Cape Law: Text and Cases: Contract Law, Tort Law and Real Property

By Veronica E. Bailey

This book is written to give coverage to the Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination Syllabus on Law Unit 2. It provides concise access to topics that are relevant to this unit while providing a brief look at relevant cases that support principles and substantive law encountered throughout the text.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Jan 6, 2016
• ISBN: 9781504954143

Veronica E. Bailey

Veronica E. Bailey is an Attorney-at-Law qualified to practice law in Jamaica. She is also a Senior Lecturer at Excelsior Community College, where she teaches law. She is also an examiner at Caribbean Examinations Council.

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Published by AuthorHouse 01/04/2016

ISBN: 978-1-5049-5415-0 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-5049-5414-3 (e)

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Contents

CONTRACT LAW

Chapter 1 - Introduction to The Law of Contract

(1) Classification of contracts

(a) Special contracts

(b) Simple contracts

(c) Bilateral contracts

(d) Unilateral contracts

Chapter 2 - Formation of A Contract

(1) Offer

(a) Auction

(b) Goods on Display

(c) Advertisements

(d) Price Quotations

(e) The Tender

(2) Acceptance

(a) Counter or Substitute Offers

(b) Conditional Acceptance (Standard Form Contracts)

(c) Communication of Acceptance

(d) Exceptions to the Communication Rule

(e) Method of Acceptance

(f) Knowledge of the Offer

(3) How Can An Offer Be Terminated?

(a) Acceptance

(b) Rejection

(c) Revocation

(d) Counter offer

(e) Lapse of time

(f) Failure of a condition

(g) Death

Activity Sheet

Chapter 3 - Intention to Create Legal Relations

(1) Social & Domestic Agreements

(2) Commercial Agreements (Business)

(a) Inducements (Representations or ‘mere puffs’)

(b) Letters of Comfort

(c) Letters of Intent

Activity Sheet

Chapter 4 - Consideration

(1) Types of Consideration

(a) Executory Consideration

(b) Executed Consideration

(2) Rules Governing Consideration

(a) Past Consideration Is Not Good Consideration

(b) Exceptions To This Rule:

• Previous Request

• Business Situations

• Cheques Or Bills Of Exchange

(c) Consideration Must Be Sufficient But Need Not Be Adequate

(d) Consideration Must Move From the Promisee

(e) Forebearance To Sue

(f) Existing Public Duty

(g) Existing Contractual Duty

(h) Existing Contractual Duty Owed To A Third Party

(i) Part Payment Of A Debt

• The General Rule

• Exceptions to the Rule

(j) Part-Payment of the Debt By A Third Party

(k) Composition Agreements

(l) Promissory Estoppel

Requirements

• Existing Contractual Relationship

• Promise Made By Promisor

• Reliance

• Inequitable To Go Back On Promise

• A Shield or A Sword?

• Suspension of Rights

Activity Page

Chapter 5 - Capacity

(1) Minors

Exceptions to the general position

(2) Restitution by a minor

(3) Capacity and the Insane Person

Activity Page

Chapter 6 - Privity of Contract

(1) Introduction

(2) History

(3) Exceptions:

(a) Common law exceptions

(b) Statutory exceptions

Activity Sheet

Chapter 7 - Terms of Contract

(1) Timing

(2) Importance of the Statement

(3) Reduction of Terms To Writing

(4) Special Knowledge/Skills

(5) Conditions And Warranties

(a) Conditions

(b) Warranties

(c) Intermediate Terms

(d) Implied Terms

• Terms Implied by Custom

• Terms Implied by The Court

o Intention of the Parties

o Relationship between the parties/Terms Implied by Law

(e) Terms Implied by Statute

(f) Exclusion Clauses

• Incorporation

o Signed Documents

o Unsigned Documents

o Previous Dealings

o Privity of Contract

o Collateral Contracts

o The Battle of the Forms

• Foreseeability and Interpretation

o Contra Proferentem Rule

o The Main Purpose Rule

o The Doctrine of Fundamental Breach

o The Court’s Intervention

Activity Sheet

Chapter 8 - Misrepresentation

(1) Introduction to Misrepresentation

(2) False Statement of Fact

(a) Statements of Opinion

(b) Statements as to Intention

(c) Statements of the Law

(d) Silence

• Half Truths

• Statements Which Become False

• Contracts Uberrimae Fidei

(e) Other Representations

(3) The Misrepresentation must have induced the Contract

(a) Materiality

(b) Reliance

(4) Types of Misrepresentation

(a) Fraudulent Misrepresentation

(b) Negligent Misrepresentation

(c) Negligent Misstatement At Common Law

(d) Negligent Misrepresentation

(e) Innocent Misrepresentation

(5) Remedies for Misrepresentation

(a) Rescission

• Affirmation of the Contract

• Lapse of Time

• Restitution In Integrum Impossible

• Third Party Acquires Rights

• Indemnity

• Damages:

