Canada: The Dynamic of Global Immigration

By Samy Appadurai

“Canada The Dynamics of Global Immigration” is a thoughtful book, filled with facts and interesting stories. It is also a refreshing take on the issue of global migration and where Canada fits into this very large and complicated human mosaic.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Sep 14, 2020
• ISBN: 9781728370767

Samy Appadurai

Samy Appadurai has once again taken a bold approach to an issue that we as citizens of the world hear about almost daily; global migration. Samy Appadurai is an award-winning journalist, columnist, broadcaster, consultant and community worker. It is with this background in mind that he provides an in-depth analysis of global immigration, immigration history and where Canada fits into this issue. As in his previous books “Canada: The Meat of the World Sandwich”, “Canada a Nation in Motion” and “Canada-An Evolving Vision” Samy’s extensive knowledge particularly about international relations feature very prominently. His love for Canada again shines through in this book but he is not afraid to point out where this country is falling short and where improvements need to be made. Samy also takes on the issue of misinformation when it comes to the issue of mass migration and the unfounded fears expressed by some. With his signature wit, he refutes critics by presenting the facts as they are which is refreshing in a time when we are bombarded with so called “alternative facts” about migrants and refugees. Samy Appadurai’s masterful storytelling helps make a very complex subject easy to understand and yet he is not afraid to spark conversation and debate.

Book preview

CANADA

THE DYNAMIC OF GLOBAL IMMIGRATION

SAMY APPADURAI

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2020 Samy Appadurai. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 09/11/2020

ISBN: 978-1-7283-7077-4 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-7283-7075-0 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-7283-7076-7 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2020915542

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Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

CONTENTS

Part One: The Global Migrants

Foreword

Introduction To The Author

Introduction By The Author

Chapter 1 Prosperity with Potentiality

Chapter 2 The complexity of recent Migration

Chapter 3 Population explosion to the exclusion

Chapter 4 The Globalization of human capital

Chapter 5 Human Drain and Gain

Chapter 6 The rights of Citizenship by birth

Chapter 7 State-less.

Chapter 8 The massive inflow of undocumented immigrants (Illegal Immigrants)

Chapter 9 Challenged Europeanism by the influx of Non- Europeans

Chapter 10 The Recent Background of Immigration

Chapter 11 Religious Fanaticism with Terrorism

Chapter 12 The Recent Destruction of Fellow Human Beings

Chapter 13 A new wave of Immigration in the United States

Chapter 14 Migration from the Middle-east

Chapter 15 The Revival of the Cold War

Chapter 16 Refugees

Chapter 17 Foreign Contract workers

Chapter 18 Indentured Labour from Asia (1834-1917)

Chapter 19 Slavery

Chapter 20 An Era of European Colonization

Chapter 21 Human Evolution and migration

Chapter 22 The Challenged Glory of Global Migration

Part Two: Canadian Migration

Chapter 23 The Unique Qualities of Canada.

Chapter 24 The Dynamics of Canadian Mosaic

Chapter 25 The Core Values of the Canadians

Chapter 26 Canadian demographic pattern

Chapter 27 Generosity with Humanity

Chapter 28 Challenged Canadian Demography

Chapter 29 A recent influx of undocumented persons from the U.S.

Chapter 30 Canada always the safe haven

Chapter 31 Canadian Diaspora

Chapter 32 Recent fight against discrimination in Canada

Chapter 33 A wave of modern Sex Slavery

Chapter 34 The great escape with a Mission

Chapter 35 The Triangular politics among the U.S., Saudi Arabia, and Canada

Chapter 36 Unique characteristics of Canadian political evolution.

Chapter 37 An Evolving Vision with uncertainty

Chapter 38 Canadian political values

Chapter 39 Soft corner on Canada by the U.S.

Chapter 40 Gun down the gun violence

Chapter 41 Quebec a Nation within a Nation

Chapter 42 Nationalism over Regionalism

Chapter 43 The nature of Canada

Chapter 44 Migration to Canada today

Chapter 45 Migration determined by natural calamity

Chapter 46 Conclusion

Appendix

References

FOREWORD

By

Mitch Engel

Barrister and Solicitor

It is indeed a great honour and privilege to introduce Mr. Samy Appadurai, a man of many talents and someone I have known for many years. Samy Appadurai is a scholar, community worker, advocate, and a respected journalist with an international following. He brings a variety of perspectives to all of his work and this is what makes his writing so engaging.

While I was reading this book, the expression May you live in interesting times came to mind. The populist movements taking hold in various countries around the world, the migration crisis, climate change; all of these issues are taking center stage and it can be easy to become overwhelmed. But Samy Appadurai takes on difficult issues such as these with grace and breaks them down in such a way that anyone and everyone can understand.

Samy moves elegantly between the topics in this book and points out exactly why each one is relevant. For example, technology. Technology is all around us, we cannot escape it and Samy very thoughtfully explains through the course of history how we got to this point. But he also points out that we need not fear the machines even though many of us struggle with self-serve checkouts and Zoom meetings that do not always go as planned.

Human migration also features prominently in this book. One only needs to turn on their radio or television to hear about the large groups of migrants trying to leave their home countries for various reasons and we also hear about the measures many countries are taking to keep such migrants out. This issue has unfortunately brought out a very ugly side of humanity. I never thought that I would see anti-migrant protestors carrying flags emblazoned with the Nazi swastika.

