Police Pursuit of the Common Good: Reforming & Restoring Police Community

By Ginger Charles, PhD

In the Police Pursuit of the Common Good, Dr. Ginger Charles examines the current issues facing law enforcement and marginalized communities. She presents reasons why our police communities appear to be in constant conflict with marginalized communities for the last several years. In the book, she explores the behaviors in the police culture from a social psychological perspective, illustrating the importance of understanding police behaviors in order to change the culture of conflict. It is her experience as a police officer that provides the reader with a unique understanding from inside the police community and as an observer of that community. Dr. Charles concludes with potential solutions to reform and restore the police culture, as well as heal the divide between our communities and the police.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Balboa Press
• Release date: Mar 15, 2016
• ISBN: 9781504352956

Ginger Charles, PhD

Dr. Ginger Charles has worked as a police officer in Colorado since 1986. Dr. Charles received her PhD in Health Psychology from Saybrook University in 2005, while working as a police sergeant. Her profession of policing and dedication to service lead her to explore how to help police officers build resilience and inner strength. In 2013, Ginger decided to retire from law enforcement to teach, research, and write. She moved to California to begin the next stage of her career. She also wanted to surf waves rather than ride in snow. Having worked as a police officer for almost three decades, she has a unique understanding, “living in the petri dish,” of the trauma and hardships that police officers and police leaders encounter daily. Her research is focused on identifying solutions to help police officers survive and thrive in their careers and beyond, while maintaining their mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual health. In addition to her research, Dr. Charles teaches psychology courses at Modesto Junior College in Modesto, California.

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Copyright © 2016 Ginger Charles, Ph.D.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

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The author of this book does not dispense medical advice or prescribe the use of any technique as a form of treatment for physical, emotional, or medical problems without the advice of a physician, either directly or indirectly. The intent of the author is only to offer information of a general nature to help you in your quest for emotional and spiritual well-being. In the event you use any of the information in this book for yourself, which is your constitutional right, the author and the publisher assume no responsibility for your actions.

Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock.

Cover illustration: Jamie Villanueva

ISBN: 978-1-5043-5294-9 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-5043-5296-3 (hc)

ISBN: 978-1-5043-5295-6 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016903901

Balboa Press rev. date: 3/15/2016

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Understanding The Problem

Identifying A Tipping Point

Never Giving Up Ground

De-Escalation

Chapter 3 Social Psychology & A Culture Of Evil

Social Psychological Effects In Policing

Dispositional Vs. Situational Attribution Theory

Aggression

Prejudice And Implicit Bias

Groups

Chapter 4 Policing As A Business

Compstat

Managing Vs. Leading

Egoic Goals

Lowering Of Standards

Chapter 5 Stress & Service

Burnout & Compassion Fatigue

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychology Of Police

Chapter 6 Compassion & Re-Engagement

Importance Of Compassion

Forgiveness

Challenge & Change Of Police

Systemic Vs. Individual Changes

Chapter 7 How Do You Want To Be Policed?

Barry Graves

Professor Albert Smith

M.e.ch.a.

Common Emerging Themes

Chapter 8 Solutions For Our Police Community

Individual & Systemic Reformation

Toward Resilience

Integrity

Awaken The Spiritual Warrior

Mentoring

Chapter 9 Conclusion

Bibliography

PREFACE

When I began to write this book, I wondered about what it would say to my peers in law enforcement, to other communities, to family and friends. On a larger scale, could the book help us work toward a resolution in our police organizations and marginalized communities? So, how will I write this book? I know this … I will make some angry. But our anger can help us move in new directions of growth and change.

In 1998, I remember listening to Arun Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi’s grandson, as he explained his grandfather’s message about anger. He said anger is like electricity, neither good nor bad, it is simply energy. It is our choice how we use this energy or electricity. If the book creates anger, it is my intention to move us into a higher level of understanding for all of us, those in law enforcement, those served by law enforcement, each one of us.

And so, I write this book from a position as a police officer and a research psychologist, believing both provide a unique lived experience through this topic. I have spent most of my adult life as a police officer. Therefore, my time and experiences in police work give me a solid ability to understand what I am exploring and defining in the police culture. I understand the police perspective because I was a police officer.

During my time as a police officer, I worked on my education, attaining my graduate degrees. I then added research psychologist to my skills and abilities, believing that a research perspective within the police culture may provide valuable information about that culture and its health. There is still very little research within the police culture. This is due to a variety of factors, one being the secrecy of its members.

I started my career as a police officer in 1986 in a very small Colorado mountain town. I left this police department after serving over 10 years and moved to the sixth largest police agency in the Denver metro area. I worked in that community for about 16 years, totaling 27 years as a police officer when I retired in April 2013. In between my employment with these two police organizations, I worked for a short time (11 months) with the Colorado State Patrol.

Throughout my entire law enforcement career, I was fascinated with behavior; behavior of cops, of the communities we serve, criminals, and people in general. That spurred my quest to go back to school and get my masters degree in Clinical Psychology and eventually my doctorate in Health Psychology. I decided early in my academic pursuit that I was not a clinician. That is not my temperament. I am a researcher. I research and write about police officers, their health risk factors, resiliency in police work, and how to help our police communities. My research focuses on what police officers do well in their lives in order to survive and thrive in police work.

There are so many police officers that do great work, who understand what it means to work in this profession, and who care deeply about our two goals of preventing crime and protecting lives. This book is written for them and their integrity, faith, and service. My intention is to help these police officers restore their community and culture. It is my goal to provide a path for new police officers to begin and maintain a healthy police career. Finally, I hope to encourage those that do not care nor honor police service to leave the profession.