(6) Excluding Liability for Misrepresentation

Activity Page

Chapter 9 - Illegality

(1) Introduction

(2) Types of illegality

(a) Contracts that are illegal in its formation

(b) Contracts that are illegal as performed

(c) Common Law Illegality

(3) The effects of illegality on a contract

Activity Sheet

Chapter 10 - Discharge of Contract

(1) Introduction

(2) Performance

(a) Modification of the General Rule of Performance

(b) Divisible Contracts

(c) Acceptance of Partial Performance

(d) Completion of Performance Prevented by the Promisee

(e) Substantial Performance

(f) Tender of Performance

(g) Stipulations as to time of Performance

(3) Agreement

(a) Bilateral Discharge

• Accord and satisfaction

• Rescission and substitution

• Variation

• Waiver

(b) Unilateral Discharge

(4) Breach

(5) Frustration

(a) Tests for Frustration

(b) Examples of Frustration

• Destruction of the Subject Matter Essential for Performance of the Contract

• Personal Incapacity

• The Non-Occurence of a Specified Event

• Interference by the Government

• Supervening Illegality

• Delay

(c) Limitations of the Doctrine

• Express Provision For Frustration

• Mere Increase In Expense Or Loss Of Profit

• Frustration Must Not Be Self-Induced

• Foreseeability Of The Frustrating Event

(d) Effects Of Frustration

• Recovery Of Money Paid

• Valuable Benefit

Activity Sheet

REAL PROPERTY

Chapter 11 - Background to Land Law in Commonwealth Caribbean Countries

(1) Types of Tenures

(2) What is Real Property?

(3) Common Law and the Classification of Property

(a) Corporeal and Incorporeal property

(b) Immovable and movable Property

(4) The distinction between personalty and realty

(a) Civil Law and the Classification of property: St. Lucia

(5) Fixtures and Chattels

(a) Examples of fixtures

(b) Examples of Chattels

(c) Development of the law on fixtures and chattels

• Purpose of Annexation

• Adaptation

• Custom and Usage

(6) Rights that Run with the Land

(a) Riparian Rights

(b) Wild animals

(c) Minerals and natural gas

(7) Types of Landholding or Ownership

(a) The Fee simple or Freehold

(b) The Fee Tail

(c) The Life estate

(d) Leasehold

(8) What are my rights and how are they affected?

(a) Constitutional Protection

(b) Restrictions

(9) What is waste?

(a) Permissive waste

(b) Ameliorating waste

(c) Voluntary waste

(d) Equitable waste

Activity Sheet – Introduction

Chapter 12 - Concurrent Interest In Land

(1) Joint Tenancy

(a) Jus Accrescendi - The Right of Survivorship

(b) THE FOUR UNITIES (P.I.T.T.)

(2) Tenancy-in-common

Activity Sheet – Coownership

Chapter 13 - Legal and Equitable Interests

(3) Legal Interests

(4) Equitable Interests

(a) Weaknesses of equitable interests

Activity Sheet - Legal and Equitable Interests

Chapter 14 - Protection By Legislation: The Rent Restriction Act

(1) Controlled premises

(2) Recovery of Possession

Activity Sheet - Rent Restriction

Chapter 15 - Leases and Licenses

(1) What is a lease?

(2) Distinctions between Leases and Licenses

(3) Characteristics of Leases and Licenses

(a) Intention of the parties:

(b) Exclusive Possession

(c) Certainty of duration

(4) Formalities of a Lease

(5) Benefits of a Lease over an Agreement for a Lease

(6) Types of Tenancies

(a) Leases for a fixed period

(b) Periodic tenancies

(c) Tenancy at will -

(d) Tenancy at sufferance

(e) Tenancy by estoppel

(7) TERMINATION OF A LEASE

(a) Forfeiture

(b) Surrender

(c) Merger

(d) Effluxion of time

(e) Notice to quit

(f) Frustration

(8) Distress

(9) Obligation of Landlord’s and Tenant’s Covenants

(a) Landlord’s Implied Covenant Quiet Enjoyment

• Non derogation from grant

• Fitness for Human habitation

• Covenant to repair

(b) Tenant’s Implied Covenants not to commit waste

(c) Express Covenants

• Covenant to pay rent

• Covenant of repair

(d) Consequences of Breach of Covenants

(10) Licenses

(11) Types of licenses

(a) Bare license

(b) License coupled with an interest

(c) Contractual license

(d) License by estoppel

Activity Sheet – Leases

Chapter 16 - Easement

(1) The four elements of an easement

(a) There must be a dominant and a servient tenement

(b) The easement must accommodate the dominant tenement

(c) The dominant and servient owners must be different

(d) The right claimed must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant

(2) Additional elements

(a) No expenditure of money by the servient owner

(b) Rights against land

(3) Acquistion of An Easement

(a) By Statute

(b) By Grant or Reservation

(c) Necessity

(4) Extinguishing Easements

Activity Sheet – Easement

Chapter 17 - Restrictive Covenants

(1) Elements of Restrictive Covenant

(2) Transmission of Benefit and Burden Benefit at Common law

(a) The Benefit in Equity

(b) Burdens at common law

(c) The burden in equity

(3) Covenants in equity

(4) Annexation

(a) Express annexation

(b) Implied annexation

(c) Statutory annexation

(5) Restrictive Covenants and scheme of development

(6) Extinguishing the Restrictive Covenants

(7) Discharge and Modification of Restrictive Covenants

Activity Sheet - Restrictive Covenants

Chapter 18 - Mortgages

(1) What is a Mortgage?

(2) Protection of the Mortgagor

(a) What is the Equity of Redemption?

(b) Rights of the Mortgagor in Possession

(3) Protection of the Mortgagee

(a) Foreclosure

(b) Power of sale

(c) Taking Possession

(d) Appointment of a receiver

(4) Rights of Equitable Mortgagee

Activity Sheet – Mortgages

TORT LAW

Chapter 19 - Introduction to The Law of Tort

(1) Objectives

(a) Compensation

(b) Protection of interests

(c) Deterrence

(d) Retribution

(e) Vindication

(f) Loss distribution

(g) Punishment of wrongful conduct

(2) Differences Between Tort Law, Criminal Law and Contract Law

Activity – Introduction

Chapter 20 - Tort of Negligence

(1) Duty of Care

(a) Acts and Omissions

(b) Economic Loss

(c) What Is Negligent Mistatement?

(d) Nervous Shock

(e) Primary victims

(f) Secondary victims

(2) Negligence: Breach of Duty

(3) Unforeseeable Harm

(4) Factors to be weighed in establishing breach

(a) Magnitude of Harm

(b) Defendant’s Purpose

(c) Practicability of Precautions

(d) General Practice

(5) Special standards appropriate to professionals

(6) Standard applied to children

(7) Proof of negligence

(a) Importance of evidence in establishing proof of breach

(b) When the maxim ‘res ipsa loquitur’ applies

(8) Negligence - Causation and Remoteness

(a) Causation in fact

(b) The but for test

(c) Multiple causes

(d) Several successive causes

(e) Proof of causation

(f) Loss of chance

(9) Intervening acts that break the chain of causation

(a) Acts of third parties

(b) Acts of the claimant

(10) Remoteness of Damage

Activity - Negligence

Chapter 21 - Defamation

(1) Definition

(2) Objectives Of The Tort And What Has To Be Proved

(3) Distinction Between Libel and Slander

(4) The Judge and Jury: Their Roles

(5) Ingredients of Defamation

(a) Words must be defamatory

(b) Statement identified the claimant

(c) Statement must be published

(6) Defences

(a) Truth

(b) Fair Comment

(c) Innocent Dissemination

(d) Privilege

(7) Resolution of defamatory issues without court proceedings

(8) Remedies available to a claimant

(a) Damages

(b) Declaration

(c) Correction

Activity - Defamation

Chapter 22 - Nuisance

(1) Definition

(2) Elements to be proved

(a) Continuous interference

(b) Unlawful interference/unreasonableness

(c) Interference with the use or enjoyment of land or some right over or in connection with it

(3) Who may Sue

(4) Who may be Sued

(5) Defences

(6) Remedies

(7) Public Nuisance

(8) Rylands v Fletcher

(a) Requirements

• The defendant brought something onto his land

• Non-natural use of the land

• Something likely to do mischief

• Escape

(b) Remedies

(c) Defences

• Consent

• Common Benefit

• Act of a stranger

• Statutory authority

• Act of God

• Default of the claimant

Activity – Nuisance

Chapter 23 - Trespass to the Person

(1) Assault

(2) Battery

(3) False Imprisonment

(4) The Rule in Wilkinson v Downton

(5) Defences

(a) Consent

(b) Lawful Arrest

(c) Self Defence

(d) Necessity

Activity - Trespass to the Person

Chapter 24 - Liability For Animals

(1) Liability for Cattle Trespass

(2) Liability for Dangerous Animals (The Scienter Action)

(3) Liability for Dogs

(4) Liability for Negligence

Activity - Liability for Animals

Chapter 25 - Doctrine of Vicarious Liability

(1) Introduction

(2) The elements of vicarious liability – what must be proved?