As a scholar, Samy Appadurai substantiates everything he covers in this book with facts, data, and the appropriate context. For example, here in Canada much has been made about Western alienation. Samy points out very thoughtfully and carefully that much like Quebec sovereignty, this issue is not new and goes back to the time of Confederation. Samy does not pass judgment on this issue however; rather he wants us to understand that new issues might have historical roots.

Samy Appadurai’s love for this country shines throughout this book and yet he is not afraid to be critical. It takes a lot of courage to raise criticisms for the influence of cancel culture is very strong and it can be difficult to speak up about uncomfortable issues without the risk of offending someone. But Samy Appadurai truly believes that only the one who takes a risk is truly free and he is not afraid to take risks in this book.

I had mentioned the expression May you live in interesting times in my opening remarks. The word interesting in this phrase is not meant to be a compliment, but in this book, Samy Appadurai shows us that it is indeed better to be living in interesting times because all that is interesting keep us engaged rather than bored. May we all live in interesting times.

INTRODUCTION TO THE AUTHOR

Jessica Smith

It is indeed an honour and a privilege to write about the author of this wonderful book. I have known the author Samy Appadurai for over a decade and he has acquired so much recognition and credentials that I sometimes find myself at a loss for words when it comes to describing him.

Samy Appadurai is an award-winning journalist, a well-known television and radio broadcaster, newspaper columnist, consultant, community worker, and advocate. I have witnessed Samy’s skills in all of these fields and it is fair to say that he brings passion into all of his work. His knowledge in a vast array of subjects shines through in all of his work whether he is interviewing scholars, politicians, and other prominent personalities or writing a newspaper column about the significance of Canadian values.

I have read his previous three books Canada: The Meat of the Word Sandwich, Canada: A Nation in Motion and Canada-an Evolving Vision. It is indeed very clear that Samy Appadurai loves this nation Canada. But his love for Canada is not the flag-waving, fist-pumping patriotism that we might see elsewhere. Rather, Samy’s love for this country through passionate, it is a love that is not completely unconditional. He knows that it is not enough to love one’s country, one must also be ready to point out where it is coming up short and how as a nation we can improve.

In this latest book Canada: The Dynamic of Global Immigration Samy Appadurai takes on an issue that has been in the news for a few years and that is global migration. Global migration is an issue that sparks debate on all political sides with some saying that migrants should be allowed to settle wherever they please while others advocate for restrictions. Samy Appadurai with his trademark wit takes on both sides of the debate. He does not outright say which side is right or wrong, rather he allows the reader to decide for yourself.

As in all of his other books, Samy Appadurai is not afraid to speak his mind and give another perspective when it comes to difficult issues. Take for example the travel ban put into place in the United States. While much of the public was outraged, and rightfully so, Samy points out in this book that Canada has a long history of doing similar things as well. But instead of calling these actions to travel bans, they were called the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Continuous Journey Regulation among others. A ban is a ban even if it hides under a fancy looking title.

Samy Appadurai has come into his own as a writer. In this book, it is clear that he speaks for himself and is not beholden to any particular group or ideology. In Samy’s eyes, there is plenty of room at the table for everyone to express their views even if what is being said might go against typical Canadian sensibilities.

I truly enjoyed reading this book because the topic is a timely one and Samy writes with an abundance of confidence and knowledge of his subject. I also appreciate his ability to break a complex issue down to its essence so anyone can understand.

It is also wonderful to see Samy’s love for this country in his writing. These days and at times it can be easy to become cynical about Canada and where we are going as a country. But throughout this book, Samy gives the reader many reasons to be proud of this country. An excellent example would be the recent granting of asylum to a young woman from Saudi Arabia. Samy makes it clear that as a country we’re not afraid of doing the right thing, even if it means that some might get offended.

Canada the Dynamic of Global Immigration is a terrific read. I would recommend it to anyone who is interested in global migration and how Canada is playing a role in accepting migrants and influencing policies on this pressing issue.

I would encourage everyone to read this book for its clever insights, and it is also very entertaining. I feel truly proud to be a Canadian after reading this book and I believe you will be too.

INTRODUCTION BY THE AUTHOR

Samy Appadurai

It has been a great honor and privilege to be acknowledged and praised by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom and fifteen other sovereign states on the occasion of the publication of my third book entitled Canada an Evolving Vision published as a research piece to honor the 150th birthday of my beloved nation Canada in 2016.

My journey in Canada as an author began with my first book entitled Canada the Meat of the Word Sandwich published in 2009, followed by Canada a Nation in Motion published in 2012. This current booked authored by myself is entitled Canada: The Dynamic of Global Immigration. I would say that this is another research book containing a micro analysis on the potential area of immigration and emigration internationally with Canada and since this has been considered the backbone of the fabric of Canada, one of the greatest nations that have been built-in with a balanced structure in its format

The complexity of global immigration and emigration and its multi-dimensional approach includes the following: the checks and balance of the natural growth of population with decreasing infertility among the developed nations in particular and the increasing number of seniors in altering the demographic structure coupled with the global imbalance in the distribution of age and regions in terms of demography. The encouragement and all other motivating factors, including financial support have not been able to sustain the size and other demographic sectors.

