161 n. 1).

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R. Bieringer, Bibliography, in Bieringer and Lambrecht 3-66.

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Bieringer, Einheitlichkeit

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Bieringer, Jealousy

R. Bieringer, Paul’s Divine Jealousy: The Apostle and His Communities in Relationship, LouvStud 17 (1992) 197-231. Reprinted in Bieringer and Lambrecht 223-53.

Bieringer, Kontext

R. Bieringer, 2 Korinther 6,14–7,1 im Kontext des 2. Korintherbriefes. Forschungsüberblick und Versuch eines eigenen Zugangs, in Bieringer and Lambrecht 551-70.

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Bieringer, Sünde

R. Bieringer, Sünde und Gerechtigkeit Gottes in 2 Korinther 5,21, in Bieringer and Lambrecht 462-514.

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Bieringer (ed.)

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H. Bietenhard, Die himmlische Welt im Urchristentum und Spätjudentum. WUNT 2. Tübingen: Mohr, 1951.

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Bishop, Famine

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M. Black FS (1)

Neotestamentica et Semitica: Studies in Honour of Matthew Black. Ed. E. E. Ellis and M. Wilcox. Edinburgh: Clark, 1969.

M. Black FS (2)

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Blank

J. Blank, Paulus und Jesus. Eine theologische Grundlegung. SANT 18. Munich: Kösel, 1968.

Blass

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Blomberg

C. L. Blomberg, The Structure of 2 Corinthians 1–7, CTR 4 (1989) 3-20.

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P. Bonnard, Faiblesse et puissance du chrétien selon St. Paul, ETR 33 (1958) 61-82.

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Boobyer

G. H. Boobyer, Thanksgiving and the Glory of God in Paul. Borna-Leipzig: Noske, 1929.

Bornkamm FS

Kirche. Ed. D. Lührmann and G. Strecker. Tübingen: Mohr, 1980.

Bornkamm

G. Bornkamm, Die Vorgeschichte des sogenannten zweiten Korintherbriefes. SAH Phil.-hist. Klasse. Heidelberg: Winter, 1961. Reprinted in his Aufsätze 162-94.

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G. Bornkamm, Gesammelte Aufsätze, IV. BET 53. Munich: Evangelischer, 1971.

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G. Bornkamm, The New Testament: A Guide to Its Writings. ETr. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1973/London: SPCK, 1974.

Bornkamm, History

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Bornkamm, Paul

G. Bornkamm, Paul. ETr. New York: Harper, 1971.

Borse

U. Borse, Zur Todes- und Jenseitserwartung Pauli nach 2 Kor 5,1-10, BibLeb 13 (1972) 129-38.

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Bosenius

B. Bosenius, Die Abwesenheit des Apostels als theologisches Programm. Der zweite Korintherbrief als Beispiel für die Brieflichkeit der paulinischen Theologie. TANZ 11. Tübingen/Basel: Francke, 1994.

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W. Bousset, Der zweite Brief an die Korinther, in Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments, II. Ed. J. Weiss. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1907, 141-90 (in Part I).

Bousset, Kyrios

W. Bousset, Kyrios Christos: A History of the Belief in Christ from the Beginnings of Christianity to Irenaeus. ETr. Nashville: Abingdon, 1970.

Bouttier

M. Bouttier, En Christ. Étude d’exégèse et de théologie pauliniennes. 1962.

Bowersock

G. W. Bowersock, Roman Arabia. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1983.

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G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon, 1969.

Bowker

J. W. Bowker, ‘Merkabah’ Visions and the Visions of Paul, JSS 16 (1971) 157-73.

Bowman Thurston

B. Bowman Thurston, 2 Corinthians 2:14-16a: Christ’s Incense, RestQ 29 (1987) 65-69.

Brady FS

Studies Honoring Ignatius Charles Brady, Friar Minor. Franciscan Institute Publications. Theology Series 6. Ed. R. S. Almagno and C. L. Harkins. St. Bonaventure: Franciscan Institute, 1976.

Brandenburger

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V. P. Branick, The Sinful Flesh of the Son of God (Rom. 8:3): A Key Image of Pauline Theology, CBQ 47 (1985) 246-62.

Bratcher

R. G. Bratcher, A Translator’s Guide to Paul’s Second Letter to the Corinthians. New York: United Bible Societies, 1983.

Brauch

M. T. Brauch, Hard Sayings of Paul. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1989.

Brauch, Perspectives

M. T. Brauch, Perspectives in ‘God’s Righteousness’ in Recent German Discussion, in E. P. Sanders 523-42.

Braun FS

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Braun

H. Braun, Qumran und das Neue Testament. 2 vols. Tübingen: Mohr, 1966.

Breytenbach

C. Breytenbach, Versöhnung. Eine Studie zur paulinischen Soteriologie. WMANT 60. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener, 1989.

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C. Breytenbach, Versöhnung, Stellvertretung und Sühne. Semantische und traditionsgeschichtliche Bemerkungen am Beispiel der paulinischen Briefe, NTS 39 (1993-94) 59-79.

