INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE FASHIONS DRESSED IN LADY'S NYLONS FOR BEAUTIFUL AND BETTER LOOKS IN SOCIETY

By Harminder Gill

Innovative Development of Creative Fashions Dressed in Lady's Nylons for Beautiful and Better Looks in Society was written to provide the reader a stronger understanding of the scientific and historical development of fashions and nylon. Having a deeper understanding what it takes to look beautiful, maintain that physical att

• Language: English
• Publisher: Authors' Tranquility Press
• Release date: May 9, 2022
• ISBN: 9781956480771

Harminder Gill

Harminder Gill did his undergraduate studies at the University of California, Riverside, where he finished his bachelor of science degree in biological chemistry with an emphasis in chemistry. After completing his undergraduate studies, he attended graduate school at the University of California, Davis, where he finished his master’s degree in organic chemistry. After doing several teaching assignments, he went into the teaching profession at community colleges. He was an adjunct professor at many community colleges in Southern California. He became a life member for both the alumni associations at UCR and UCD. He has done homeschooling throughout communities, where he offers more than two hundred sections of academic subjects from humanities, social sciences, sciences, and test preparation. Plenty of his past students have done exceptionally well, including those who have achieved high scores on standardized tests, getting accepted into training academies, universities, and programs of their choice. He has served on board of directors, completed the distinguished toastmaster (DTM) in the Toastmasters International Program for Public Speaking and Leadership, and he is currently a docent at two museums and a science institute. He does his best to keep current in the math, sciences, and technology.

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INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE FASHIONS DRESSED IN LADY’S NYLONS FOR BEAUTIFUL AND BETTER LOOKS IN SOCIETY

Harminder Gill

Author’s Tranquility Press

MARIETTA, GEORGIA

Copyright © 2021 by Harminder Gill

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed Attention: Permissions Coordinator, at the address below.

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www.authorstranquilitypress.com

Ordering Information:

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Innovative Development of Creative Fashions Dressed in Lady’s Nylons for Beautiful and Better Looks in Society/Harminder Gill

Paperback: ISBN: 978-1-956480-75-7

Hardcover: ISBN: 978-1-956480-76-4

E-book: ISBN: 978-1-956480-77-1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to acknowledge Author’s Tranquility Press for taking the time to publish this book.

Thank you very much for the time, dedication, and the editing process for this book. It is with such great pleasure to have everyone on the team to make the book possible for many readers worldwide.

Contents

1. Molecules Make The Appearance

2. Textile Measurements

3. High - Fashion Color Theory

4. Self - Expression Fashion

5. Physical Attractiveness

6. Discovery of Nylon

7. Science of Nylon

8. Nylon Fashion and Trends

9. Self-Expression High Heels

10. Staying Healthy Wearing Nylon

References

About the Author

CHAPTER ONE

Molecules Make The Appearance

Welcome to the world of creative fashion dressed in lady’s nylon, stockings, pantyhose, hosiery, etc! The book was written at an advanced level to have a better and stronger understanding about the historical and science development of nylon. I started the book starting with a foundation of measurements used in the fashion industry, to high-fashion color theory, and then to historical and science chemical concepts needed to understand the formation of such great materials like nylon, stockings, pantyhose, hosiery, etc. I dive deep into talking about lady’s high heels, and then health concerns and how to take care of yourself in order to stay beautiful.

Before we go on a journey together and talk about ladies’ nylons, we need to have some background in chemistry for those of you who have never had a course in chemistry. You will find that the book contains a lot of technical and advanced material for the reader towards the latter half, but we need the content in order to understand what nylon is and how it is used to make ladies even more beautiful than ever. What questions in chemistry are we curious about? How does nylon keep ladies’ legs warm and comfortable? Why has it been such an important fabric in the fashion industry? How many different types of nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery are there?

What new developments could we expect in the future for nylons, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery? Just like you, chemists like myself are curious about the world and how we live as well as many of the materials of the universe. Answers obtained by scientists provides us with an understanding of chemistry based on the questions we ask. For the chemist in the laboratory, chemistry plays a central role in providing the understanding, accessing solutions, and making important decisions even for these important synthetic materials such as nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery.