What I know is we cannot move forward until we understand where we have been. So let us stop and look around. Let us see where we stand. We must objectively look at our behavior and form a plan to fix this fracture and conflict between our police community and those communities served. This is a gentle persuasion to have a deeper dialogue about what must change for us in our police communities. Make no mistake, police must change, and that does not mean weakness. In fact, looking at our behavior and making adjustments is key to our survival and adaptability. That which does not change or refuses to change will eventually die and disappear. Please walk with me as we explore who we are in police work, why we behave the way we do, and why we should and must change. These questions are imperative to the health of each police officer in the United States and our communities that we serve. This book is not about blame or defending a side. It is about responsibility.

The language in this book uses the pronoun we when I describe police officers, their behavior, and experiences. I am retired from police work, yet I have been a cop for over half of my life. I have been truly ingrained in the profession of policing. I love police work. I love all law enforcement and consider them my family. What I know is all our families are flawed and part of healing with family is our ability to identify the flaws and work to minimize their impact on our relationships with others.

Because I have aligned with police work, I use we. I have made some of the same mistakes that I illustrate in this book. I am flawed as well. I may have expertise in this area of research but I am working on being an expert. When we think of experts we think they make no mistakes or relatively few. However the truth is, the mistakes made by experts are so small the audience cannot see those mistakes anymore. That is an expert. That is what I am wanting for the law enforcement community: to practice and practice, to improve on our mistakes so those mistakes become invisible to our communities we serve. We are human beings and we make mistakes. We are humans interacting with each other and I am part of the we in law enforcement.

So the book is a look at what is happening in the police community. Why is there such conflict between the police community and marginalized communities happening all over the United States? The conflict is not localized. Why is this happening now and why so pronounced? We cannot blame the shootings, riots, clashes, and errant behavior within police communities on just one state going awry. It is everywhere, it is obvious, and it is not going away until we look at this problem. So let us begin with a quote from John F Kennedy on the day after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.:

Whenever any American’s life is taken by another American unnecessarily-Whether it is done in the name of the law or in the defiance of law, by one man or a gang, in cold blood or in passion, in an attack of violence or in response to violence – whenever we tear at the fabric of life which another man has painfully and clumsily woven for himself and his children, the whole nation is degraded … Yet we seemingly tolerate a rising level of violence that ignores our common humanity and our claims to civilization alike. We calmly accept newspaper reports of civilian slaughter in far off lands. We glorify killing on movie and television screens and call it entertainment. We make it easy for men of all shades of sanity to acquire weapons and ammunition they desire … Too often we honor swagger and bluster and the wielders of force; too often we excuse those who are willing to build their own lives on the shattered dreams of others. Some Americans who preach non-violence abroad fail to practice it here at home. Some who accuse others of inciting riots have by their own conduct invited them. Some look for scapegoats, others look for conspiracies, but this much is clear; violence breeds violence, repression brings retaliations, and only a cleaning of our whole society can remove this sickness from our soul. (Kennedy, 1968)

The year is now 2016. How far have we come? It is time to look at our behavior in our police community and find solutions to our conflicts.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I must thank those four or five police officers that taught me how to be a good cop, to serve the community with integrity, to honor the public’s trust and the badge that I had been given in 1986. These men helped me understand this profession is one of the highest ways to serve humankind.

I also want to thank four women in the psychology department at Modesto Junior College, Modesto, California: Dr. Lisa Carlstrom, Dr. Shelly Fichtenkort, Professor Rebecca Ganes, and Professor Lee Kooler. These women gave me the opportunity to serve at Modesto Junior College. They guided and gave me advice in teaching students the subject of psychology through a lived experience.

I wish to thank my dean, Dr. Jennifer Hamilton, at Modesto Junior College for her constant words of encouragement to all faculty members in her division. She demonstrates the traits of true leadership: offering guidance and direction as well as encouraging the creative freedom of the teaching process.

I am indebted to the individuals interviewed in this book. They are part of the solution. To my niece, Jamie Villanueva, I thank you for the beautiful cover art you have drawn for this book. Finally, many thanks go to my mother, Marian Charles, who was a reader and part time editor during the development of the book. Each of you has helped me write this book and I am grateful.

DEDICATION

Image1.jpg

This book is dedicated to

Great, Great Grandmother GALLAGHER

She was brave

She was a survivor

She is an unknown Heroine

And I do not know her first name

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that.

Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that."

—Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

T he history of law enforcement began with captured Nubian slaves in Mesopotamia. These slaves were considered the first police force and were used as praetorian guards, marketplace watchmen, or mercenaries (Berg, 1998). I have always found the early history of police interesting, particularly when we examine current issues in our police communities and the conflict with marginalized communities. Our history in law enforcement tends to demonstrate that we (police officers) come from marginalized communities as well.

In the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, night watchman and the rattle patrol were used to protect merchants from vagrants and thievery. As cities expanded and people congregated, those who were privileged needed individuals to protect their belongings and property. Some of these night watchmen were punished for their own crimes and assigned as night watchmen as atonement. Many times I have heard police officers say, To be a good cop, you have to think like a criminal. Certainly this behavior appears to be part of our history.

Yet we evolved out of this behavior and early beginnings to become more professional, thanks, in part, to Sir Robert Peel. In 1829, Sir Robert Peel was instrumental in the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act in England, which created a new police force of men who were professional, educated, and disciplined. We in the United States began to follow the Peel Principles of law enforcement in the nineteenth century. However, this was also during a time of race and industrial riots involving Irish immigrants and Native Americans. Police were trained to think they were better than the working class, which instigated conflict between police and community. Yet most of these officers were recruited from this very same culture. Here is the beginning of conflict with