The second prominent factor is the impact of deeply penetrating globalization from the industrial zones to the grassroots level of the so-called developing countries and this has radically changed the nature of migration around the world. It has potentially removed certain barriers in migration based on humanitarian concerns and socio-ethnic backgrounds, and brought the mobility of human capital across the world faster, easier, and for the most part, without depending on immigration agencies as middle forces between the source countries and the receiving nations. Under any circumstances, the high flow of human capital economically has three benefits for the receiving countries as such having potential human capital without making high levels of investment in bringing them up, and then the shortage of labour market would be able to decrease to a greater extent which in turn reduces the unemployment rate of the suppling nations, the third one is having an assured local market for the products and services that are produced locally.

The third one is a very challenging factor that is the potential threat posed by radicalization on immigration and its adverse effects on national and global peace and harmony which has a destructive impact on human life and economic activities and increases defense expenditures. Although it is not a new phenomenon on global and Canadian history even before it was formed as an independent nation on July 01, 1867; but still the gravity of its threat is very high. Although it is intensively concentrated on a particular religious ideological sector there are growing pockets of such activities around the world and their purposes are varied as such, political ideologies, ethic conflicts, independence struggles, reunification and disintegration of sovereign states like in Spain, economic exploitations, aims at reformations like the Arab Spring within their circle expansion and infiltration of superpowers and so on.

The penetration of radicalization has occurred in various forms and is not exporting finishing products as well-planned attacks within and outside their areas where they have been in operation. It is a multi-level project and penetrates all sectors of life, government operations, economic potential, political maneuvers, and manipulations. The process of brainwashing particularly the young ones, conversations between people, and mass media propaganda magnifies their credibility and in the disadvantaged areas of their so-called enemy nations with the use of the advanced technologies from the western world, in particular, allows these groups to have a wide audience and also used within those nations for their purposes. Many areas get involved in global immigration by radicals and it has caused turmoil among the western European world, since the influx of illegal immigrants and asylum seekers mainly from Africa and the middle east from 2010 onwards. It is the second influx of immigrants after the eastern Europeans who arrived after the collapse of the socialist form of governments in the 1990s

The fourth main factor is the relationship with the United States. As one of the U.S Presidents said Canada cannot be considered as a foreign country for the United States, rather a very special relationship. Although there were times both countries had some differences in their overall relationship it has retained its uniqueness. But when U.S President Donald Trump began to tighten the hard-core immigration policy of the United States of America, Canada has been in an alert position, if not the government but Canadians, in general, are very concerned. One of the two main periodized agendas is eliminating or reducing to a substantial amount of the deficit of the balance of trade and so the concern unilateral rather than reflecting a wider perspective of the global economy. Since the United States of America has the world’s largest economy, is a global superpower, and is considered as a nation that has a global interest, I do not think it would be a benefit able move as far as the long-term global leadership is concerned. Although the U.S President was very open and not sugar-coated in blaming countries like China in having a deficit on the balance of trade, still China reacted rather diplomatically, swallowing the bitter pills. Furthermore, Russia, the recovered wounded lion has regained its influence on the world’s affairs and also woke up the western world, particularly, the U.S, United Kingdom, France, and others. After the dismantling of the Soviet Union, on December 25, 1991, the Soviet hammer and sickle flag lowered for the last time. But its strength was not dead and buried, rather it was in a coma. It is evident in the so-called interference in the U.S Presidential election of November 8, 2016, and the decision and process of the United Kingdom of withdrawing from the European Union. But Germany, under the leadership of Angela Dorothea Merkel playing its cards so well on the international relations and has not being bound by the dictating terms of the U.S.

Another factor is the drastic measures taken against the influx of international immigration by linking national security as the topmost priority on the nature of immigrants. This link is made generally towards geographical areas that predominantly Muslim. Although it was based on time limitations, still it is more of painting a section of the world’s demographic distribution and the consequences are blander, but in an American diplomatic approach. It also created an uneasiness among the Amirian citizens and green card holders, temporary resident visa holders, student visa holders, and even diplomatic personnel. As far as the U.S national security is concerned both in and outside of America, anti-American sentiment has been very intense in many pockets not only in the Arab world, even in some corners of Africa, Asia, and Latin America as well.

According to the Political scientist Brendon O’Connor of the United States Studies Center that anti-Americanism cannot be isolated as a consistent phenomenon, since the term originated as a rough composite of stereotypes, prejudices, and criticisms evolving to more politically-based criticism. According to the BBC world service of 2017 and 2015 over a half of the population of the following countries around the world have a negative view of the influence of the U.S on their countries, including Canada as well and some of the other countries are Iran, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestine, Turkey, Mexico, China, Russia, France, and Spain. The glorified U.S image has been deteriorating particularly within the last two decades, it is too during the post-Obama era. Richard Wike, prominent personalities like Bruce Stokes, Jacob Poushter, and Janell Fetterolf have also acknowledged it. In a spring 2017 attitudes survey. Q12a is on the rise. Across the 37 countries that Pew Research Center has tracked over the past several years, attitudes have taken a dramatic turn for the worse, especially in Western Europe and Latin America. Today only 49% of the globe has favorable views of the U.S and this is a drop from 64% in the final year of the regime of Barack Obama.

This has created a very uncomfortable, insecure and uneasy atmosphere in the U.S and it is discouraging the inflow of immigrants from certain corners of the world and is also motivating some of the minority groups already in the U.S including those of Spanish origin, Muslims, and undocumented immigrants of around 13 million. Most of them do not want to go back to their respective countries, due to disadvantaged economies, political instability, lack of freedom, and ethnic discrimination.