(3) Employee vs. Independent contractor

(4) The course of employment

Activity - Vicarious liability

Chapter 26 - Occupier’s Liability

(1) Introduction

(2) Defences

(a) Excluding liability

(b) Warning

(3) Common law liability

(4) Liability to trespassers

Activity – Occupier’s Liability

Chapter 27 - Remedies in Tort

(1) Damages

(2) Types of Damages

(3) Injunctions

(4) Activity – Damages

Chapter 28 - Defences in Tort

(1) Voluntary assumption of risk (Volenti non fit injuria)

(2) Participation in illegal activities

(3) Inevitable accident

(4) Contributory negligence

Activity – Remedies

Table of Cases

Cases

AB v South West Water Services [1993] 1 ALL ER 609

Adam v Ward (1917)

Adams v Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Ald 681

Adams v Ursell [1913] 1 Ch D 269

Airfix Foot Ltd. V. Cope [1978] ICR 1210

Ajayi v Briscoe [1964] 1 WLR 1326

Alan Co Ltd v El Nasr Export & Import Co [1972] 2 QB 189

Alcoa Minerals v Broderick (2001)

Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Limited (1981)

Alexander v Rayson (1936) IKB 169

Alliance Bank v Broom (1864) 2 Dr & Sm 289

Andrews v Hopkinson [1957] 1 QB 229

Armstrong v Jackson [1917] 2 KB 822

Attorney General of the British Virgin Islands v Hartwell [2004] 1 WLR 1273

Attwood v Small (1838) 6 CI & F 232

Austerberry v Oldham Corporation [1885] 29 Ch D 750

Avery v Bowden (1855) 5 E&B 714

Aziz v Singh

Baker v Hopkins and Sons Ltd [1958] 3 All ER 147

Baker v Willoughby (1970)

Baldry v Marshall [1925] 1 KB 260

Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571

Ballard v North British Railway (1923) SC 43

Bannerman v White (1861) CB(NS) 844

Baptiste v. Supersad [1967] 12 W1R 140

Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital [1969] IQB 428; [1968]2 WLR 422

Battoo Bros. Ltd v. Gittens

Beckford v R [1988] AC 130

Benn v Hardinge [1992]

Beard v. London General Omnibus Co

Beresford v Royal Exchange Assurance [1938] 2 ALL ER 602

Beswick v Beswick[1968] AC 58

Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183

Birch v Paramount Estates (1956) 167

Bird v Jones (1845) 7 QB 742

Bisset v Wilkinson [1927] AC 177

Blackpool Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council [1990] 3 All ER 25

Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee (1957)

Bolitho v City and Hackney Health Authority (1997)

Box v Jubb (1879)

Boylan v. Mayor of Dublin [1949] I.R

Bradbury v Morgan (1862) 1 H&C 249

Bradford v Robinson Rentals (1967)

Bradford Corporation v Pickles [1895] AC 587

Bradley v Carritt [1903]

Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl [1983] 2AC 34

British Celanese v Hunt (1969)

British Crane Hire v Ipswich Plant Hire [1974] QB 303

British Railways Board v Herrington [1972] ALL ER 749

British Virgin islands v Harwell [2004] 1 WLR 1273

Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Co. (1877) 2 App Cas 666

Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [2000] 1 AC 406

Bryanston Finance v De Vries (1975)

Bull v. Bull [1955] 1 AII ER 253

Bunker v Brand [1969] QB 480

Bunt v Tilley QBD 10 Mar 2006

Burke v Bernard [1930] LRBG 55

Burkeley v. Poulett [1976] 120 S.J.836

Burstein v Associated Newspapers (2007)

Butler Machine Tool v Excell-o-Corp [1979] 1 All ER 965

Button v Thompson (1869) LR 4 CP

Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344

Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Countries Leather (1994)

Canadian Pacific Rly Co. v. Lockhart

Caparo v Dickman. [1990] 2 AC 608

Car & Universal Finance v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256

Casborne v Scarfe [1738]

Cassidy v Daily Mirror [1929] 2 KB 331

Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] 1 KB 130

Century Insurance Co v. Northern Ireland Road Transport Board

Chaplin v Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786

Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1959] 2 All ER 701

Chapelton v Barry UDC [1940]

Charing Cross Electricity Co v Hydraulic Co (1914)

Chaudhry v Prabhaker [1988] 3 ALL ER 718

Christie v Davey [1893] 1 Ch D 316

Christy v Row (1808) 1 Taunt 300

Clarke v. Williams Brewer Co.Ltd

Clinton Bernard v. Attorney General Jamaica, Privy Council Appeal No.30 of 2003 (2004) UKPC 47

Cole v Turner (1704)

Collins v Godefroy (1831) 1 B & Ad 950

Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 WLR 1172

Colonial Minerals Ltd v Joseph Dew and Son Ltd (no.1) [1959] 20ECSLR 243

Combe v Combe [1951] 2 KB 215

Condor v The Baron Knights [1966] 1 WLR 87

Copeland v Greenhalf [1951] Ch 488

Cornwell v Sunday People (1983)

Cornilliac v St Louis (1965) 7 W.I.R 491, AT 495

Couchman v Hill [1947] 1 All ER 103

Crampad International Marketing Co. Ltd v. Thomas [1989] 1WLR 242

Cricklewood Property and Investment Trust Ltd v Leighton’s Investment Trust Ltd [1945] AC 221