Let us get right to the point of this introductory chapter and talk about chemistry. Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of the materials of the universe. Matter can be thought of all the substances that make up the world. You might imagine chemistry being done in the laboratory by a chemist wearing a lab coat and safety goggles synthesizing nylon. But there is more to chemistry than that. Chemists work in many different professional fields including the cosmetics and materials science industry, and they also work behind computers and instrumentation. Chemistry happens all around you every day and has a big impact on everything we do.

All the things we see around us right now are composed of one or more chemicals. A chemical is a material that is used in or produced by chemical processes. Chemical processes take place in chemistry laboratories especially in the cosmetics industry. A substance is a chemical that consists of a type of matter and always has the same composition and properties wherever we find it. Often the terms chemical and substance can be used interchangeably to describe types of matter. In cosmetics and lotions, chemicals have the ability to moisturize, prevent deterioration of the product, fight bacteria, and thicken the product. The clothes we wear are made of natural polymers such as cotton or synthetic polymers such as nylon or polyester.

Yes! That is it! Chemistry is considered to be the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter, and this even includes such great products such as ladies dresses, nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery. It is the natural science that covers elements that make up matter to the compounds composed of atoms, molecules, and ions. The composition, structure, properties, behavior and changes they undergo during reactions with other substances. Just imagine if nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery were to react with different part of the internal workings of the body for the ladies such as curing diseases of or other health problems. It is possible we can do more with such new synthetic materials becoming more advanced.

Chemistry occupies an intermediate position between the fields physics and biology. It is called the central science since its foundation of understanding for both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. Chemistry even addresses topics how atoms and molecules interact via chemical bonds to make new chemical compounds to make these huge polymeric molecules of nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery. There are two types of chemical bonds. Primary chemical bonds such as covalent bonds have to do with atoms that share one or more electron(s), whereas ionic bonds has to do with atoms donating one of more electrons to another atom to produce cations or anions, and there can be even metallic bonds formed between two metals. Secondary chemical bonds such as hydrogen bonding, Van del Waals bonding, ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, and even dispersion forces exist among molecules, and if they exist in molecules then they exist in materials such as nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery and many of other fabrics.

But there is something deeper than the modern principles governing chemical reactions. The current model of atomic structure is considered to be the quantum mechanical model. Most traditional chemistry courses begin with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals, and other aggregates of matter. Matter has the ability to be in its solid, liquid, gas, and plasma states that can be in isolation or in combination. Interactions, reactions, and transformations are studied in chemistry due to the result of interactions between atoms that lead to rearrangements of chemical bonds which hold atoms together. Most of the study of this kind of behavior is studied in the chemistry laboratory.

The chemistry laboratory uses many forms and different types of laboratory glassware. Keep in mind that glassware is not the central piece of equipment used in chemistry, and a great deal of experimental including applied and industrial chemistry is done without it by itself.

So the question we might ask is how do molecules combine to make nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery? It has to do with chemical reactions. A chemical reaction is considered to be a transformation of some substances into one or more different substances. We can think of a chemical transformation as the rearrangement of electrons in the chemical bonds between atoms. We can represent them symbolically through a chemical equation which usually involves atoms as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the right in an equation for a chemical transformation needs to be equal. When the number of atoms on either side is not equal, the transformation is referred to as a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay. The type of chemical reactions a substance can undergo and the energy changes that accompany it are constrained by chemical laws.

Energy and entropy are also considered to be important in almost many chemical studies. Chemical substances can be classified in terms of structure, phase, and chemical composition. They can be analyzed using chemical analysis such as spectroscopy and chromatography. It is the combination of many different chemistry fields including the fields of cosmetics that make it possible to have such great synthetic materials such as nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery. Remember what we talked about in our earlier discussion that matter is defined as anything that has rest mass and volume which takes up space and is made up of particles. The particles make up matter and have rest mass as well, but keep in mind that not all particles have rest mass such as the photon. Matter can be a pure chemical substance or a mixture of substances. But let us get even deeper than chemical substances themselves. The smallest piece of matter to exist is the atom. The atom is the basic unit found in matter. It consists of a dense core what we call the atomic nucleus surrounded by a space occupied by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons and together they are called nucleons while the electron cloud consists of negatively charged electrons that surrounds in different points of space around the nucleus. When we think of a neutral atom, the negatively charged electrons balance out the positive charge of the protons. The nucleus is dense. In fact, the mass of a nucleon is about 1,836 times that of an electron, whereas the radius of an atom is about 10,000 times that of its nucleus. The atom is known to be the smallest entity that retains the chemical properties of elements where we can discuss about chemistry behavior such as electro-negativity, ionization potential, oxidation states, coordination number, and the preference of types of bonds that can form such as metallic, ionic, or covalent which make up nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery.