They view Canada as a haven and began to cross the border illegally and this is a very important concern for Canadians. According to the public opinion poll conducted by the Angus Reid Institute, a Canadian Non-Profit Foundation committed to Independent Research in August 2018 almost half (49%) of Canadians across the country targeted new permanent residents of 310,000 for the year of 2018 has to be decreased. This number has slightly deviated from the general trend of having the projected number by the government or increase a bit over the last four decades, regardless of which political party was in power. Of course, whenever there has been a biting recession on economic conditions with a slightly higher rate of unemployment, there is often an outcry against the new immigrants by blaming them and saying they are the primary cause for the increase in crime. But when the economy was recovering, these sentiments vanished as quickly as sun rays melt snow.

Let us compare the heartbeat of Canadians between the period of 1975 to August 2018. There are three waves of opinion regarding the number of Immigration levels for each year, regardless of its compounds as such the skilled workers, most desirable ones, the family class reunion, almost steady in its numbers and it includes the spouse, children, and relatives particularly the parents and immediate family members, Refuges that includes the government-sponsored, privately sponsored and inland refuges from within Canada and the rest. Those who are satisfied the current levels of immigration, second are those who feel that it is not enough compared with various factors of the nation, particularly the stage of the economy and its potential growth and the last but not least significant is the current number is unsubstantial and the number has to be reduced. The interesting point is that none of them is biased against the influx of new immigrants or willing to have them more in number for the reason that is more compassionate and humanitarian rather than beneficial to the growth of the national or provincial economy without depriving potential local manpower or the investors.

Canadians who expressed that the current level of Immigration has not gone far enough to meet the needs of the human resources and has to be increased in 1975 was 10% and slowly increased to 12% in 1987 and followed by almost 15% in 1990. Then there was a slight drop as 9% in 1995 and went up to around 14% in 2000 and came back to 9% in 2014 and 6% in 2018 (till August).

It is also important to look into Canadian overall interest and preservation of its dynamic values. Other points to consider are conservatism, nativism and the inflexible attitude on some immigrant populations regarding the preservation of heritage values, the effects of modern technologies in certain sectors of inflow of new immigrants, the influx of refugees from disturbed areas and precautions from abusing the system of immigration, and the positive attitudes in receiving counties with humanitarian and compassionate values. Furthermore, the role of family reunification, the pulling and pushing forces on immigration, evolving immigration policies and its implementation process, growing anti-immigrant sentiments, measuring the cost-effectiveness and benefits on migration, the cost effects of the brain drain and gain, imbalance in the distribution of immigrants between rural and urban areas, and restriction and relaxation on the immigration system. The advantages and disadvantages of the prioritization of temporary foreign contract workers, the long-term advantages of having international students, the consequences of removing illegal immigrants, and concerns about assimilation are issues that are as timely as they are old. Many forms of discrimination against new immigrants exist such as segregation, and demarcations between the so-called concept of desirable and undesirable immigrants are the main issues focused on in this book.

The global trend on migration and its anticipated impact on Canada is also a major issue. Globally the ongoing trend is that there is a higher demand for immigrants among the developed nations while the grand suppliers like China and India and some of the Eastern European nations have attained better economic growth and the local demand for human capital supersedes international migration. These countries are somewhat reluctant about boosting the supply to those nations in demand. Since there are better opportunities for employment, improvements in the standard of living, education, health services, and social amenities this has reduced the pushing forces even though the attractive pulling forces among the receiving nations remain.

Most of the receiving countries such as Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand are in a dilemma in having new immigrants from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East who do not exactly match their societal norms. This is both an open secret and a hidden agenda for a long time in the history of immigration and settlement of these nations. Even today at times such volcanic lava erupts when a mass level of such new immigrants has been received. There are several factors behind this and one of them is the promotion and preservation of the concept of nativism that has the very genuine purpose of pride in their cultural values, traditions, language, and overall norms of the society. Nativism was not originally intended to oppose the incoming of new immigrants or undermining their values or inflicting harm; rather it is a reaction against common anxieties projected at new immigrants such as the idea of living here and having their hearts elsewhere or the perceived lack of integration.

There is also a slight deviation in strictly maintaining and preserving traditional values particularly starting from the post-industrial revolution and urbanization where people have a common ground in sharing the work, atmosphere, and also social amenities and mobility internally and internationally. The shift in the economy from farming to manufacturing also made societal norms more flexible.

The Colonial powers such as Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, the Dutch, and Spain penetrated the core of Asia, Africa, and Latin America and brought many small entities together, and then these populations later fought against their aggressive colonization. This brought locals together to some extent and this opened the local doors also for migration. Furthermore, the slave trade mainly from Africa and indentured labor from India and China was another form of migration. But today migration has shifted more towards qualitative manpower.

Anti-Immigrant sentiment is a by-product of advocating for nativism. The mass influx of immigrants in general for countries and particularly in recent days has some sense and valid reasons. But it is at times unrealistic and emotionally based rather than based on reason.

During the colonial era, the cheap laborers were predominantly slaves and indentured labourers, they were selected from the lower classes of people, and for them, the status was slightly higher than what they already had and they did not mind much of the treatment. Later on, when the new immigrants arrived in those countries they were searching for a better life and in fact, they needed those countries more than they needed these immigrants. But today and in the future, these receiving nations needed them more than they need these nations. Despite these arguments, there is anti-immigrant sentiment particularly fuelled by some right-wing politicians blaming the new immigrants as the cause for anti-social activities, increase in crime, overburdening the government by having exceeded government expenses, what they contribute to the nation in the economy, the lower rate in integration with the mainstream, heavily depending on social welfare income, and having a high birth rate that will pollute their norms.