Croucher v Inglis (1889)

Crown River Cruises v Kimbolton Fireworks [1996] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 533

Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Exch 153

Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805

Cutter v Powell (1795) 6 Term Rep 320

D & C Builders v Rees [1965] 2 QB 617

D’Eyncourt v. Gregory [1872] L.R.C.P. 328

Dakin v Lee [1916] 1 KB 566

Daulia v Four Millbank Nominees [1978] 2 All ER 557

Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696

De Keyser’s Royal Hotel v Spicer Bros Ltd (1914) 30 TLR 257

Deen v Mahabir (1970)17 WIR 21

Denman v Brise [1949] 1KB 22

Denny, Mott & Dickinson v James Fraser [1944] AC 265

Derry v Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337

Dewar v Goodman [1909]

Diane Jobson v Capital & Credit Merchant Bank Limited –PC Appeal # 52/2006

Dick Bentley Productions v Harold Smith Motors [1965] 2 All ER 65

Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 ChD 463

Dimmock v Hallet (1866) 2 Ch App 21

Dodd Properties Ltd v Canterbury City Council (1980)

Domsalla v Barr[1969] 1 WLR 630

Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)

Doolan v. Ramlakan and Abdool [1967] 12 W1R 146

Dooley v Cammell Laird [1951] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 271

Douglas v. Bowen [1974] 22WIR 333

Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd [1969] 2 QB 158

Drake Insurance [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 465

Dubai Aluminum Co. Ltd v. Salaam [2002] UKHL 48

Dulieu v White [1901] 2 KB 669

Dunkley v. Howell See judgement of Graham

Dunlop v Selfridge [1915] AC 847

Dunmore v Alexander (1830)

East Coast Estates Ltd v Singh [1964] LRBG 202

East v Maurer [1991] 2 All ER 733

Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459

Edward v Railway [1952] AC 737

Ellis v Johnstone [1963] 2 Q.B. 8

Elliston v Reacher [1908] 2 Ch 374

Entores v Miles Far East Corp. [1955] 2 All ER 493 & [1955] 2 QB 327

Errington v Errington [1952] 1 All ER 149

Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] QB 801

Eva Fields v Rosie Modeste and Jrine Joseph [1966-69] LR 251

Evans Ltd v Andrea Merzario Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1078

Evenden v Guildford City AFC [1975] QB 917

FA Tamplin v Anglo-Mexican Petroleum [1916] 2 AC 397

Facchini v Bryson [1952] 1 TLR 1386

Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services [2002] UKHL 22

Fawcett v. Smethurst (1914) 84 LJKB 473, (Atkin J)

Federal Commerce & Navigation v Molena Alpha [1979] AC 757

Federated Homes Ltd v Mill Lodge Properties Ltd [1980] 1 All ER 371

Felthouse v Bindley (1862) 11 CBNS 869

Ferguson v. John Dawson & Partners (Contractors) Ltd. [1976]1 WLR 1213

Financings Ltd v Stimson [1962] 3 All ER 386

Fisher v Bell [1960] 3 All ER 731

Foakes v Beer (1884) 9 App, Cas 605

Forbes v. Bonnick [1968] 11 JLR 6

Four-Maids Ltd. v. Dudley Marshall (Properties) Ltd. [1957] Ch 317

Franco v Bolton (1797)

Gamerco v ICM/Fair Warning (Agency) Ltd [1995] 1 WLR 1226

Gibson v Manchester City Council [1979] 1 All ER 972

Gibson v Martin ((1961) 3 WIR 335)

Giles v Walker (1890)

Glasgow v Taylor [1922] 1AC 44

Glassbrooke Bros v Glamorgan County Council [1925] AC 270

Glynn v Margetson [1893] AC 351

Godfrey v Demon Internet (1999)

Gold v. Essex Country Council [1942] 2KB 293

Gordon v Selico Ltd (1986) 278 EG 53

Gould v Mc Auliffe [1941] 2 ALL ER 527

Grainger v Gough (Surveyor of Taxes) [1896] AC 325

Grant v. Bennett [1959] 2 W1R 140

Graves v Cohen (1929) 46 TLR 121

Gray v Stead [1999] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 559

Great Northern Railway Co. v Witham (1873) LR 9 CP 16

Greatorex v Greatorex and Others [2000] Times Law Report May 5

Green v Chelsea Waterworks Co (1894)

Greenock Corporation v Caledonian Railway [1917] AC 556

Hamblin v. Samuel [1966] 11W1R 48

Hambrook v Stokes Bros [1925] 1 KB 141

Hand v Blow [1901]

Hansa Nord [1976] QB 44

Hardwick Game Farm v Suffolk Agricultural Poultry Producers Association (1969)