Breytenbach, Proclamation

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Brillet

G. Brillet, Voici les jours de salut (2 Cor. 6:10), AsSeign 26 (1962) 21-36.

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R. Bring, Christus und das Gesetz. Die Bedeutung des Gesetzes des Alten Testaments nach Paulus und seine Glauben an Christus. Leiden: Brill, 1969.

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Bruce FS (1)

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Bruce FS (2)

Pauline Studies: Essays Presented to Professor F. F. Bruce. Ed. D. A. Hagner and M. J. Harris. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/Exeter: Paternoster, 1980.

Bruce

F. F. Bruce, 1 and 2 Corinthians. NCB. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/London: Marshall, 1971.

Bruce, Acts

F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles: Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/Leicester: Apollos, 1990³.

Bruce, Converts

F. F. Bruce, Paul and His Converts. New York: Abingdon, 1962.

Bruce, Galatians

F. F. Bruce, The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/Exeter: Paternoster, 1982.

Bruce, History

F. F. Bruce, New Testament History. New York: Doubleday/London: Nelson, 1969.

Bruce, Immortality

F. F. Bruce, Paul on Immortality, SJT 24 (1971) 457-74.

Bruce, Jerusalem

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Bruce, Macedonia

F. F. Bruce, St. Paul in Macedonia, BJRUL 61 (1978-79) 337-54.

Bruce, Mind

F. F. Bruce, A Mind for What Matters: Collected Essays of F. F. Bruce. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1990.

Bruce, Mystic

F. F. Bruce, Was Paul a Mystic? RTR 34 (1975) 66-75.

Bruce, Paraphrase

F. F. Bruce, An Expanded Paraphrase of the Epistles of Paul. Exeter: Paternoster, 1965.

Bruce, Paul

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F. F. Bruce, The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1963.

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F. F. Bruce, 1 and 2 Thessalonians. WBC 45. Waco: Word, 1982.

Brun

L. Brun, Zur Auslegung von 2 Cor. 5 1-10, ZNW 28 (1929) 207-29.

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G. W. Buchanan, Jesus and the Upper Class, NovT 7 (1964) 195-209.

Buck

C. H. Buck, Jr., The Collection for the Saints, HTR 43 (1950) 1-29.

Buck and Taylor

C. H. Buck, Jr., and G. Taylor, Saint Paul: A Study of the Development of His Thought. New York: Scribner, 1969.

Bullinger

E. W. Bullinger, Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1968 reprint of 1898 original.

Bultmann FS (1)

Neutestamentliche Studien für Rudolf Bultmann. Ed. W. Eltester. BZNW 21. Berlin: Töpelmann, 1954.

Bultmann FS (2)

The Future of Our Religious Past. ETr. Ed. J. M. Robinson. London: SCM, 1971.

Bultmann

R. Bultmann, The Second Letter to the Corinthians. ETr. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1985.

Bultmann, DIKAIOSYNĒ

R. Bultmann, DIKAIOSYNĒ THEOU, JBL 83 (1964) 12-16.

Bultmann, Existence

R. Bultmann, Existence and Faith: Shorter Writings of Rudolf Bultmann. ETr. New York: Meridian, 1960.

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Bultmann, Theology

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C. Burchard, Der dreizehnte Zeuge. Traditions- und kompositionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu Lukas’ Darstellung der Frühzeit des Paulus. FRLANT 103. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1979.

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D. W. Burdick, Οἶδα and Γινώσκω in the Pauline Epistles, in Longenecker and Tenney 344-56.

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D. W. Burdick, With Paul in the Troad, NEASB n.s. 12 (1978) 31-65.

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T. J. Burke, Pauline Paternity in 1 Thessalonians, TynB 51 (2000) 59-80.

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E. de W. Burton, Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek. Edinburgh: Clark, 1898³.

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E. de W. Burton, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. ICC. Edinburgh: Clark, 1921.

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E. de W. Burton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1918.

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E. de W. Burton, New Testament Word Studies. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1927.

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A. Buttmann, A Grammar of the New Testament Greek. Andover: Draper, 1873.

Caird FS

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G. B. Caird, New Testament Theology. Completed and ed. by L. D. Hurst. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.

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G. B. Caird, The Language and Imagery of the Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1980.

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J. Calvin, The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians and the Epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. ETr. Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries 10. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans/Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1964 (= 1547).

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Cambier, Liberté

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J. Y. Campbell, ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ and Its Cognates in the New Testament, JBL 51 (1932) 352-80. (Reprinted in his Three New Testament Studies. Leiden: Brill, 1965, pp. 1–28).

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C. C. Caragounis, ὀψώνιον: A Reconsideration of Its Meaning, NovT 16 (1974) 35-57.

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J. Carmignac, II Corinthiens iii.6, 14 et le début de la formulation du Nouveau Testament, NTS 24 (1977-78) 384-86.

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M. Carrez, La deuxième Épître de Saint Paul aux Corinthiens. CNT 2/8. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1986.

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M. Carrez, ἹΚΑΝΟΤΗΣ: 2 Co 2,14-17, in Lorenzi (ed.) 79-95.

Carrez, Le ‘Nous’

M. Carrez, Le ‘Nous’ en 2 Corinthiens, NTS 26 (1979-80) 474-86.

Carrez, Odeur

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