Whether we like it or not the modern technological impact at the grassroots level around the world has brought global cultural values that have been molded with the essence of its own wiped out from the ridged sentimental barriers. It has erased the barriers between the new immigrants and citizens of those respective nations. The concept of the global family has been rooted deeper these days than ever before. One good example is that when Prince Charles was to get married, they made sure that the would-be princess was to be of so-called blue-blood. The Princess of Wales Lady Diana Spencer was born into British nobility with royal ancestry and also underwent a purity test (virginity test) and then Prince Charles married Camilla Rosemary Sand, the great-granddaughter of Alice Keppel a mistress of King Edward VII (1898 to 1910) and former wife of Andrew Parker Bowles. One of the most significant events of 2018 was the royal wedding of Prince Harry with Meghan Markle. These traditions were either overlooked or ignored because this is the second marriage for Meghan Markle who married Trevor Engelson, an actor, and a producer on September 10, 2011, in Ocho Rios, Jamaica and divorced in August 2013 and her parental ethnic composition itself is mixed, her father Thomas Markle, is a Caucasian and her mother Doria Loyce Ragland is an African American and a descendant of African slaves in Georgia. She once said: My dad is Caucasian and my mom is African American. I’m half black and half white. Prince Harry presented a radical and timely view at an interview with The News Week on June 21, 2017 We are involved in modernizing the British monarchy. We are not doing this for ourselves but the greater good of the people Is there anyone of the royal family who wants to be King or Queen? I don’t think so, but we will carry out our duties at the right time.

Furthermore, human capital is in decline in major portions of the developed nations and we are in a process of entering the gate of the developed nations, and the rest have increased in natural growth without having a lion’s share of net immigrants. In the process of their overall development with better education, health services, and the economic capabilities in absorbing the human capital would reduce the intentional supply for immigrants, provided that government is stable, the low rate in conflict and infrequent natural calamity. According to the projection of population growth by the United Nations, it will reach 8.6 billion in 2030 from the current population of 7.4 billion and then moves up to 9.8 billion in 2050 and reaches a peak of 11.2 billion in 2050 and then in 2100, it will decline.

The approach of this book integrates the primary elements of nations and their inter-relationship, rather having immigration as a watertight compartment from the rest. Immigration is inseparable from all other components of national affairs and therefore the elements of historical aspects including the impact of the former colonial era, Industrial revolution of England and the current global technologies, ideological influences, radicalization, explorations, economy, human resources, the norm of the cultures and economy. The perspective of the impact on the overall global immigration and emigration in particular and its interaction with all other sectors of the global nations, in general, is the main theme of analysis with its impact on Canada has been the main theme of this book.

Although the impact of the global migration has been a vital component on the overall Canadian structure and has left no stone untouched, as such the politics, demography, economics, natural security, International policies, education, regional growth, ethic composition and, urbanization, still Canada has been maintaining its values without having any major alteration or change or deviating from its core values. A good recent example is that around 2015 onwards till recently the receiving countries of new immigration like Germany, Denmark, Holland, and to some extent the United Kingdom opened their gates for immigration wider than ever before, due to the core reason of anticipation of resolving the forthcoming fast-growing shortage of human resources could be able to be resolved to a greater extent. Later on, when they have realized the other side of it as such their isolation from the mainstream demography, not being get integrated to at least some extent that has been expected and also how they brought their issues and trying to make use of the resources of these nations as a platform for cultivating and export the yield which contrary to the national polices of the respective nations.

Whereas, Canada has been maintaining its operation and implementation of its immigration policies with slight variations from time to time it has not made any drastic changes. The reaction for global migration along with maintaining Canadian values is the main platform for this book.

CHAPTER ONE

Prosperity with Potentiality

One of the most significant phenomena of the third decade of 2020 in terms of a global perspective is the rapid human migration all over the world, and this has left no stone untouched. It has penetrated global politics, education, and training, society, and culture, empowered by intercultural integration, the development of linguistic skills and various sectors of the economy such as the increase in employment opportunities, decreasing unemployment, rapid economic growth, inflow of foreign remittances, increase in capital formation and its mobility, infrastructural development, urbanization and shifting demographic patterns. The evolving characteristics of emigration and immigration appear on the surface, like any other global issue. Still, it is more complex and has many dynamics such as geographic proximity, pushing and pulling factors between the source countries, the suppliers and destination, the host countries, and the business-like nature of the operation of migration and its profit-motivated plan and so on. The complexity of the classification of the migrant types such as skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, unskilled labourers, family reunification, asylum seekers, investors, undocumented immigrants, International students, foreign temporary workers, diplomats, and their families, stateless people, and humanitarian grounds.

The migrants may account for only a fraction of the global population; for example, in 2015, it was 3.3%, and in 1990 it was only 2.9%. Still, it accounts for a very significant impact on the global economy and also in many other sectors. Therefore, it has its values and strengths in overall global affairs. The imbalance of demographic power and the gap between the rich and developing nations also called developed and developing nations; economics encourages migration around the world. There might make a shift in sources of suppliers and host countries, but nature, pattern, number, and type remain about the same.

CHAPTER%2014-gs-ps.jpg

Source: UNDESA, 2008 and 2015a.