Harling v Eddy [1951] 2 KB 739

Harrison v Southwark Water Co [1891] 2 Ch D 409

Harris v Birkenhead [1976] 1 WLR 279

Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 E & B 872

Harvela Investments v Royal Trust Co. of Canada [1985] 2 All ER 966

Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552

Haynes v Harwood [1935] 1 KB 146

Heard v Weardale Steel, Coal & Coke Co [1915] AC 67

Hedley Byrne & Co v Heller & Partners[1964] AC 465

Heilbut, Symons & Co v Buckleton [1913] AC 30

Henderson v. Eason [1851] 17 QB 70

Hermann v Charlesworth [1 905] 2 KB 1 23

Herne Bay Steamboat Co v Hutton [1903] 2 KB 683

Heywood v Brunswick Permanent Benefit Building Society [1881]

Hill v Tupper [1861-1873] ALL ER Rep 696

Hirachand Punamchand v Temple [1911] 2 KB 330

Hochster v De La Tour (1853) 2 E&B 678

Holland v Hodgson [1872] L.R. 7 C.P. 328

Hollier v Rambler Motors [1972] 2 AB 71

Hollywood Silver Fox Farm v Emmett [1936] 2 KB 468

Holman v Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp 341

Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] 1 All ER 161

Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co [1970] UKHL 2; [1970] AC 1004

Honeywill and Stein Ltd v Larking Brothers Ltd

Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 1 All ER 474

Horsfall v Thomas [1862] 1 H&C 90

Hotson v East Berkshire Health Authority [1987] 2 All ER 909

Household Fire Insurance Co. v Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 216

Howard Marine & Dredging Co v Ogden & Sons [1978] QB 574

Hughes Case (1877)

Hughes v Lord Advocate (1963)

Hulton v Jones (1910)

Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd [1997] UKHL 14

Huth v Huth (1915)

Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M&W 466

Hyde v Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334

Inez Brown v. David Robinson & Sentry Services Co. Limited [2004] UKPC 56 delivered 14th of December 2004

Inwards v Baker [1965] 2 QB 29

Isaac v. Hotel de Paris [1960] 1ALL ER 348

J’Anson v Stuart (1787)

Jackson v Union Marine Insurance (1873) LR 10 CP 125

Jamaica Mutual Life Assurance Society v Hillsborough Ltd [1989] 1 WLR 1101

Jamell v Wall Street Journal (Europe) 2006

James v Stevenson [1893] AC 162

Janvier v Sweeney [1919] 2 KB 316

JH Milner v Percy Bilton [1966] 1 WLR 1582

Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982] AC 794

Joel v. Morrison (1834) 172 E.R.1338

Jolley v Sutton LBC [2000] 3 ALL ER 409

Jones v. Jones [1977] 1 WLR 458

Jones v Padavatton (1969)

Jones v Vernon Pools (1938)

Joseph v. Joseph [1961] 3 WIR 78

Kearley v. Thomson (1890)

Keays v Guardian Newspapers (2003)

Kemsley v Foot [1952] AC 345

Keppell v Bailey [1834]

King v Liverpool City Council [1986] 1 WLR 890, CA 489

Kiriri Cotton Ltd v Dewani [1960] AC 192

Kirkham v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester (1990)

Knightley v Johns & Ors [1982] 1 WLR 349

Knupffer v London Express Newspapers Ltd (1944)

Kreglinger v New Patagonia Meat and Cold Storage Co. Ltd [1914]

Krell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740

Lambert v Co-Operative Insurance Society [1975] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 485

Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) Hob 105

Latimer v AEC Ltd (1953)

Leaf v International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86

Leakey v National Trust [1980] QB 485

Lee Ting Sang v. Chung Chi- Keung [1990] 2 AC 374

Leigh v Taylor [1902] AC 157

Leigh v. Dickerson [1844-85] 15Q.B.D. 60

L’Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394

Lewis v Alleyne (1888) 4 TLR 560

Lewis v Daily Telegraph (1963) 2 ALL ER 151

Li v. Walker [1968] 12 W.I.R. 195

Liesbosch Dredger v SS Edison (1933)

Limpus v. London General Omnibus Co. (1862) 1 H & C 536

Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215

Liverpool City Council v Irwin [1976] 2 All ER 39

Lloyd v. Grace Smith & Co [1912] AC 716

London Property Trust Ltd. V High Trees House Ltd.[1947]

London County Council v Allen (1914)

Long v Lloyd [1958] 1 WLR 753

Loutchansky v Times Newspaper (2002)

Lowe v Peers (1768) 4 Burr 2225

Malone v Laskey [1907] 2 KB 141

Marchant v Charters [1977] 1WLR 1181

Marcroft Wagons v Smith [1951]2 KB 496

Maritime National Fish v Ocean Trawlers [1935] AC 524

Market Investigations Ltd. v. Minister of Social Security [1969] 2 AC 374

Marshall v. Berridge [1881] 19Ch.D.233

Martindale v Duncan (1973)