Each atom is unique in that it makes it possible to have the many different elements that exist in the universe. A chemical element is a pure substance that is composed of a single type of atom that is characterized by its particular number of protons in the nuclei of atoms known as the atomic number and represented by the symbol Z. The mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus itself. Although all nuclei of all atoms belong to one element that has the same atomic number, they may not have the same mass number. Atoms of an element have different mass numbers known as isotopes. An example can be that all atoms with six protons in their elemental state are atoms of the chemical element carbon, but the atoms of carbon can have mass numbers of 12, 13, or 14. It is the element carbon that makes up nylon, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery and it is considered one of the main elements that hold each other through chemical bonds. Believe it or not, chemical elements can be presented on the Periodic Table of Elements. They are arranged in groups or columns and periods or rows. In fact, it is the periodic table that is useful for identifying periodic trends.

Now let us take these elements and combine them together to form what we call compounds. A compound is thought of as a pure chemical substance composed of more than one element. The properties of a compound have little similarity to elements.

In fact, the standard nomenclature of compounds is set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or IUPAC. Organic compounds like nylon and many of its polymers are named based on an organic nomenclature system. Names for inorganic compounds are created based on the inorganic nomenclature system. When a compound has more than one component, they can be divided into two classes which are the electropositive and electronegative components. It is also noteworthy to note that the Chemical Abstracts Service came up with a method to index chemical substances. Each chemical substance can be identified by a number known as its CAS registry number.

So we just talked about compounds, but we need to remember that compounds and molecules are not the same thing. A molecule is the smallest indivisible portion of a pure chemical substance that has unique set of chemical properties. It has the potential to undergo a certain set of chemical reactions with many other substances. This definition only works well for substances that are composed of molecules, but it does not work well for many other substances. Molecules are set of atoms that are bound together by covalent bonds such that the structure is electrically neutral and the valence electrons are paired with other electrons either in chemical bonds or in lone pairs.

Molecules can exist as electrically neutral units that are different than ions. When the rule gets broken that gives the molecule a charge, the result is sometimes named a molecular ion or a polyatomic ion. The discrete and separate nature of the molecular concept requires the molecular ions to be present only in well-separated form. This can be achieved by a directed beam in a vacuum in a mass spectrometer. Charged polyatomic collections that reside in solids are not considered molecules in chemistry. Some molecules can contain one or more unpaired electrons creating radicals. I wonder if it is possible to make nylon fibers in smart materials that contain these radicals to cure deformities in ladies’ legs. Most radicals are pretty much reactive, but some of them such as nitric oxide can be stable.

The inert or the noble gas elements such as helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon are made up of lone atoms as the smallest discrete unit, but other isolated chemical elements consist of either molecules or networks of atoms that are bonded to each other in some sort of fashion. There are identifiable molecules composed of familiar substances like water, air, and many other organic compounds such as alcohol, sugar, gasoline, and many pharmaceuticals. Now just imagine if we could take such different elements and combine them with smart nylon fibers and see what wonders it could be used.

However, not all substances or chemical compounds consist of discrete molecules and most of the solid substances make up the solid crust, mantle, and core of the Earth are considered to be chemical compounds without molecules. But believe it or not it is these elements such as carbon that is still one of the main elements that makes up nylons, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery. Other types of substances such as ionic compounds and network solids get organized as they lack the existence of identifiable molecules per se. The substances are discussed in terms of formula units or unit cells as small repeating structures within the substance. Examples of substances are table salts diamond, metals, and silica and silicate minerals such as quartz and granite. Think about these substances being attached or part of ladies nylons, stockings, pantyhose, and hosiery. I would consider this a unique kind of fashion no one has thought of. In fact, one of the main characteristics of a molecule is its geometry often called its chemical structure. The structure can be thought of being diatomic, triatomic, or tetra-atomic molecules that might appear to be trivial. Nevertheless, the structure of polyatomic molecules being made up of more than six atoms can be important for its chemical nature.

It is important to note that a chemical substance is a type of matter with a definite composition and set of properties. A collection of substances is what we call a mixture, and we can measure the weights of mixtures in grams and then