Note: The number of entities (such as States, territories and administrate regions) for which data were made available in the 2015 UNDESA Revision of International

These days human beings are considered not as a resource, like any other natural resource, rather they are considered capital. Capital is one of the four main factors of production which includes land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurs. Although both white-collar and blue-collar workers are categorized as labourers, there is still heavy investment made in their education and training. Skilled and semi-skilled workers are also categorized as another form of capital on labour. That is why skilled workers are the most desired among migrants and make up the lion’s share in the total number of migrants in many of the host countries. According to a joint paper released by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Bank and International Labour Organization (ILO) (2015), the share of skilled migrants compared to all other migrant groups has been continuously increasing. It has been observed that the international mobility of migrants’ particularly high skilled migrants according to Beaver stock (2012) the strong growth in various economic sectors in the last three decades requires skilled transnational migrants, especially in sectors where there are global talent shortages. In 2017, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that there were 164 million migrant workers worldwide. Migrant workers accounted for 4.7 percent of all workers. The stock of male migrant workers was estimated to be 95.7 million, while the corresponding estimate for female migrant workers was 68.1 million, or 58.4 and 41.6 percent, and a portion fall into the crime of the active population age group as such 86.5 percent of migrant workers were prime-age adults (ages 25- 64). Most of the migrant workers are concentrated in high-income countries like North America, with 23% in Northern and Southern and Western Europe with 23.9% and the Arab states with 13.9%.

Global compact for migration a snap shot

2019 | International Organization for Migration

a. More than half of all international migrants lived in Europe (82 million) or Northern America (59 million). Northern Africa and Western Asia hosted the third-largest number of international migrants (49 million), followed by sub-Saharan Africa (24 million), Central and Southern Asia (20 million), Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (18 million), Latin America and the Caribbean (12 million), and Oceania (9 million).

b. On international migrants, the total population varied considerably across regions. Oceania (21.2 percent), Northern America (16.0 percent), Europe (11.0 percent), and Northern Africa and Western Asia (9.4 percent) recorded the highest proportions of international migrants in the total population. By contrast, international migrants represented 2.2 percent of the total population in sub-Saharan Africa, 1.8 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1.0 percent in Central and Southern Asia, and 0.8 percent in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia.

c. In many parts of the world, migration occurred primarily between countries within the same region. Most international migrants in sub-Saharan Africa (88.9 percent), Eastern and South-Eastern Asia (83.1 percent), Latin America and the Caribbean (72.5 percent), Central and Southern Asia (63.0 percent), and Europe (51.6) originated from another country in the same region where they resided. By contrast, the majority of international migrants that lived in Northern America (97.5 percent), Oceania (87.9 percent), and Northern Africa and Western Asia (59.4 percent) were born in a region other than the one they were residing in.

d. In 2019, two-thirds of all international migrants were living in just 20 countries. The most significant number of international migrants (51 million) resided in the United States of America, equal to about 19 percent of the world’s total. Germany and Saudi Arabia hosted the second and third most significant numbers of migrants worldwide (around 13 million each), followed by the Russian Federation (12 million), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (10 million), and the United Arab Emirates (9 million). Of the 20 central destination countries of international migrants worldwide, seven were in Europe, four in Northern Africa and Western Asia, three in Central and Southern Asia, two in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia, two in Northern America, and one each in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania.

Source: United Nations, Economic and social affairs.

The world with around 232 countries and territories are in the five stages of industrial development. The Pre – Industrial stage is when most of the people held the economy where production and consumption were within the extended family circle where traditional farming was the primary source of income and over 80% engaged in it. As the first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and ran from 1760 to 1870, it shifted the primary source of the economy to the industrial zones, which where densely populated with the certainty of income as opposed to agriculture, where there were vast areas with sparse populations and economic uncertainty. The Second Industrial Revolution brought better sources of energy such as petroleum and steam power, both fuelled by the use of coal and improved the quality of products and also made life better. The second industrial revolution (1870-1914) brought many changes. Iron, electricity, and light bulbs replaced candles, and electric generators replaced steam engines.

The Third Industrial Revolution came into our life with powerful atomic energy and electronics, telecommunication, and computers in the middle of the 20th century and also opened the gate for space expeditions. The Fourth Industrial Revolution has created a new era rather than a continuation by its explosiveness of its development and the disruptiveness of its technologies. Digital technology with the internet and information technology gave the world a new perspective and also brought the concept of the global family into reality to a certain extent. Some of the highly developed nations such as the United States have entered into the Fifth Industrial Revolution. Artificial Intelligence as robotics and its functions have begun to change the world in a different direction. It has started to penetrate many areas of modern science. Technology does not steal time from work to engage in conversations on a cellphone, does not demand wage increases, and the presence or absence of a supervisor does not have any impact on discharging its work. While this application of technology is fascinating, it still important to remember that technology has limits and behind every new cellphone, robot, or other modern devices, and yet, there are people behind the scenes making it work.

There are nations around the world at various levels of the pre and post of the industrial revolution stages, and its influences have somehow directly or indirectly impacted them. The migration of people from all these countries has been directly or indirectly influenced.

Human migration around the world started from the beginning when human beings evolved on this Earth. Though it has not been confirmed where the first human being was differentiated from primates, and it is also not clear where the first human beings originated, still humans began to migrate from one place to other locations on Earth. Later on, they were considered the subjects of the monarchy and sent to many places for political reasons and later on enslaved and sold like any other commodity and then were sent by the colonial rulers as indentured labourers’ from one of their colonies to others.

