New Ideas for a New Era: Introduction to New Insights in Physics and Mathematics for a More Complete and Deeper Understanding of Reality

By Mustafa A. Khan M.D.

Professionally, I am a neurologist, but ever since I was fourteen years old, I have been passionate, first about mathematics, then about physics. I won the annual prize for mathematics when I graduated from high school and my nickname in high school, given to me by my fellow students, was Newton. I did my bachelors in science in physics before going into medicine. I graduated with the highest distinction in physics and was a member of the National Physics Honor Society as an undergraduate. I won the annual Professor Abels Memorial Award for physics upon my graduation. I am a member of the American Mensa Society. Even during my training as a neurologist and while working as a neurologist, physics continued to stay with me as a hobby. I kept up with the latest news in physics through the television programs and the popular science magazines, to the extent that was possible, given the extremely busy professional and family life. I always had a lot of ideas regarding various branches of physics, especially cosmology, but, I did not had the time to put them on paper and develop them, in a logical manner, into a paper worthy for publication. However, by G-Ds Will, I had a gap of free time, between switching jobs, that finally allowed me to put my thoughts on paper. I found that, they not only made physical sense, but also had merit, which made me consider publishing them for a wider audience. I continue to practice neurology in New York State where I live with my wife and our two children.

• Language: English
• Publisher: AuthorHouse
• Release date: Aug 22, 2014
• ISBN: 9781496930651

Mustafa A. Khan M.D.

Professionally I am a Neurologist but ever since I was 14 years old I have been passionate first about mathematics then about physics. I won the annual prize for mathematics when I graduated from high school and my nickname in high school, given to me by my fellow students, was "Newton". I did my Bachelor's in Science in Physics before going into medicine. I graduated with the highest distinction in physics and was a member of the National Physics Honor Society as an undergraduate. I won the annual Professor Abel's Memorial Award for physics upon my graduation. I am a member of the American Mensa Society. Even during my training as a neurologist and while working as a neurologist, physics continued to stay with me as a hobby. I kept up with the latest news in physics through the television programs and the popular science magazines to the extent that was possible given the extremely busy professional and family life. I always had a lot of ideas in my mind regarding various branches of physics, especially cosmology, but I did not had the time to put them on paper and develop them in a logical manner into a paper worthy of publication. However, by G-D's Will, I had a gap of free time between switching jobs that finally allowed me to put my thoughts on paper. I found that they had merit and made physical sense. This made me think about publishing them for a wider audience. The result is this book. I continue to practice neurology in New York and live with my wife Nadia and two sons, Sohraab and Hyder.

Book preview

© 2014 Mustafa A. Khan, M.D. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

Published by AuthorHouse 08/19/2014

ISBN: 978-1-4969-3066-8 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4969-3065-1 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014914031

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Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

Table of Contents

Chapter1:   On the consequences of a probabilistic space-time continuum.

Chapter2:   More thoughts on, On the consequences of a probabilistic space-time continuum.

Chapter3:   On the probability of origin of the universe and other matters.

Chapter4:   On a general theory of gravity based on Quantum Interactions.

Chapter5:   Further thoughts on, On a general theory of gravity based on Quantum Interactions. Part One.

Chapter6:   Additional thoughts on, On a general theory of gravity based on Quantum Interactions. Part Two.

Chapter7:   A method to determine the shape of our Milky Way.

Chapter8:   A relativistic theory based on the invariance of Newton’s second law for motion and the constancy of the speed of light in vacuum.

Chapter9:   The general law of conversion of matter and energy.

Chapter10:   The equivalence of dark matter and dark energy and other thoughts.

Chapter11:   An interesting, but not practically impossible, application based on the theories on gravity presented.

Chapter12:   The Sohraab-Hyder or SH set theory.

On the consequences of a probabilistic space-time continuum.

(I) Introduction:

Our understanding of gravity has been evolving since the time of Newton. Using a spherical system of coordinates, Newton described gravitational force, at a distance 45592.png , due to a mass 45621.png acting on a unit mass, by his famous equation: 45680.png , where 45661.png is the universal gravitational constant. This has worked quite well for a long time and, of course, continues to work in explaining most of the phenomenon we encounter in our everyday lives, such as calculating the trajectory of a probe to a planet within the solar system and calculating the trajectory for an artificial satellite around the earth.

The next big leap in our understanding of gravitation occurred with Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (which I will designate as GTR). In the GTR, the spatial coordinates and time were considered to be on equal footing. Instead of describing an event in a three dimensional space, 45706.png with time being considered a universal and absolute entity without any relation to the spatial coordinates, an event was described in a four-dimensional space-time coordinate system. With this, if we have two events, separated in space, at 45724.png and 45740.png where 45760.png then it was not necessary that 45795.png The GTR described the entire phenomenon equally well where Newton’s theory for gravitation (hereby designated as NTG) was found to be applicable. The GTR also was consistent with Bohr’s correspondence principle in that it was reducible to NTG for weak gravitational fields. However, the GTR was found to be more accurate in describing phenomenon where the gravitational fields were very strong and where the NTG gave only partially correct answers, such as the precession of the planet Mercury’s orbit. NTG gave an answer that was 1/2 of the actual measurement, while GTR gave an answer that agreed with the measured value almost exactly. The GTR has also been successful in describing and predicting various other phenomenon and has so far stood the test of time and experimentation. Hence, if there is to be another theory for gravitation, it will have to, as per the correspondence principle, be reducible not only to NTG, but also to GTR.

One of the limitations that have been noted very soon after the development of GTR by Einstein was that the GTR was not applicable to the atomic and sub-atomic phenomenon. The atomic and sub-atomic phenomenon is described by the Theory of Quantum Physics (henceforth referred as TQP). In TQP probability not only plays a major role but also is considered to be a characteristic of the sub-atomic world. The TQP is also consistent with the correspondence principle, as it reduces to classical physics for large masses, as it must, since classical physics has stood the test of both time and experimentation since it’s formulation. The GTR does not have probability in it’s description of gravitation and therefore it is unknown what phenomenon can be explained and/or predicted if one