What is Real?:Space Time Singularities or Quantum Black Holes?Dark Matter or Planck Mass Particles? General Relativity or Quantum Gravity? Volume or Area Entropy Law?: Beyond Einstein, #10

By Balungi Francis

What exactly is physical reality? In elegant and accessible prose, theoretical physicist Balungi Francis leads us on a wondrous journey from space time singularities to Quantum Black Holes without information loss, from the Bekenstein-Hawking Area entropy law to his famous Volume entropy law of Black holes, from Modified Newtonian Dynamics,  Dark Matter to Planck mass particles, from White Dwarfs to Black Holes and from General Relativity to his own work in Quantum Gravity. As he shows us how the idea of reality has evolved over time, Balungi offers deeper explanations of the theories he introduced so concisely in Quantum Gravity in a Nutshell1. Balungi invites us to imagine a marvelous world where space breaks up into tiny grains, singularities disappears, information loss in Black holes resolved, time disappears at the smallest scales, and black holes are waiting to explode.

This wonderful and exciting book is optimal for physics graduate students and researchers. The physical explanations are exceedingly well written and integrated with formulas. Quantum Gravity is the next big thing and this book will help the reader understand and use the theory.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Bill Stone Services
• Release date: Jan 10, 2020
• ISBN: 9781393962311

Balungi Francis

Balungi Francis was born in Kampala, Uganda, to a single poor mother, grew up in Kawempe, and later joined Makerere Universty in 2006, graduating with a Bachelor Science degree in Land Surveying in 2010. For four years he taught in Kampala City high schools, majoring in the fields of Gravitation and Quantum Physics. His first book, "Mathematical Foundation of the Quantum theory of Gravity," won the Young Kampala Innovative Prize and was mentioned in the African Next Einstein Book Prize (ANE).  He has spent over 15years researching and discovering connections in physics, mathematics, geometry, cosmology, quantum mechanics, gravity, in addition to astrophysics, unified physics and geographical information systems . These studies led to his groundbreaking theories, published papers, books and patented inventions in the science of Quantum Gravity, which have received worldwide recognition. From these discoveries, Balungi founded the SUSP (Solutions to the Unsolved Scientific Problems) Project Foundation in 2004 – now known as the SUSP Science Foundation. As its current Director of Research, Balungi leads physicists, mathematicians and engineers in exploring Quantum Gravity  principles and their implications in our world today and for future generations. Balungi launched the Visionary School of Quantum Gravity  in 2016 in order to bring the learning and community further together. It’s the first and only Quantum Gravity physics program of its kind, educating thousands of students from over 80 countries. The book "Quantum Gravity in a Nutshell1", a most recommend book in quantum gravity research , was produced based on Balungi's discoveries and their potential for generations to come. Balungi is currently guiding the Foundation, speaking to audiences worldwide, and continuing his groundbreaking research.

Book preview

DEDICATION

To Carlo Rovelli

PREFACE

What exactly is physical reality? In elegant and accessible prose, theoretical physicist Balungi Francis leads us on a wondrous journey from space-time singularities to Quantum Black Holes without information loss, from the Bekenstein-Hawking Area entropy law to his famous Volume entropy law of Black holes, from Modified Newtonian Dynamics, Dark Matter to Planck mass particles, from White Dwarfs to Black Holes and from General Relativity to his own work in Quantum Gravity. As he shows us how the idea of reality has evolved overtime, Balungi offers deeper explanations of the theories he introduced so concisely in Quantum Gravity in a Nutshell1. Balungi invites us to imagine a marvelous world where space breaks up into tiny grains, singularities disappears, information loss in BHs resolved, time disappears at the smallest scales, and black holes are waiting to explode.

This wonderful and exciting book is optimal for physics graduate students and researchers. The physical explanations are exceedingly well written and integrated with formulas. Quantum Gravity is the next big thing and this book will help the reader understand and use the theory.

Balungi Francis 2020

Space-time Singularity or Quantum Black Holes?

It has been known for some time that a star more than three times the size of our Sun collapses in this way, the gravitational forces of the entire mass of a star overcomes the electromagnetic forces of individual atoms and so collapse inwards. If a star is massive enough it will continue to collapse creating a Black hole, where the whopping of space time is so great that nothing can escape not even light, it gets smaller and smaller. The star in fact gets denser as atoms even subatomic particles literally get crashed into smaller and smaller space, and its ending point is of course a space time singularity.

In summary, a Black hole is that object created when a dying star collapses to a singular point, concealed by an event horizon, it is so dense and has strong gravity that nothing, including light, can escape it. Black holes are predicted by general relativity, and though they cannot be seen, several have been inferred from astronomical observations of binary stars and massive collapsed stars at the centers of galaxies.

Black holes formed by gravitational collapse require great energy density but there exists a new breed of Black holes that where formed in the early universe after the big bang, where the energy density was much greater allowing the formation of Primordial Black holes with masses ranging from, . Therefore the formation of primordial, min or quantum black holes was due to density perturbations forming in it a gravitational collapse in the early universe.

A Black hole might not actually be a physical object in space but rather a mathematical singularity, a prediction of Einstein’s General Relativity theory, a place where the solutions of Einstein differential equations break down. A space-time singularity therefore is a position in space where quantities used to determine the gravitational field become infinite; such quantities include the curvature of space-time and the density of matter. Singularities are places where both the curvature and the energy-density of matter become infinitely large such that light cannot escape them. This happens for example inside black holes and at the beginning of the early universe.

Singularities in any physical theory indicate that either something is wrong or we need to reformulate the theory itself. Singularities are like dividing something by zero. The problems in General relativity arise from trying to deal with a point in space or a universe that is zero in size (infinite densities). However, quantum mechanics suggests that there may be no such thing in nature as a point in space-time, implying that space-time is always smeared out, occupying some minimum region. The minimum smeared-out volume of space-time is a profound property in any quantized theory of gravity and such an outcome lies in a widespread expectation that singularities will be resolved in a quantum theory of gravity. This implies that the study of singularities acts as a testing ground for quantum gravity.

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) suggests that singularities may not exist. LQG states that due to quantum gravity effects, there must be a minimum distance beyond which the force of gravity no longer continues to increase as the distance between the masses become shorter or alternatively that interpenetrating particle waves mask gravitational effects that would be felt at a distance. It must also be true that under the assumption of a corrected dynamical equation of LQ cosmology and brane world model, for the gravitational collapse of a perfect fluid sphere in the commoving frame, the sphere does not collapse to a singularity but instead pulsates between a maximum and minimum size, avoiding the singularity.

Additionally, the information loss paradox is also a hot topic of theoretical modeling right now because it suggests that either our theory of quantum physics or our model of black holes is flawed or at least incomplete. and perhaps most importantly, it is also recognized with some prescience that resolving the information paradox will hold the key to a holistic description of quantum gravity, and therefore be a major advance towards a unified field theory of physics.

Singularities are a sign that the theory breaks down and has to be replaced by a more fundamental theory. And we think the same has to be the case in General Relativity, where the more fundamental theory to replace it is quantum gravity.

If black holes are as a result of the solutions to the Einstein’s differential equations breaking down, then what is real?

Whether in gravitational collapse or the early universe, we now know that the formation of Black holes or space time singularities requires great and much greater energy density. This we know because while the left hand side of Einstein field equations representsnts the metric of space-time curvature, the right hand side represents the matter- energy content of the classical matter fields of pressure and energy density.