During Colonial rule by the Europeans mostly starting from the 15th century, the exploration of land was central, and human migration took on another dimension. During the Pre-industrial revolution, more unskilled workers had been sent to the tea, coffee, rubber, tobacco, and sugar cane plantations from other colonies, and many remained as migrants, and some returned after a certain period. During the African slave trade, some of the slaves somehow managed to recover and resettled in Sierra Leone and Liberia in West Africa.

Even in early civilizations, the concept of slavery existed; for example, in Sumer in Mesopotamia in 3500 BCE, it was characteristic. During the Byzantine -Ottoman wars during 1265-1479 and later on, during the Ottoman Empire in Europe; they had a large number of Christian slaves. Thanks to the first Industrial Revolution, machinery began to do a better job, and slavery was abolished. Though it is widely believed that abolishing slavery was done on humanitarian grounds, the hidden motive was that due to mechanization, the modes of production became cheaper. Slaves were thus too expensive to maintain.

Slavery still exists, however, under different names. Sometimes it is called modern slavery, contemporary slavery, or neo-slavery, and since it is illegal, it is challenging to present an exact number of such slaves. But with the available data from sources from the International Labour Organization, it ranges from 21 million to 46 million. Slavery takes many forms, such as forced labour in which boys and girls also included in which 16 million are exploited in the private sector in homes as domestic workers and even in the farms and factories. 4.8 million Persons in forced sexual exploitation, and 4 million persons in forced labour imposed by state authorities. 15.4 million People are in forced marriage, particularly in South East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

These days both the source countries and host countries have their plan where each of them aims to take the most advantage of human migration, and sometimes its overlaps or contradict at the cost of the others. At times the professionals or reliable, skilled personalities migrate into developed countries from developing countries, and its reaction is not to reduce the local unemployment numbers; instead, it is to bring a shortage locally, and the source country is forced to import professionals from abroad. It has been experienced visually in the medical profession where local Doctors leave their own countries in search of better opportunities not only for a better salary but other factors also push them. Some would like to provide better or quality education among the host countries because they understand that their children would be in a position to challenge the better-educated candidates in the future when they enter the labour market. Some professionals prefer to migrate to update their professional skills and knowledge following the modern advancement in their profession. Some professionals have had some bitter experiences in their country of origin such as discrimination based on religion, ethnicity, language, and also corruption where the deserving ones are ignored and undeserving ones have been privileged in offering employment, promotion, scholarships, and opportunities to participate and compete for better-qualified ones. A few of them migrate due to specific family issues where the extended family living together is typical. Some others both in skilled and semi-skilled ones, some or other, find employment on temporary working contracts. While engaged in work, their productivity motivates the host companies or the government to grant them permanent employment and also permanent resident status by the immigration department of the government.

There are developed countries that attract international students by giving them some incentives. After completing their studies and some related work experiences, they become an asset for the host countries. They obtain very appropriate education that would easily suit the local labour market, having local work experience which is a barrier for many skilled workers to gain migrant status, those potential students generally have a thirst for better education, and also the pushing factor for the better commitment is they invest a substantial sum of money for the tuition fees and living and other costs of education. Almost all host countries would prefer to have recently qualified professionals in the fast-growing changes mainly in the fourth and fifth industrial and technological world than those who completed their studies and training some time back. A similar situation arose in Canada sometime again when there was a backlog in the applications for skilled workers at the Immigration department, and they had to eliminate this by returning the form. They decided not to give priority for the first come first served, rather last or the ones who come recently were given priority. A substantial number of such students from India, China, and Pakistan in the western countries gained employment in the host countries and acquired immigrant visas. Some take mean advantage of obtaining permanent resident status and remaining in the host countries and then attained the citizenship of the respective countries and then returned to their country of origin where they would be able to have better opportunities in the labour market with their different experiences in a developed country. As far as Canada and the United States are concerned, there are pretty much unconditional privileges that have been granted for them in having dual citizenship and leaving their country as long as they can with their children to their country of origin. Whenever they have unfavourable circumstances there, they would be able to repatriate here. There are other reasons, and some of them are beyond human control to a high degree such as natural calamities like tsunami, the eruption of volcanoes, floods, drought, the sinking of the landmass like in the Maldives, earthquakes, sinkholes, ice storms, heat waves, and also human violence like gender-based violence and sexual exploitation. Forced migration due to natural calamities around the world in 2008 affected 36 million people, including children, older adults, pregnant women, and sickly persons. Out of these 36 million, around 20 million were climate-related. It has been taking place almost every year, and this unexpected sudden victimization costs many lives and others in a disaster. In 2009 it jumped to 42 million.

Apart from natural calamities such as the predominated factor of the extreme climatic forces and geophysical factors for the disaster causing displacement, wars, conflicts, terrorist activities, and ideological indoctrinations, religious differences, unethical conversions, political reasons, social differences and the rivalry among the superpowers are the primary reason innocent citizens have been victimized and forced to leave their respective regions or countries. World War One and Two victimized and respectively killed over 35 million and 70 million. It opened the eyes of the world’s nations on this issue. The United Nations Organization (UNO) brought about the United Nations convention in 1951 concerning the refugee issue and also made a Protocol in 1967 and made a definition well-founded fear of persecution due to reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, and who are outside of their country of nationality or permanent residence and due to this fear are unable or unwilling to return to it. Due to such reasons, they need protection. Widespread human rights violations such victims flee in search of shelter. Both internally and externally displaced victims have been increasing rapidly in recent years, and this is a grave issue.