Matania v National Provincial Bank [1936] 2 All ER 633

Matthew v Bruno [1954] 14 Trin LR 95

Mattis v Pollock (2013)

McCutcheon v MacBrayne [1964] 1 WLR 125

McIntosh v McIntosh (1963) 5 WIR 398

McKew v Holland and Hannen and Cubitts (1969)

McKinnon Industries v Walker [1951] 3 DLR 577

Mckone v Wood (1831)

Meering v Graham-White Aviation Co Ltd (1920) 122 LT 44

Merritt v Merritt (1970)

Mersey Steel v Naylor Benzon (1884) 9 App Cas 434

Mersy Docks and Habour Board v. Coggins & Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd [1947] AC

Metacalfe and Eddy Ltd. V. Edgill [1961] 5WIR 417

Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr [1918] AC 119

Mihalis Angelos [1971] 1 QB 164

Miller v Hancock [1893] 2 QB 177

Miller v Jackson (1977)

Milo Butler and Sons Invest. Co Ltd v Monarch Invest. Ltd (1998) SC, Bahamas, #10 of 1989 (unreported)

Mitchell v Cowie [1963] 5WIR 409/Mitchell v Cowie [1964] 7 WIR 118

Mohamed v. Alaga & Co (A Firm) (2000

Monson v Tussaud’s Ltd [1894] 1 QB 671

Morren v. Swinton and Pendlebury C [1965] 1 WLR 576

Morris v. C.W.Martin & Sons Ltd [1966] 1 QB 716

Multiservice Bookbinding Ltd v Marden [1978] 2All ER 489

Museprime Properties v Adhill Properties [1990] 36 EG 114

Nash v. Inman [1908] 2 KB 1, CA

Nashhas v. Pier House (Cheyne Walk) Management Limited [1984] 270 EG 328

National Carriers Ltd v Panalpina Northern Ltd [1981] 1ALL ER 161

Nettleship v Weston [1971] 3 WLR 370

Newbigging v Adam (1886) 34 Ch D 582

Ng Chun Pui v Lee Chuen Tat [1988] RTR 298

Nichols v Marsland (1876) 2 ExD 1

Nickerson v Barraclough [1980] Ch 325

North v. Wood [1914] 1 K.B. 629

Northern Utilities Ltd v London Guarantee and Accident Co Ltd [1936] AC 108,

Nottingham Brick & Tile Co. v Butler (1889) 16 QBD 778

O’ Brien Loans Limited v. Missick (1977) 1 BLR 40

O’Kelly v. Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] ICR 728

Oliver v. Hilton [1899] 2 Ch 264

Olley v Marlbrough Court [1930] 1 KB 532

Oropesa (1943) AC 32

Orion Insurance v Sphere Drake Insurance [1990] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 465

Oscar Chess v Williams [1957] 1 All ER 325

Overseas Tankship (UK) v Morts Dock & Engineering (The Wagon Mound)

P Perl (Exporters) Ltd v Camden LBC (1984)

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Chemists [1953] 1 All ER 482

Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155

Panchaud Freres SA v Establissments General Grain Co [1970] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 53

Panton v. Roulstone [1976] 24 WIR 462

Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC

Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951)

Parker v Clarke (1960) 1 WLR 286

Parker v SE Railway Co (1877) 2 CPD 416

Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 2 All ER 421

Payne v Cave (1789) 3 Term Rep 148

Pearce v Brooks (1866) Lr 1 Ex 213

Pearson v Dublin Corp [1907] AC 351

Percy Trentham Ltd v Archital Luxfer Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 25

Performance Cars Ltd v Abraham (1962)

Peyman v Lanjani [1985] Ch 457

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Chemis [1953] 1 ALL ER 482

Philcox v Civil Aviation Authority, The Times, 8 June 1995

Phillps v Alhambra Palace Co [190] 1QB 59

Phillips v Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243

Phillips v William Whiteley Ltd [1938] KBD; 1 ALL ER 566

Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport [1980] AC 827

Pinnel’s Case (1602)

Pioneer Shipping v BTP Tioxide [1982] AC 724

Planche v Colburn (1831) 8 Bing 14

Poland v. Parr (John) & Sons [1927] 1KB 236 at 240

Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410

Powell v Lee (1908) 99 LT 284

Price v Easton (1833) 4 B & Ad 433

Proudfoot v. Hart [1890] 25 QB 42

Quinlan v. Philip [1965] 9 W1R 269

R v Billinghurst [1978] Crim LR 553

R v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227

R v Constanza [1997] Crim LR 576

R v Meade and Belt (1823) 1 Lew CC 184

R v Smith and Jones [1976] 1 WLR 672

R v Williams (Gladstone) (1984) Cr App R 276

Ramsgate Victoria Hotel v Montefiore (1866) LR 1 Ex 109

Re Ballards Conveyance [1937]