The concentration of such persecution being shifted from one region to others due to wars and conflicts. International refugees forced to flee their countries in 2018 are concentrated in five countries: Syria with 6.7 million, Afghanistan with 2.7 million, South Sudan with 2.3 million, Myanmar with 1.1 million, and Somalia with 0.9 million. All those who are displaced from their traditionally inhabited land are capable of fleeing their countries or habitually residing places and internally remain in their state or other parts of the region where they usually reside due to violence and conflict particularly in Ethiopia, India, the Philippines, China, Syria, the United States, and Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The global migration and hosting of migrants has become more complex and its policies, implementation process and the consequences and reaction for the local people, economic stress and social conflicts, crime related dissatisfaction, tolerance of certain uncompromising and rigid behaviour patterns of the migrants and its stressors, balancing the short time pain for the sake of the long term benefits make the emigration and immigration process an unsettled and evolving process today.

CHAPTER TWO

The complexity of recent Migration

These days the mass scale of human mobility has been considered in multi-dynamic ways such as potential human capital, accommodating victims of wars, natural calamities like the victims of tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruption, and climate victimization such as floods, drought, cyclone and snow underprivileged one, international students, contract workers, the reunion of family members, distinguished personalities with honorary citizenship, stateless and some other categories. They also fall into groups such as temporary residents, permanent residents, refugee claimants, and people on humanitarian consideration, citizens, undocumented immigrants, and citizens by birth.

a. Most of the receiving countries have dual purposes in having new immigrants such as a high percentage of them are in early middle age. The sending countries have made a substantial investment in food, shelter, education, and health benefits; therefore, the receiving countries benefit from the investment made by others but are unable to get the yield.

b. Modern technology, mainly social media, has brought a typical life pattern starting from standard dress, housing, and education, particularly on advanced technologies, systems of transportation, economic activities, business transactions, medical care, and social amenities.

c. It brought the dissolution of rigid traditions, cultural practices, made moral values more flexible and it is easy to inter-mingle .and it has also brought human beings together as one entity regardless of race, religion, color, ethnicity, nationality, language, ideological differences and intermarriage, living together, sharing common values, and so on.

d. Rigidity or generosity in having new immigrants. There is a general notion around the world that most of the refugee claimants in Canada one-way others would be able to remain in Canada, and at times are a question of time. That is one reason many make possible attempts to reach Canada by ship and boats on the water, by flights and border crossing from the United States.

The recent developments began more aggressively since President Donald Trump became determined to restrict the entry of undocumented immigrants coupled with a ban on allowing entry by citizens of six countries where Islamic terrorists have grown or infiltrated or currently engaging in terrorist activities. The second portion of his drastic move is to send out undocumented immigrants in the number of 11 million. There is also the question regarding the dreamers who entered the United States when they were young and not accompanied by their parents, custodians, or another responsible person so that they would not be able to return to their home country.

President Donald Trump’s administration has separated children, including some infants from parents who entered the United States illegally, and they have been placed in designated camps without any concern for their well-being. While many are just very upset to see this happening, this is not anything new. In the recent past, over two thousand children, including infants, were separated from their parents, and this kind of separation continues under various guises such as child protection.

Mexico has been playing a dual role in sending asylum seekers and other undocumented immigrants to the United States playing a role in the operation of well-established human smuggling rings, and it also plays a role in the broader network with Asia, Africa, South America, the Caribbean and even from within Mexico itself. Out of eleven million undocumented immigrants, around 5.8 million are from Mexico, and they work legally or not, and in the year 2016, with the U.S $26.97 billion being remitted from the U.S to Mexico. It appears that their families financially depend on these remittances from the U.S. The U.S is quietly finding undocumented immigrants in workplaces, residential areas, shopping malls, and schools and is sending them back. Despite all these measures, however, human smuggling to the U.S from Mexico continues at a higher rate but in a lower profile.

The recent tendency in repatriating undocumented migrants is working so well. The reduction of the total undocumented migrants in the United States declined in 2018. A large number of them mainly returned to Mexico, and from 2010 to 2018, a total of 2.6 million undocumented persons left for Mexico from the United States and brought down to the total undocumented population in the United States to 10.6 million.

Whereas in Canada, the trend is slightly different. The former Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada Ahmed Hussen, officially renamed "Immigration Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) from Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). Ahmed Hussen spoke about controlling the influx of asylum seekers from the United States. He also looked into the impact of the U.S policy of separating the children of undocumented immigrants from their parents. The Minister spoke about the influx of asylum seekers from the United States at an exclusive interview with the Globe and Mail.

I sincerely believe that our outreach and other efforts are having an impact in terms of the drop-in numbers, but we remain vigilant. We are not letting up on our efforts, and we’ll continue to do what we’ve been doing.

He further said, The majority of the recent border-crossing asylum seekers are from the United States.

From George W Bush to Barack Obama, many promises and a few attempts were made, and the result is like an elephant giving birth to a mouse. Former President Obama and some other scholars have the firm opinion that the so-called dreamers. However, they were born not in the United States or born by any America citizen arrived in the United States and have been brought up within the culture, norms, and traditions and attended schools in the American curriculum and do not know anything different; therefore it is believed that it would not be in the best interest of those dreamers to be deported and it is profitable and advisable to keep them in the United States if they meet specific criteria. U.S President Donald Trump is firm in that no matter what the status