Re Bay Distribution

Re Casey’s Patents [1892] 1 Ch 104

Re Ellenborough Park [1956]

Re Federal Motors [1969] 9 WIR 375

Re Mahmoud & Ispahani (1921)

Re McArdle [1951] 1 All ER 905

Re Petrol Filling Station, Vauxhall Bridge Road, London [1968]

Re Polemis and Furness, Withy & Co Ltd (1921)

Re Selectmove [1995] 2 All ER 531

Re Shipton, Anderson and Harrison Brothers [1915] 3 KB 676

Re Wyven Developments [1974] 1 WLR 1097

Read v Lyons (1946)

Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v. Minister of Pension and National Insurance [1968] 2 QB 497, 515, 525

Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1

Reeve v Lisle [1902] AC 461

Reynolds v Times Newspapers (1999)

Rhone v Stephens [1994] 2 AC 310

Ribera v. Fortune [1965]

Roberts v Havelock (1832) 3 B. & Ad. 404

Robinson v Balmain New Ferry [1910] AC 295

Robinson v Kilvert (1889) 41 Ch D 88

Robson v Hallett [1967] 2 QB 939

Rogers v Hosegood [1900] 2Ch 388

Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117

Romany v. Romany (1972) 21 WIR 491

Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129

Rose and Frank Co v Crompton Bros Ltd [1925] AC 445

Rose v. Plenty [1976] 1WLR 141

Ross v Caunters [1980] Ch 297

Rouse v Squires (1973)

Routledge v McKay [1954] 1 WLR 615

Royscott Trust Ltd v Rogerson [1991] 3 WLR 57

Ruddiman & Co. v. Smith (1889) 60 LT 708

Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 33

Salmon v Seafarer [1983] 3 ALL 729

Samuel v Jarrah Timber and Wood Paving Corporation Ltd [1904] AC 323

Santley v Wilde [1899] 2 Ch 474

Sawyers v H and G Simonds (1966) 197 EG 877

Schawel v Reade [1913] 2 IR 64

Scotson v Pegg (1861) 6 H & N 295

Scott v Lerner Shop Ltd [1988] 25 JLR 219

Scott v London and St Katherine Docks (1865) 3 H & C 596

Scruttons v Midland Silicones [1962] AC 446

Searle v Wallbank [1947] AC 341; 1 ALL ER 12 [1947]

Shanklin Pier Ltd v Detel Products Ltd [1951] 2KB 854

Shelley v Paddock [1980] QB 348

Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1940] AC 701

Shuey v United States [1875] 92 US 73

Sim v. Stretch [1936] 2 All ER 1237

Simpkins v Pays (1955) 1 VKR 975

Singh v. Mortimer [1967] 10 WI.R. 65

Smith &Snipes Hall Farm Ltd. v. River Douglas Catchment Area[1949] 2K.B. 500

Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597

Smith v Land & House Property Corp. (1884) 28 Ch D 7

Smith v Leech Brain & Co (1962)

Smith v Littlewoods Organisation Ltd [1987] AC 241

Smith v Stages [1989] 1 ALL ER 833

Smoldon v Whitworth [1997] PIQR P133

Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671

Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd v martin and Co Ltd [1973] 1 QB 27

St. John’s Shipping Corporation v. Joseph Rank Ltd. (1957)

St Marylebone Property v Payne (1994) 45 EG 156

Stanley Johnson v. R. Terrier & Anor [1974] 22 W.I.R. 441

Stannard v Issa [1987] AC 175

Stansbie v Troman [1948] 2All ER 48

Staples v W. Dorset (1995) The Times 28 April

Startup v M’Donald (1843) 6 M&G 593

Steinberg v. Scala Ltd [1923] 2 Ch 452, CA

Stephens v Myers (1830) 172 ER 735

Stephenson v Liverant [1972] 18 WIR 323

Stevenson Jordon and Harrison Ltd v. MacDonald and Evans [1952]1 TLR 101,111

Stevenson v McLean (1880) 5 QBD 346

Stilk v Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317

Storey v.Ashman

Street v. Mountford [1985] A11ER 289; [1985] 2WLR 877

Strongman v. Sincock (1955)

Sturges v Bridgman (1879) 11 Ch D 852

Subhaga v. Rahman

Suisse Atlantique [1967]

Sumpter v Hedges [1898] 1 QB 673

Tanner v Tanner [1975] 1 WLR 1346

Taylor v Bowers (1876)

Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 3 B&S 826

Tetley v Chitty (1986)

Texaco Trinidad Inc. v. Halliburton Tucker Ltd

The Brimnes[1975] QB 929

The Calgarth [1927] P 93

The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64

Theaker v. Richardson, [(1962) 1 All ER 229]

Thomas v Bradbury, Agnew, and Co Ltd (1906)

Thomas v Hayward [1869]

Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers (South Wales Area) (1985)

Thomas v Sorrell [1673]

Thompson v Facey [1976] 14 JLR 158